MATHEMATICS

PROJECT
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:-

WE would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to our teacher who

contributed to the successful completion of our Class 12 Maths
project on Integration. We extend our deepest appreciation to our
teacher, Sir, for his guidance, support, and invaluable feedback
throughout the project.We're also grateful to our classmates for their
cooperation and insightful discussions that enhanced the quality of
this project. Special thanks to our parents for their constant
encouragement and understanding during this academic endeavor.This
project has been a significant learning experience for us, and we are
thankful for the resources and references provided by the school
library and online platforms.Thank you once again to our favorite
math teacher, Sir, who played a role in making this project a reality.
 Integration
Integration is the calculation of an integral. Integrals in maths are used to
find many useful quantities such as areas, volumes, displacement, etc.
When we speak about integrals, it is related to usually definite integrals.
The indefinite integrals are used for antiderivatives. The integration
denotes the summation of discrete data. The integral is calculated to find the
functions which will describe the area, displacement, volume, that occurs
due to a collection of small data, which cannot be measured
singularly.
Definite Integral Indefinite Integral

An integral that contains Indefinite integrals are

the upper and lower limits defined without upper and
then it is a definite lower limits.
integral. On a real line, x It is represented as:
is restricted to lie.
Riemann Integral is the
other name of the
Definite Integral. ∫f(x)dx = F(x) + C

A definite Integral is
represented as: Where C is any constant
and the function f(x) is
∫ab f(x) dx called the Integrand
INTEGRALS(ANTI-DERIVATIVES )
LIST OF ANTI-
DERIVATIVE RULE
The list of most commoy used antiderivative rules for the product,
quotient, sum, difference, and the composition of functions is
as
follows:
● Antiderivative Power Rule
● Antiderivative Chain Rule
● Antiderivative Product
● Rule
Antiderivative Quotient
● Rule
Antiderivative Rule for Scalar Multiple of
● Function
Antiderivative Rule for Sum and Difference of
Functions
1. ANTI-DERIVATIVE
POWER RULE

The antiderivative rule of power of x is given by ∫xn dx = xn+1/(n +

1) + C, where n ≠ -1. This rule is commonly known as
the
antiderivative power rule.
●
∫x2 dx = x2+1/(2+1) + C = x3/3 + C
●
∫x-4 dx = x-4+1/(-4+1) + C = x-3/(-3) + C = -x-3/3 + C
2. ANTI-DERIVATIVE CHAIN
RULE
The chain rule of derivatives gives us the antiderivative chain rule which
is also known as the u-substitution method of antidifferentiation. The
antiderivative chain rule is used if the integral is of the form ∫u'(x)
f(u(x)) dx.
Solve ∫2x cos (x 2 ) dx

Solution: Assume x 2 = u ⇒ 2x dx = du. Substitute this into the integral,

we have

∫2x cos (x 2 ) dx = ∫cos u du

= sin u + C

= sin (x 2 ) + C
 3. ANTI-DERIVATIVE PRODUCT
RULE
It is one of the important antiderivative rules and is used when the antidifferentiation of the product of
functions is to be determined. The formula for the antiderivative product rule is ∫f(x).g(x) dx = f(x) ∫g(x) dx
- ∫(f′(x) [ ∫g(x) dx)]dx + C.
This method is also commonly known as the ILATE or LIATE method of integration which is abbreviated of:
● I - Inverse Trigonometric Function
● L - Logarithmic Function
● A - Algebraic Function
● T - Trigonometric Function
● E - Exponential Function
∫x ln x dx = ln x ∫x dx - ∫[(ln x)' ∫x dx] dx

= (x2/2) ln x - ∫(1/x)(x2/2) dx

= (x2/2) ln x - ∫(x/2) dx

= (x2/2) ln x - x2/4 + C
4. ANTI-DERIVATIVE QUOTIENT
RULE
 The antiderivative quotient rule is used when the function is given in the form of numerator and
denominator. If the function includes algebraic functions, then we can use the integration by partial
fractions method of antidifferentiation.
 consider a function of the form f(x)/g(x). Now, differentiating this we have, d(f(x)/g(x))/dx = [f'(x)g(x) -

g'(x)f(x)]/[g(x)]2
Now, integrating both sides of the above equation, we have
f(x)/g(x) = ∫{[f'(x)g(x) - g'(x)f(x)]/[g(x)]2} dx
= ∫[f'(x)/g(x)] dx - ∫[f(x)g'(x)/[g(x)]2] dx
⇒ ∫[f'(x)/g(x)] dx = f(x)/g(x) + ∫[f(x)g'(x)/[g(x)]2] dx
 If f(x) = u and g(x) = v, then we have the antiderivative quotient rule as:
∫du/v = u/v + ∫[u/v2] dv
5. ANTI-DERIVATIVE FOR
SCALAR MULTIPLE
To find the antiderivative of scalar multiple of a function f(x), we can
Find it using the formula given by, ∫kf(x) dx = k ∫f(x) dx. This
implies, the antidifferentiation of kf(x) is equal to k times
the
antidifferentiation of f(x), where k is a scalar. An example using this
antiderivative rule is:
∫4x dx = 4 ∫xdx

= 4 × x2/2 +
C = 2x2 +
C
6. ANTI-DERIVATIVE FOR SUM AND
DIFFERENCE
When the antidifferentiation of the sum and difference of functions is
to be determined, then we can do it by using the following
formulas: ● ∫[f(x) + g(x)] dx = ∫f(x) dx + ∫g(x) dx
● ∫[f(x) - g(x)] dx = ∫f(x) dx - ∫g(x) dx
Some of the examples of the antiderivative rule for sum and
difference of functions are as
follows:
●
∫[4 + x 2 ] dx = ∫4 dx + ∫x2 dx = 4x + x3/3 +
● ∫(sin x -Clog x) dx = ∫sin x dx - ∫ log x dx = -cos x - x log x
+ x+
C
 ANTI-DERIVATIVE RULE FOR
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
We have six main trigonometric functions, namely sine, cosine, tangent,
cotangent,
secant, and cosecant. Now, we will explore their antiderivative rules of these

trigonometric functions as follows:

● ∫sin x dx = -cos x +
● C∫cos x dx = sin x +
● ∫tan C x dx = ln |sec x | +
● C∫cot x dx = ln |sin x | +
● ∫secCx dx = ln |sec x + tan x | +
C x dx = ln |cosec x - cot x | +
● ∫csc
C
ANTI-DERIVATIVE RULE FOR INVERSE
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
We have six main inverse trigonometric functions, namely inverse sine, inverse cosine,

inverse tangent, inverse cotangent, inverse secant, and inverse cosecant. Now, we
will
explore their antiderivative rules of these trigonometric functions as
follows:
● ∫sin-1x dx = x sin-1x + √(1 - x2) +

C -1x dx = x cos-1x - √(1 - x2) +

∫cos
● ●∫tanC-1x dx = x tan-1x - (1/2) ln(1 + x 2 ) +
● C∫cot-1x dx = x cot-1x + (1/2) ln(1 + x 2 ) + C
●
∫sec-1x dx = x sec-1x - ln | x + √(x2 - 1)| +
●
∫csc-1x dx = x csc-1x + ln | x + √(x2 - 1)| +
C
C
THANK YOU