Homogeneous Equations

The differential equation

is homogeneous if the function f(x,y) is homogeneous, that is-

Check that the functions

are homogeneous.

In order to solve this type of equation we make use of a substitution (as we did in case of

Bernoulli equations). Indeed, consider the substitution . If f(x,y) is homogeneous, then we

have

Since y' = xz' + z, the equation (H) becomes

which is a separable equation. Once solved, go back to the old variable y via the equation y = x z.

Let us summarize the steps to follow:

(1)
Recognize that your equation is an homogeneous equation; that is, you need to check that
f(tx,ty)= f(x,y), meaning that f(tx,ty) is independent of the variable t;
(2)
Write out the substitution z=y/x;
(3)
Through easy differentiation, find the new equation satisfied by the new function z.
You may want to remember the form of the new equation:
(4)
Solve the new equation (which is always separable) to find z;
(5)
Go back to the old function y through the substitution y = x z;
(6)
If you have an IVP, use the initial condition to find the particular solution.
Since you have to solve a separable equation, you must be particularly careful about the constant
solutions.

Example: Find all the solutions of

Solution: Follow these steps:

(1)

It is easy to check that is homogeneous;

(2)

Consider ;
(3)
We have

which can be rewritten as

This is a separable equation. If you don't get a separable equation at this point, then your
equation is not homogeneous, or something went wrong along the way.

(4)
All solutions are given implicitly by
(5)
Back to the function y, we get

Note that the implicit equation can be rewritten as