Calculus 1

Lia Vas

Integrals of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions.

Integrals Producing Logarithmic Functions.
Integrals of exponential functions. Since the derivative of ex is ex , ex is an antiderivative of
ex . Thus Z
ex dx = ex + c
x
Recall that the exponential function with base ax can be represented with the base e as eln a =
ex ln a . With substitution u = x ln a and using the above formula for the integral of ex , we have that
Z
x
Z
x ln a
Z
u du 1 Z u 1 u 1 x ln a 1 x
a dx = e dx = e = e du = e +c= e +c= a + c.
ln a ln a ln a ln a ln a

Integrals producing logarithmic functions. Recall that the Power Rule formula for integral
1
of xn is valid just for n 6= 1 because of zero in denominator of n+1 xn+1 when n = −1. Thus, this
R 1
rule does not apply to the integral x dx. However, this integral can be evaluated using the fact that
derivative of ln x is x1 . Since ln x is defined just for x > 0, we have that ln x is an antiderivative of x1
for x > 0.
1
If x is negative, the derivative of ln(−x) is −x (−1) = x1 so that we can conclude that ln |x| is an
antiderivation of x1 both for x > 0 and x < 0. Thus,
Z
1
dx = ln |x| + c.
x
Be careful about the following.

1. TheR formula x1 dx = ln |x| + c does not imply that

R 1
dx = ln |x2 | + c. Use the power rule
R
x2
for x−2 dx to get the answer −1
x
+ c.

2. The fact that x12 dx = −2+1

1
x−2+1 + c does not imply that x−1+1
R R 1 1
x
dx = −1+1
+ c. Use the
formula x dx = ln |x| + c for the integrand x1 .
R 1

Integrals producing trigonometric functions.

Since the derivative of sin x is cos x, sin x is an antiderivative of cos x. Also, since the derivative
of cos x is − sin x, cos x is an antiderivative of − sin x so that − cos x is an antiderivative of sin x.
Z Z
sin x dx = − cos x + c and cos x dx = sin x + c

To integrate other trigonometric functions, you can convert them to sine and cosine functions and
use the formulas above.
We summarize the formulas for integration of functions in the table below and illustrate their use
in examples below.

1
 1
y xn ex ax x
sin x cos x
1 1
xn+1 ex x
ln |x| − cos x
R
y dx n+1 ln a
a sin x
2
Example 1. Find the integral xex +1 dx.
R

Solution. Identify the inner function u = x2 + 1. Find the differential du = 2xdx and solve for
dx = du
2x
.
Substitute x2 + 1 with u and dx with du . Obtain the following xeu du . Cancel x and factor 12
R
2x 2x
out of the integral. The integrand eu is now simple and you can integrate it using the formula for
integral of ex . Obtain
1Z u 1 1 2
e du = eu + c = ex +1 + c.
2 2 2

Example 2. Find the integral 23x+1 dx.

R

Solution.
R u du
Use the substitution u = 3x + 1 ⇒ du = 3dx ⇒ du
3
= dx. The integral becomes
1 R u u
2 3 = 3 2 du. The integrand 2 is now simple and you can integrate it using the formula for
integral of ax with a = 2. Obtain
1Z u 1 1 u 1 3x+1
2 du = 2 +c= 2 + c.
3 3 ln 2 3 ln 2

R x2 +4
Example 3. Find the integral x
dx.
2 2
Solution. Simplify the integral as x x+4 dx = xx + x4 dx = (x + x4 )dx. You can integrate term
R R R

by term and factor 4 in front of the second integral. Evaluate the second integral using the formula
that produces ln |x|.
Z
4 Z Z
1 x2
(x + )dx = xdx + 4 dx = + 4 ln |x| + c.
x x 2

Example 4. Find the integral (9 + 2 sin πt

R
5
) dt.
Solution. Use the substitution u = πt
5
⇒ du = π5 dt ⇒ 5du
π
= dt. The integral becomes
Z
5du 5Z 5 5 πt πt 10 πt
(9+2 sin u) = (9+2 sin u)du = (9u−2 cos u)+c = (9 −2 cos )+c = 9t− cos +c.
π π π π 5 5 π 5
Alternatively, separate the integral into a sum of two as 9dt + 2 sin πt
R R
5
) dt and use the substi-
πt
tution u = 5 just for the second part. Obtain the same answer as above.
R
Example 5. Find the integral tan xdx.
sin x
Solution. Recall that tan x = cos x
. The denominator cos x has derivative − sin x which is (up
to a constant multiple) in the numerator. This points out to using the substitution u = cos x. Then
du = − sin xdx ⇒ dx = − dusin x
and the integral reduces to
Z
sin x Z
sin x du Z
1
dx = =− du = − ln |u| + c = ln | cos x| + c.
cos x u − sin x u

Practice Problems.

2
1. Evaluate the following integrals. In problems (d) and (k) a and b are arbitrary constants.
Z Z Z
2x 4x+7 2 +1
(a) e dx (b) 5 dx (c) x 32x dx

Z
ax2 +1
Z
2x −2x
Z
ex + 1
(d) bx e dx (e) (e +e ) dx (f) dx
ex

Z
ex Z
e2x Z
1
(g) dx (h) dx (i) dx
ex + 1 ex + 1 3x + 5

Z
x−1 Z
ax2 Z
(j) dx (k) dx (l) cos(3x + 1) dx
x2 x3 + b

Z Z Z
cos x
(m) x sin x2 dx (n) sin3 x cos x dx (o) dx
sin x + 3

2. An oscillator’s velocity depends on time t in seconds as v(t) = sin ωt m/s where ω = 2 (in
1/second). If the oscillator is at a distance of 1 m from the equilibrium position when t = 0,
determine the position as a function of the time t.

3. This problem deals with functions called the hyperbolic sine and the hyperbolic cosine. These
functions occur in the solutions of some differential equations that appear in electromagnetic
theory, heat transfer, fluid dynamics, and special relativity. Hyperbolic sine and cosine are
defined as follows.
ex − e−x ex + e−x
sinh x = and cosh x = .
2 2
(a) Find derivatives of sinh x and cosh x and express your answers in terms of sinh x and
cosh x. Use those formulas to find derivatives of y = x sinh x and y = cosh(x2 ).
(b) RFrom part (a), obtain the antiderivatives of sinh x and cosh x and use them to show that
sinh(ax)dx = a1 cosh(ax) + c.

Solutions.
du R u du
1. (a) Use the substitution u = 2x ⇒ du = 2dx ⇒ 2
= dx. The integral becomes e 2
=
1R u
2
e du = 12 eu + c = 21 e2x + c.
du R u du
(b) Use the substitution u = 4x + 7 ⇒ du = 4dx ⇒ 4
= dx. The integral becomes 5 4
=
1R u
4
5 du = 14 ln15 5u + c = 4 ln1 5 54x+7 + c.
du
(c) Use the substitution u = 2x2 + 1 ⇒ du = 4xdx ⇒ 4x
= dx. The integral becomes
2
x3u du 1R u
3 du = 4 ln1 3 3u + c = 4 ln1 3 32x +1 + c.
R
4x
= 4
du
(d) Use the substitution u = ax2 + 1 ⇒ du = 2axdx ⇒ 2ax
= dx. The integral becomes
du b R u b u b ax2 +1
b xeu 2ax
R
= 2a e du = 2a e + c = 2a e + c.

3
 (e) Separate into two integrals e2x dx + e−2x dx and use theR substitution
R R
u = 2x for the
u ev
first and the substitution v = −2x for the second. Obtain e 2 + e −2 = e2 + −2
u du
R v dv
=
1 2x −2x
2
(e − e ) + c.
R x

e
+ e1x dx = (1 + e−x )dx. You can use substitution u = −x
R
(f) Simplify the function as ex
for the second term. Obtain x − e−x + c or x − e1x + c.
(g) Consider the denominator as the inner function and use the substitution u = ex + 1 ⇒ du =
x x
ex dx ⇒ dx = du . The integral becomes exe+1 dx = eu du = u1 du = ln |u| + c = ln |ex + 1| + c.
R R R
ex ex
(h) Similarly as in the previous problem, consider the denominator as the inner function
R e2x
and
use the substitution u = ex + 1 ⇒ du = ex dx ⇒ dx = du ex
. The integral becomes ex +1
dx =
R e2x du R ex
u ex
= u du. Use the substitution relation u =R ex + 1 to Rsolve for ex and express it in
terms of u as ex = u − 1. Thus the integral becomes u−1 u
du = (1 − u1 )du. Integrate term by
term to get u − ln |u| + c = ex + 1 − ln |ex + 1| + c.
du R 1 du
(i) Use the substitution u = 3x + 5 ⇒ du = 3dx ⇒ 3
= dx. The integral becomes u 3
=
1
3
ln |u| + c = 13 ln |3x + 5| + c.
R x−1
dx = ( xx2 − 1
R
(j) Simplify the integral as follows and integrate term by term. x2 x2
)dx =
( x − x−2 )dx = ln |x| − −1
1 −1
R 1
x + c = ln |x| + x1 + c.
du
(k) Use the substitution u = bx3 + 1 ⇒ du = 3bx2 dx ⇒ 3bx2
= dx. The integral becomes
R ax2 du a R 1 a a
u 3bx2
= 3b u
du = 3b ln |u| + c = 3b ln |bx3 + 1| + c.
1
(l) Use the substitution u = 3x + 1. Obtain 3
sin(3x + 1) + c.
−1
(m) Use the substitution u = x2 . Obtain 2
cos x2 + c.
(n) Note that the integrand can be written as (sin x)3 cos x and cos x is derivative of the inner
du
sin x. This points out to using the substitution u = sin x. Then du = cos xdx ⇒ dx = cos x
and
R 3 du R 3 u4 sin4 x
the integral reduces to u cos x cos x = u du = 4 + c = 4 + c.
(o) The denominator sin x + 3 has derivative cos x which is in the numerator so this points
du
out to using the substitution
R cos x du R 1
u = sin x + 3. Then du = cos xdx ⇒ dx = cos x
and the integral
reduces to u cos x
= u du = ln |u| + c = ln | sin x + 3| + c.

2. s(t) = v(t)dt = sin 2x dx. Using the substitution u = 2x obtain 12 sin udu = −1
R R R
2
cos u + c =
−1 −1 1
2
cos(2x) + c. Determine c using that s(0) = 1 ⇒ 1 = 2
cos(0) + c ⇒ c = 1 + 2
= 32 . Thus
s(t) = −1
2
cos(2x) + 32 .

3. (a) The derivative of sinh x = 21 (ex − e−x ) is 12 (ex − e−x (−1)) = 12 (ex + e−x ) = cosh x. Similarly,
obtain that the derivative of cosh x is sinh x. Using the product rule obtain that the derivative
of y = x sinh x is y 0 = sinh x + x cosh x. Using the chain rule obtain that the derivative of
y = cosh(x2 ) is y 0 = sinh(x2 )(2x) = 2x sinh x.
R R
(b) Part (a) implies that sinh x dx = cosh x + c.R Integrate sinh(ax) dx using substitution
u = ax. Then dx = dua
and the integral becomes a1 sinh u du = a1 cosh u + c = a1 cosh(ax) + c.