Maths Extension 2 - Integration

! Standard Integrals
! Function & Derivative
! Product Integrate by Parts
! Partial Fractions
! A, B
! A, Bx + C
! Completing the Square
! Substitution
! Normal
! Trigonometry
! T - Formula
! Reduction Formula

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 Maths Extension 2 - Integration

INTEGRALS
*c is a constant Standard Integral

x n +1
x n dx = + c _________ n 1
n +1
1
dx = ln | x | +c
x

(ax + b )n +1 + c
(ax + b )
n
dx =
a (n + 1)

f ' ( x)
f ( x)
dx = ln | f ( x) | + c

1 1
ax + b dx =
a
ln | ax + b | + c

1 ax
e ax dx = e +c
a

ax
a dx
x
= +c
ln a

x + a2
2
1
dx [
= ln x + x 2 + a 2 + c ]

x a2
1
2
dx [
= ln x + x 2 a 2 + c ]
1 1 xa
x 2
a2
dx = ln +c
2a x + a

1 1 a+ x
a 2
x2
dx = ln +c
2a a x

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 Maths Extension 2 - Integration

1
cos ax dx = sin ax + c
a

1
sin ax dx = cos ax + c
a

1
sec 2 ax dx = tan ax + c
a

1 x
dx = sin 1 + c
a x
2 2
a

1 x x
a 2 x2
dx = cos 1 + c __OR__ sin 1 + c
a a

1 1 x
dx = tan 1 + c
a + x2
2
a a

1
cos ec ax dx = cot ax + c
2

1
sec ax. tan ax dx =
a
sec ax + c

1
cos ecax.cot ax dx = cos ecax + c
a

Integration by special properties Theorems

*notes, all these are with respect to dx
a a
0
f ( x) dx =
0
f (a x) dx
a a
a
f ( x) dx = 2 f ( x) dx ___if f (x) is an EVEN function
0
a
a
f ( x) dx = 0 _________-__if f (x) is an ODD function

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 Maths Extension 2 - Integration

Trigonometric Identities
! sin2 = 1 cos2
sin2 + cos2 = 1 ! cos2 = 1 sin2

! sec2 tan2 = 1
tan2 = sec2 1 ! sec2 = tan2 + 1

! 1 = cosec2 cot2
1 + cot2 = cosec2 ! cot2 = cosec2 1

sin cos
= tan = cot
cos sin

1
cos2 = (1 + cos 2 )
2

1
sin2 = (1 cos 2 )
2

2t
sin =
1+ t2

T-Formula Substitution
1 t 2
cos =
1+ t2
t = tan
2

1
tan =
1 t2

a 2 x 2 = Let x = a sin

x 2 a 2 = Let x = a sec Trigonometric Substitution

a 2 + x 2 = Let x = a tan

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 Maths Extension 2 - Integration

STANDARD INTEGRALS
Basic Form
n +1
x
= + c _________ n 1
x dx
n
n +1
! General Integral
x6
x
5
dx = +c
6
1 = ln | x | +c
x dx or x 1 dx
! 1st special function

=
(ax + b )n +1 + c
(ax + b )
n
dx a (n + 1)
! Linear function
(2 x + 3)
7

(2x + 3)
6
dx = +c
14
f ' ( x) = ln | f ( x) | + c
f ( x)
dx
! Function and Derivative
2x
x 2 + 1 dx = ln x 2 + 1 + c

Logarithm and Exponential

1 = ln | x | +c
x dx or x 1 dx
! 1st special function
1 1
ax + b dx = ln ax + b + c
a
1 1
3x + 2 dx = ln 3x + 2 + c
3
1
e = e ax + c
ax
dx
a
1 3x
e = e +c
3x
dx
3
ax
a
x
dx = +c
ln a
3x
3
x
dx = +c
ln 3

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 Maths Extension 2 - Integration

Trigonometric Functions
sin ax dx 1
= cos ax + c
a
sin 3x dx =
cos 3 x
+c
3
sin = sin 2 x. sin x dx
3
x dx

(1 cos x ).sin x dx
2
=
= sin x cos x. sin x dx
2

cos 2 x.sin x dx du
= u 2 . sin x
Let u = cos x sin x
sin x dx du
= sin x
= cos x dx u3
=
du 3
dx =
sin x
cos 3 x
= cos x + +c
3
1
cos ax dx =
a
sin ax + c
sin 3 x
cos 3x dx =
3
+c

cos x dx = cos 2 x. cos x dx

3

(1 sin x ). cos x dx
2
=
= cos x sin x. cos x dx
2

sin 2 x. cos x du
= u 2 . cos x
Let u = sin x cos x
cos x dx du
= cos x
= sin x dx u3
=
du 3
dx =
cos x
sin 3 x
sin x +c
3

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 Maths Extension 2 - Integration

sec 1
2
ax dx = tan ax + c
a
sec 1
2
3x dx = tan 3 x + c
3
tan x dx =
sin x
dx _________Function and Derivative
cos x
= - ln cos x + c

tan (sec )
x 1 dx
2 2
x dx =
= tan x x + c
tan = tan 2 x. tan x dx
3
x dx

(sec x 1). tan x dx

2
=
= sec x. tan x tan x dx_____Let tan x = u
2

tan 2 x
= + ln cos x + c
2

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 Maths Extension 2 - Integration

u = f (x)
Function and Derivative
du = f ' ( x)dx
[ f ( x)]n +1 + c
[ f ( x )] . f ' ( x )
n
dx =
n +1
f ' ( x)
f ( x)
dx = ln f ( x) + c

f ' ( x).e dx
f ( x)
= e f ( x) + c

f ' ( x).cos f ( x) dx = sin f ( x) + c

sin n +1 x
sin x.cos x dx
n
= +c
n +1
f ' ( x)
1 + [ f ( x)] 2
dx = tan 1 f ( x) + c

1 = ln ln x + c
x ln x dx
sin x.cos = sin 4 . sin x. cos 4 x dx
5 4
x dx

(1 cos x ) .sin x. cos x dx

2 2 4
=
du
dx
= sin x = (1 2 cos x + cos x ).sin x. cos x dx
2 4 4

du = cos x.sin x 2 cos x.sin x + cos x.sin x dx

4 6 8
dx =
sin x
cos5 x 2 cos7 x cos9 x
= + +c
5 7 9
x+3 1
(2 x 2) + 4
x 2 x 4 dx
2 = 2x 2 2 x 4 dx
1 2x 2 1
! split the integral =
2 x 2x 4
2
dx + 4 2
x 2x 4
dx
! take out constants
1 2x 2 1
!
!
complete the square
standard integrals
=
2 x 2x 4
2
dx + 4
(x 1)2 5
dx

2 x 1 5
=
1
(
ln x 2 2 x 4 + )
ln +c
2 5 x 1 + 5

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 Maths Extension 2 - Integration

uv' dx = uv vu ' dx
Integrating by parts Let u = dv
Let =
du dx
=
dx v=
x cos x dx = x sin x sin x dx
Let u = x dv = x sin s + cos x + c
= cos x
du dx
=1
dx v = sin x
ln x dx = ln x.1 dx

Let u = ln x dv = x ln x 1 dx
=1
du 1 dx = x ln x x + c
=
dx x v=x

These integrals have only one step, other integrals have multi-step

e
x
cos x dx = I
Let u = ex dv = e x sin x e x sin x dx
= cos x
du dx
= ex
dx v = sin x
Let u = ex dv
du
= ex
dx
= sin x
[
= e x sin x e x cos x + e x cos xdx ]
dx v = cos x
I = e x sin x + e x cos x I
2I = e x sin x + e x cos x
1
I = (e x sin x + e x cos x + c)
2
e
x
sin x dx = I
Let u = ex dv = e x cos x + e x cos x dx
= sin x
du dx
= ex
dx v = cos x
Let u = ex dv
du
=e x dx
= cos x
[
= e x cos x + e x sin x e x sin xdx ]
dx v = sin x
I = e x cos x + e x sin x I
2I = e x sin x e x cos x
1
I = (e x sin x e x cos x + c)
2

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 Maths Extension 2 - Integration

1. Split to Standard Integrals

2. A, B
Partial Fractions
3. A, Bx + C
4. Completing the Square
x+2 x +1 1
x + 1 dx = +
x +1 x +1
dx
1
= 1 + dx
x +1
= x + ln x + 1 + c
1 A B
( x 2)( x + 1) dx = x 2 + x + 1 dx
**************** **************** 1 1 1 1
1 A B
=
3 x 2 3 x +1
dx
= +
= [ln x 2 ln x + 1 ] + c
( x 2)( x + 1) x 2 x +1 1
When: 1 = A( x + 1) + B( x 2) 3
x = 1 1 = ___0___+__3B 1 x 2
= ln +c
x =2 1 = __-3A 3 x + 1

P( x)
Q( x) ______ P( x) Q( x)
3x 2 3
(2 x + 1) 3 12
2 x + 1 dx = 2

2x + 1
dx

3 3 12
2 2x + 1
= 1 dx
3 7
= x ln 2 x + 1 + c
2 2
2x2 x + 1 7
x 2 dx = (2x + 3)dx + x 2 dx
******** LONG DIVISION ********** = x 2 + 3 x + 7 ln x 2 + c
2 x + 3 r7
x 2 2x x + 1
2

____ 2 x 2 4 x ___
_________ 3 x + 1
_________ 3x 6
_____________7
1 + 4x A Bx + C
(4 x)( x 2 + 1) dx = 4x + x2 + 1
dx
1 x
1 + 4x = A( x 2 + 1) + ( Bx + c)(4 x) = + 2 dx
4 x x +1
x=4 __17 = 17A +0
= ln 4 x + 12 ln x 2 + 1 + c
x=0 __1 =A + C4 0
x =1 __5 = 2A + Bx + 3
A=1 B=1 C=0

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 Maths Extension 2 - Integration

Finding x in terms of u
Let u =
Substitution du
=
dx
dx =
12 1 1
(4 + x )
4
x
dx = (4 + u )
2
x
2 x du

1
= 2 du Changing the Limits
Let u = x 4 + u2
du 1 1 u Let u = x
= = 2 tan 1
dx 2 x 2 2
dx = 2 x du u x = 12 u=2 3
= tan 1 x=4
2 u=2
x = u2 12 2 3
1 x u
= tan

= tan 1
2 4 2 2
2 3
tan 1
2 =
= tan 1 3 4
2 2

= =
3 4 12

=
12
x3 x 3 udu
x2 + 1
dx =
u2 x
x du
2
IMPLICIT
=
Let u = x + 1
2 2

du
DIFFERENTIATION = (u 1)du
2

2u = 2x
dx u3
= u +c
udu 3
dx =
x 1
( )
= x2 + 1 x2 + 1 x2 + 1 + c
3
x2 = u 2 1

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 Maths Extension 2 - Integration

Trigonometry Substitution
a2 x2 Let x = a sin
x a
2 2 Let x = a sec
Let x = a tan
a2 + x2
x 4 sin 2
4 x2
dx = 4 4 sin 2
2c cos d x = 2 sin

sin 2 cos x
Let x = 2 sin = 8 d = sin
dx
(
4 1 sin 2 ) 2
= 2 cos sin cos
2
d = 4 d x
dx = 2 cos d cos 2 = sin 1
2
= 4 12 (1 cos 2 ) d
sin 2
= 2 +c
2
2
x x
Trig Identity = 2 sin 1 2 sin cos + c
2
x 4 x
2
1 x
= 2 sin 2 +c
2 2 2 4 x2

x x 4 x
2
= 2 sin 1 +c
2 2

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 Maths Extension 2 - Integration

T-Formula t = tan (2 ) ________ < <

2t dt 1 2
sin = = sec
1+ t2 d 2 2
2dt
d =
cos =
1 t2 sec 2 (2 )
1+ t2 2dt
d =
2t 1 + tan 2 (2 )
tan = 2dt
1 t2 d =
1+ t2

4 4 2dt
d = 3 + 5( ).1 + t
2

0 3 + 5 cos 1 t 2
1+ t 2
2

8 dt
d =
2dt = 3(1 + t 2
.
) + 5(1 t ) 1 + t 2
2
1+ t2
1+ t2
8
= 8 2t 2
dt
4
= 4t 2
dt
***
1
= 4 dt
4 t2

1 2 + t 4
= 4. . ln
2(2) 2 t 0

2 + t 4
= ln
2 t 0
= ln 3

***By Partial Fractions 4 = A(2 t) + B(2 + t)

t=2 4= 0 + 4B
B= 1

t = 2 4 = 4A +0
A= 1

4
= 4t 2
dt
1 1
= 2t + 2+t
= [ ln 2 t + ln 2 + t ]

4
0

2 + t 4
= ln
2 t 0

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 Maths Extension 2 - Integration

Reduction Formula
Show:
In = 0 cos n x dx_______n 2
2

In = (n 1)In-2 (n 1)In

In = cosn 1 x. cos1 x dx

Let dv
= cos x
u = cos x n 1 dx
v = sin x
du
= (n 1)cos n 2 . sin x
dx

[sin x.cos ]
x (n 1)cos n 2 x. sin 2 x dx
2

= n 1

Take out constant, and = 0 + (n 1)cosn 2 x.(1 cos2 x )dx

expand
= (n 1) cosn 2 x dx (n 1)cosn x dx
= (n 1)In-2 (n 1)In
Find:
I6

I6 = 0 cos6 x dx
2

I6 = (6 1)I6-2 (6 1)I6
I6 = 5I4 5I6
6I6 = 5I4
6I6 = 5(3I2 3I4)
6I6 = 15I2 15I4
I4 = 3I2 3I4
4I4 = 3I2
I4 = 34 I2
6I6 = 15I2 - 15 34 I2
6I6 = 154 I2
I6 = 58 I2

I2 = 0 cos 2 x dx
2

sin 2 x 2
I2 = sin x
2 0
I2 = 1
2

I6 = 5
16

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