GATE SYLLABUS

Mechanical Engineering

Linear Algebra: Matrix algebra, systems of linear equations, eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
Calculus: Functions of single variable, limit, continuity and differentiability, mean value theorems, indeterminate
forms; evaluation of definite and improper integrals; double and triple integrals; partial derivatives, total
derivative, Taylor series (in one and two variables), maxima and minima, Fourier series; gradient, divergence and
curl, vector identities, directional derivatives, line, surface and volume integrals, applications of Gauss, Stokes and
Green’s theorems.
Differential equations: First order equations (linear and nonlinear); higher order linear differential equations with
constant coefficients; Euler-Cauchy equation; initial and boundary value problems; Laplace transforms; solutions
of heat, wave and Laplace's equations.
Complex variables: Analytic functions; Cauchy-Riemann equations; Cauchy’s integral theorem and integral
formula; Taylor and Laurent series.
Probability and Statistics: Definitions of probability, sampling theorems, conditional probability; mean, median,
mode and standard deviation; random variables, binomial, Poisson and normal distributions.
Numerical Methods: Numerical solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic equations; integration by trapezoidal
and Simpson’s rules; single and multi-step methods for differential equations.

Civil Engineering

Linear Algebra: Matrix algebra; Systems of linear equations; Eigen values and Eigen vectors.
Calculus: Functions of single variable; Limit, continuity and differentiability; Mean value theorems, local maxima and
minima; Taylor series; Evaluation of definite and indefinite integrals, application of definite integral to obtain area and
volume; Partial derivatives; Total derivative; Gradient, Divergence and Curl, Vector identities; Directional derivatives; Line,
Surface and Volume integrals.
Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE): First order (linear and non-linear) equations; higher order linear equations with
constant coefficients; Euler-Cauchy equations; initial and boundary value problems.
Partial Differential Equation (PDE): Fourier series; separation of variables; solutions of one- dimensional diffusion equation;
first and second order one-dimensional wave equation and two-dimensional Laplace equation.
Probability and Statistics: Sampling theorems; Conditional probability; Descriptive statistics – Mean, median, mode and
standard deviation; Random Variables – Discrete and Continuous, Poisson and Normal Distribution; Linear regression.
Numerical Methods: Error analysis. Numerical solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic equations; Newton’s and
Lagrange polynomials; numerical differentiation; Integration by trapezoidal and Simpson’s rule; Single and multi-step
methods for first order differential equations.

Electrical Engineering

Linear Algebra: Matrix Algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors.

Calculus: Mean value theorems, Theorems of integral calculus, Evaluation of definite and improper integrals, Partial
Derivatives, Maxima and minima, Multiple integrals, Fourier series, Vector identities, Directional derivatives, Line integral,
Surface integral, Volume integral, Stokes’s theorem, Gauss’s theorem, Divergence theorem, Green’s theorem.
Differential equations: First order equations (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear differential equations with constant
coefficients, Method of variation of parameters, Cauchy’s equation, Euler’s equation, Initial and boundary value problems,
Partial Differential Equations, Method of separation of variables.
Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy’s integral theorem, Cauchy’s integral formula, Taylor series, Laurent series,
Residue theorem, Solution integrals.
Probability and Statistics: Sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, Median, Mode, Standard Deviation, Random
variables, Discrete and Continuous distributions, Poisson distribution, Normal distribution, Binomial distribution, Correlation
analysis, Regression analysis.
Electronics and Communications Engineering

Linear Algebra: Vector space, basis, linear dependence and independence, matrix algebra, eigenvalues and eigenvectors,
rank, solution of linear equations- existence and uniqueness.
Calculus: Mean value theorems, theorems of integral calculus, evaluation of definite and improper integrals, partial
derivatives, maxima and minima, multiple integrals, line, surface and volume integrals, Taylor series.
Differential Equations: First order equations (linear and nonlinear), higher order linear differential equations, Cauchy's and
Euler's equations, methods of solution using variation of parameters, complementary function and particular integral, partial
differential equations, variable separable method, initial and boundary value problems.
Vector Analysis: Vectors in plane and space, vector operations, gradient, divergence and curl, Gauss's, Green's and Stokes’
theorems.
Complex Analysis: Analytic functions, Cauchy’s integral theorem, Cauchy’s integral formula, sequences, series, convergence
tests, Taylor and Laurent series, residue theorem.
Probability and Statistics: Mean, median, mode, standard deviation, combinatorial probability, probability distributions,
binomial distribution, Poisson distribution, exponential distribution, normal distribution, joint and conditional probability.

Computer science

Discrete Mathematics: Propositional and first order logic. Sets, relations, functions, partial orders and lattices.
Monoids, Groups. Graphs: connectivity, matching, coloring. Combinatorics:
counting, recurrence relations, generating functions.
Linear Algebra: Matrices, determinants, system of linear equations, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, LU
decomposition.
Calculus: Limits, continuity and differentiability. Maxima and minima. Mean value theorem. Integration.
Probability and Statistics: Random variables. Uniform, normal, exponential, poisson and binomial distributions.
Mean median, mode and standard deviation. Conditional probability and Bayes theorem.
 www.mathportal.org

Integration Formulas
1. Common Integrals Integrals of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Indefinite Integral ∫ ln x dx = x ln x − x + C
Method of substitution
x n +1 x n +1
∫ x ln x dx =
n
ln x − +C
∫ f ( g ( x)) g ′( x)dx = ∫ f (u )du n +1 ( n + 1)
2

Integration by parts
∫e
x
dx = e x + C
∫ f ( x) g ′( x)dx = f ( x) g ( x) − ∫ g ( x) f ′( x)dx
bx
∫ b dx =
x
Integrals of Rational and Irrational Functions +C
ln b
x n +1
∫ x dx =
n
+C ∫ sinh x dx = cosh x + C
n +1
1 ∫ cosh x dx = sinh x + C
∫ x dx = ln x + C
∫ c dx = cx + C
x2
∫ xdx = 2
+C

x3
∫ x dx =
2
+C
3
1 1
∫ x2 dx = − x + C
2x x
∫ xdx =
3
+C

1
∫1+ x 2
dx = arctan x + C

1
∫ 1 − x2
dx = arcsin x + C

Integrals of Trigonometric Functions

∫ sin x dx = − cos x + C
∫ cos x dx = sin x + C
∫ tan x dx = ln sec x + C
∫ sec x dx = ln tan x + sec x + C
1
∫ sin ( x − sin x cos x ) + C
2
x dx =
2
1
∫ cos x dx = 2 ( x + sin x cos x ) + C
2

∫ tan
2
x dx = tan x − x + C

∫ sec
2
x dx = tan x + C
 www.mathportal.org

2. Integrals of Rational Functions

Integrals involving ax + b

( ax + b )n + 1
n
∫ ( ax + b ) dx = a ( n + 1) ( for n ≠ −1)
1 1
∫ ax + b dx = a ln ax + b
a ( n + 1) x − b
∫ x ( ax + b )
n
dx = 2
( ax + b )n+1 ( for n ≠ −1, n ≠ −2 )
a ( n + 1)( n + 2 )
x x b
∫ ax + b dx = a − a 2 ln ax + b
x b 1
∫ ( ax + b )2 dx = a 2 ( ax + b ) + a 2 ln ax + b
x a (1 − n ) x − b
∫ ( ax + b )n dx = a 2 ( n − 1)( n − 2)( ax + b )n−1 ( for n ≠ −1, n ≠ −2 )

1  ( ax + b ) 
2
x2
∫ ax + b dx =  − 2b ( ax + b ) + b 2
ln ax + b 
a3  2 
 
x2 1  b2 
∫ ( ax + b )2 dx = 3  ax + b − 2b ln ax + b −
a 

ax + b 

x2 1  2b b2 
∫ ( ax + b )3 dx =  ln ax + b + − 
a3  ax + b 2 ( ax + b )2 
 

1  ( ax + b ) 
3−n 2− n 1−n
x2 2b ( a + b ) b2 ( ax + b )
∫ ( ax + b ) n dx = − + −  ( for n ≠ 1, 2,3)
a3  n−3 n−2 n −1 
 
1 1 ax + b
∫ x ( ax + b ) dx = − b ln x
1 1 a ax + b
∫ x 2 ( ax + b ) dx = − bx + b2 ln x

1  1 1 2 ax + b 
∫ x 2 ( ax + b )2 dx = − a  2 + 2 − 3 ln
 b ( a + xb ) ab x b x


 
Integrals involving ax2 + bx + c
1 1 x
∫ x 2 + a 2 dx = a arctg a
1 a−x
 2a ln a + x for x < a
1
∫ x2 − a 2 dx =  1 x − a
 ln for x > a
 2a x + a
 www.mathportal.org

 2 2ax + b
 arctan for 4ac − b 2 > 0
2
 4ac − b 4ac − b 2

1  2 2ax + b − b 2 − 4 ac
∫ ax 2 + bx + c dx =  2 ln for 4ac − b 2 < 0
 b − 4ac 2 ax + b + b 2 − 4ac

− 2 for 4ac − b 2 = 0
 2ax + b

x 1 b dx
∫ ax 2 + bx + c dx = 2a ln ax ∫
2
+ bx + c − 2
2 a ax + bx + c
m 2 2an − bm 2ax + b
 ln ax + bx + c + arctan for 4ac − b 2 > 0
 2 a a 4ac − b 2
4ac − b 2

mx + n 
m 2an − bm 2ax + b
∫ ax 2 + bx + c dx =  2a ln ax + bx + c + a b2 − 4ac arctanh b2 − 4ac for 4ac − b < 0
2 2


m 2an − bm
 ln ax 2 + bx + c − for 4ac − b 2 = 0
 2a a ( 2 ax + b )

1 2ax + b ( 2 n − 3 ) 2a 1
∫ n
dx = n−1
+
2 ∫
( n − 1) ( 4ac − b ) ( ax 2 + bx + c )n−1
dx
( ax 2
+ bx + c ) ( n − 1) ( 4ac − b2 )( ax 2 + bx + c )
1 1 x2 b 1
∫x dx = ln 2 − ∫ 2 dx
( ax 2
+ bx + c ) 2c ax + bx + c 2c ax + bx + c

3. Integrals of Exponential Functions

ecx
∫ xe dx =
cx
( cx − 1)
c2
cx  x 2x 2 
2

∫
2 cx
x e dx = e 
 c c 2 + c3 
−
 
1 n cx n n −1 cx
∫x x e − ∫ x e dx
n cx
e dx =
c c
i
ecx ∞ cx
( )
∫ x dx = ln x + ∑ i ⋅ i!
i =1

1 cx
∫e
cx
ln xdx = e ln x + Ei ( cx )
c
ecx
∫ e sin bxdx =
cx
( c sin bx − b cos bx )
c 2 + b2
ecx
∫ e cos bxdx =
cx
( c cos bx + b sin bx )
c 2 + b2
ecx sin n −1 x n ( n − 1)
∫ e sin xdx = ∫e sin n −2 dx
cx n cx
2 2
( c sin x − n cos bx ) + 2 2
c +n c +n
 www.mathportal.org

4. Integrals of Logarithmic Functions

∫ ln cxdx = x ln cx − x
b
∫ ln(ax + b)dx = x ln(ax + b) − x + a ln(ax + b)
2 2
∫ ( ln x ) dx = x ( ln x ) − 2 x ln x + 2 x
n n n −1
∫ ( ln cx ) dx = x ( ln cx ) − n∫ ( ln cx ) dx
i
dx ( )
∞ ln x

∫ ln x = ln ln x + ln x + ∑
n =2 i ⋅ i !

dx x 1 dx
∫ ( ln x )n =−
( n − 1)( ln x ) n −1
+
n − 1 ∫ ( ln x )n −1
( for n ≠ 1)

 
m +1  ln x 1

∫
m
x ln xdx = x − ( for m ≠ 1)
 m + 1 ( m + 1) 2 
 
n
n x m+1 ( ln x ) n n −1
∫ x ( ln x ) ∫
m
dx = − x m ( ln x ) dx ( for m ≠ 1)
m +1 m +1

( ln x )n ( ln x )n+1
∫ x
dx =
n +1
( for n ≠ 1)
2
ln x n ln x n ( )
∫ x dx = 2n ( for n ≠ 0 )
ln x ln x 1
∫ xm dx = − ( m − 1) xm−1 − ( m − 1)2 xm−1 ( for m ≠ 1)

( ln x )n ( ln x )n n ( ln x )n−1
∫ xm
dx = −
( m − 1) x m−1 m − 1 ∫ x m
+ dx ( for m ≠ 1)
dx
∫ x ln x = ln ln x
dx ∞
( n − 1)i ( ln x )i
∫ xn ln x = ln ln x + ∑
i
( −1)
i =1 i ⋅ i!
dx 1
∫ x ( ln x )n =−
( n − 1)( ln x )n−1
( for n ≠ 1)
x
∫ ln ( x ) ( )
+ a 2 dx = x ln x 2 + a 2 − 2 x + 2a tan −1
2
a
x
∫ sin ( ln x ) dx = 2 ( sin ( ln x ) − cos ( ln x ) )
x
∫ cos ( ln x ) dx = 2 ( sin ( ln x ) + cos ( ln x ) )
 www.mathportal.org

5. Integrals of Trig. Functions

∫ sin xdx = − cos x cos x
∫ sin 2 x dx = − sin x
1

∫ cos xdx = − sin x cos 2 x x

x 1 ∫ sin x dx = ln tan 2 + cos x
∫ sin
2
xdx =
− sin 2 x
2 4
∫ cot
2
xdx = − cot x − x
x 1
∫ cos xdx = 2 + 4 sin 2 x
2
dx
∫ sin x cos x = ln tan x
1
∫ sin xdx = 3 cos x − cos x
3 3
dx 1 x π
1 3
∫ sin 2 x cos x = − sin x + ln tan  2 + 4 
∫ cos xdx = sin x − 3 sin x
3

dx 1 x
dx x ∫ sin x cos2 x = cos x + ln tan 2
∫ sin x xdx = ln tan 2 dx
dx x π ∫ sin 2 x cos2 x = tan x − cot x
∫ cos x xdx = ln tan  2 + 4  sin( m + n) x sin( m − n) x
dx
∫sin mxsin nxdx = − 2( m+ n) +
2( m − n)
m2 ≠ n2
∫ sin 2 x xdx = − cot x
cos ( m + n) x cos ( m − n) x
dx ∫sin mxcos nxdx = − 2( m + n) − m2 ≠ n2
∫ cos2 x xdx = tan x 2( m − n)
sin ( m + n) x sin ( m − n) x
dx cos x 1 x
∫ sin 3 x = − 2sin 2 x + 2 ln tan 2 ∫ cos mxcos nxdx = 2( m + n) +
2( m − n)
m2 ≠ n2

dx sin x 1 x π cos n +1 x
∫ cos3 x = 2 cos2 x + 2 ln tan  2 + 4  ∫ sin x cos xdx = −
n

n +1
1 sin n +1 x
∫ sin x cos xdx =
n
∫ sin x cos xdx = − 4 cos 2 x n +1
1 3
∫ sin x cos xdx = 3 sin x
2 ∫ arcsin xdx = x arcsin x + 1 − x2

1 ∫ arccos xdx = x arccos x − 1 − x2

∫ sin x cos xdx = − 3 cos x
2 3

1
∫ arctan xdx = x arctan x − 2 ln ( x )
2
+1
x 1
∫ sin x cos xdx = 8 − 32 sin 4 x
2 2

1
∫ arc cot xdx = x arc cot x + 2 ln ( x )
2
+1
∫ tan xdx = − ln cos x
sin x 1
∫ cos2
x
dx =
cos x
sin 2 x x π 
∫ cos x dx = ln tan  2 + 4  − sin x
∫ tan xdx = tan x − x
2

∫ cot xdx = ln sin x

 3
Integration By Parts
Formula
∫ udv = uv − ∫ vdu
I. Guidelines for Selecting u and dv:
(There are always exceptions, but these are generally helpful.)

“L-I-A-T-E” Choose ‘u’ to be the function that comes first in this list:
L: Logrithmic Function
I: Inverse Trig Function
A: Algebraic Function
T: Trig Function
E: Exponential Function

Example A: ∫ x 3 ln x dx

*Since lnx is a logarithmic function and x 3 is an algebraic

function, let:
u = lnx (L comes before A in LIATE)
3
dv = x dx
1
du = dx
x
x4
v = ∫ x dx =
3

∫x ln xdx = uv − ∫ vdu
3

x4 x4 1
= (ln x)
4
− ∫ 4 x dx
x4 1 3
4∫
= (ln x) − x dx
4
x4 1 x4
= (ln x) − + C
4 4 4
x4 x4
= (ln x) − + C ANSWER
4 16

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Example B: ∫ sin x ln(cos x) dx

u = ln(cosx) (Logarithmic Function)

dv = sinx dx (Trig Function [L comes before T in LIATE])
1
du = (− sin x) dx = − tan x dx
cos x

v= ∫ sin x dx = − cos x

∫ sin x ln(cos x) dx = uv − ∫ vdu

= (ln(cos x))(− cos x) − ∫ (− cos x)(− tan x)dx
sin x
= − cos x ln(cos x) − ∫ (cos x) dx
cos x

= − cos x ln(cos x) − ∫ sin x dx

= − cos x ln(cos x) + cos x + C ANSWER

Example C: ∫ sin −1 x dx

*At first it appears that integration by parts does not apply, but let:
u = sin −1 x (Inverse Trig Function)
dv = 1 dx (Algebraic Function)

1
du = dx
1− x2
v = ∫ 1dx = x

∫ sin ∫ vdu
−1
x dx = uv −

1
= (sin −1 x)( x) − ∫x 1− x2
dx

⎛ 1⎞
= x sin −1 x − ⎜ − ⎟ ∫ (1 − x 2 ) −1 / 2 (−2 x) dx
⎝ 2⎠

1
= x sin −1 x + (1 − x 2 )1 / 2 (2) + C
2

= x sin −1 x + 1− x2 + C ANSWER

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