FIRST-ORDER

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
” “ ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

Supervisor: Mr. Alaa Luqman Ibrahim

Presented by:
- Lulav Saeed - Media Hassan

- Hallat Hamza
TABLE OF CONTENT
1. Introduction .
2. Definition.
3. Types of First oder
Differential Equations.
4. Examples.
5. Applications.
6. Conclusion.

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Introduction
 In Mathematics, a differential equation is an equation that contains one or more functions with its
derivatives. The derivatives of the function define the rate of change of a function at a point. It is mainly
used in fields such as physics, engineering, biology, and so on.

Definition
:A first-order differential equation is defined by an equation
 of two variables x and y with its function defined on a region in the xy-plane. It has only the first
derivative  so that the equation is of the first order and no higher-order derivatives exist.

 ;The differential equation in first-order can also be written as

𝑀(𝑥,𝑦)𝑑𝑥+𝑁(𝑥,𝑦)𝑑𝑦=0 or

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Types Of First Order Differential Equations
there are several types of differential equations in the first order , such as :

Separable Equations)1

Exact Equations)1

Non Exact Equations)1

Linear Differential Equations)1

Homogeneous Equations)1

Integrating Factor)1

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1. SEPARABLE EQUATIONS
The first type of first order differential equations that we will look at is separable differential  •
equations.
A separable differential equation is any differential equation that we can write in the following
form:
 
𝑁(𝑦)𝑑𝑦=𝑀(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

How to Solve an Equation

First, separate the variables, just like we did for the equation a moment ago.
Next, integrate each side, as you can see here, where we get:
 

Calculating the integrals, we get the expression 5

Example 2. Solve the following differential equation and   •
determine the interval of validity for the solution.
1. Solve the differential equation:
Solution:
:Solution

When: y = 1 , x = 0

0+1=0+C C=1

  𝑥3 4 𝑦3
− =𝑐
3 3
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  •
2. EXACT SOLUTION:
A differential equation is exact when is a total derivative of a function, called potential
function. The solutions of the differential equation define level surfaces of a potential function,
If given a differential equation of the form M x, y dx +N x, y dy =0 Where M(x,y) and N(x,y)
are functions of x and y, it is possible to solve the equation by separation of variables.

Is exact solution

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Methods To Find An Exact equation

When the equation is exact : M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0 , We have two methods to solve the
exact equation

Case 1 Case 2
 
……1 ……..1  •
Find (f) by integrating factor Find (f) by integrating factor
*with respect y and x constant *with respect x and y constant
.....2 ……..2
*we assume that *we assume that N)

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 Cont………

Case 1 Case 2
   •
Finally, integrate (3) with respect to x and substitute the
Finally, integrate (3) with respect to x and
result in (2)
substitute the result in (2).

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:EXAMPLE
 •
 
sub in e.q 1

is exact

……1

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3. NON EXACT EQUATIONS
For the differential equation 𝑀(𝑥,𝑦)𝑑𝑥+𝑁(𝑥,𝑦)𝑑𝑦=0 , IF then, differential equation is said  •
to be Non Exact If the given differential equation is not exact then make that equation exact
by finding Integrating Factor.

Integrating Factor
In general, for differential equation M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0 is not exact. In such
situation, we find a function such that by multiplying to the equation, it becomes an exact
equation.
So, M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0 becomes exact equation, Here the function = (𝑥, 𝑦) is then
called an Integrating Factor

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Methods To Find An INTEGRATING FACTOR (I.F.)

for given non exact equation: M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0 , We have two cases of finding an
integral factor, to change the equation into an exact equation.

Case 1 Case 2
 
 •
is a function of x only , say f (x) is a function of y only , say g (y)
Then I.F = Then I.F =

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 Example 3  We get ..
Solve the differential equation:  •
,

Solution:

Let M (x , y) =

And

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 Example 4
  •

 Now I.F =
Solution:

Let M (x , y) =

And

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I.F = * the first equation  •
  0

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 Newton’s law of cooling
 Growth and decay
 Orthogonal trajectories
 Electrical circuits
 Falling Body Problems
 Dilution Problems
CONCLUSION
In this presentation we learned that differential equation , is an equation which  •
contains one or more terms and the derivatives of one variable (i.e., dependent
variable) with respect to the other variable (i.e., independent variable) , have several
types such as Separable Equations Exact Equations Non Exact Equations , etc ……
all this types have a different method to solve it and to get the results , and also
differential equation use various of application ,so In general the use of differential
equation has a main purpose that is to compute the function over its entire domain. It
is used to describe the exponential growth or decay over time. It has the ability to
predict the world around us. It is widely used in various fields such as Physics,
Chemistry, Biology, Economics and so on .

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