FEBRUARY 13, 2023

LECTURE #4

TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION I
1
DRILL

THE ANTIDERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION 2

DRILL

THE ANTIDERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION 3

DRILL

THE ANTIDERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION 4

DRILL

THE ANTIDERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION 5

DRILL

THE ANTIDERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION 6

SUBSTITUTION RULE

• There are antidifferentiation formulas that do not tell us how to

evaluate integrals such as
න 2x 1+x2 dx

• Thus, we must use a problem-solving strategy of

introducing something extra.
• As you can see, this method works whenever we have an
integral in the form
න f(g(x)) g′(x) dx

THE ANTIDERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION 7

SUBSTITUTION RULE

• The idea behind this rule is to replace a relatively complicated

integral by a simpler integral.
• The idea is to change from the original variable x to a new variable
u that is a function of x.
• Simply put, the Substitution Rule is the integration counterpart of
the Chain Rule in differentiation.

THE ANTIDERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION 8

SUBSTITUTION RULE - TIPS

• Think of an appropriate substitution.

• Try to choose u to be some function in the integrand whose
differential also occurs.
• If not possible, try choosing u to be some complicated part of the
integrand.

Examples:
• ‫ ׬‬2x+1 dx
• ‫ ׬‬x5 1+x2 dx

THE ANTIDERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION 9

INTEGRATION BY PARTS

• The Product Rule states that if f and g are differentiable functions, then
d
f x g x = f x g ′ x + g x f′ x
dx
• In the notation for indefinite integrals, this becomes
න f x g′ x + g x f′ x dx = f x g x

න f x g′ x dx + න g x f′ x dx =f x g x

Rearranging:
න f x g′ x dx = f x g x − න g x f′ x dx

THE ANTIDERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION 10

INTEGRATION BY PARTS

• The formula below is called the formula for integration by parts.

It’s easier to remember when it is used with Substitution Rule,
giving you the notation:
න f x g′ x dx = f x g x − න g x f′ x dx

න u dv = uv − න v du

THE ANTIDERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION 11

INTEGRATION BY PARTS - TIPS

• Our aim in using IBP is to obtain a simpler integral that the one we
started with.
• When deciding on a choice for u and dv, we usually try to choose
u = f(x) to be a function that becomes simpler when differentiated
(or at least not more complicated) as long as dv = g’(x) can be
readily integrated to give v.

Examples:
• ‫ ׬‬x sinx dx • ‫ ׬‬t2 et dt
• ‫ ׬‬ln x dx • ‫ ׬‬e∅ sin∅ d∅

THE ANTIDERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION 12

TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
• We use trigonometric identities to integrate certain combinations of
trigonometric functions, especially with those raised to powers.

Examples:
• ‫ ׬‬sin5 x cos2 x dx
• ‫ ׬‬sin4 x dx

THE ANTIDERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION 13

TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS

Examples:
• ‫ ׬‬sec6 3y tan2 3y dy
• ‫ ׬‬tan5 θ sec7 θ dy
• ‫ ׬‬tan3 x dx
• ‫ ׬‬sec3 x dx

THE ANTIDERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION 14

TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS

Example:
• ‫ ׬‬sin 4x cos 5x dy

THE ANTIDERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION 15