ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS II

[FEM 1023]
 CHAPTER 1

FIRST ORDER ORDINARY

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
 Overview

1.1. Introduction to Differential Equations

1.2. Separable Variables Equation

1.3. Linear Equation

1.4. Exact / Non-Exact Equation

1.5. Bernoulli Equation

 1.4. Exact / Non-Exact Equation

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the section, you should be able to:

1) Identify an Exact DE

2) Solve an Exact DE
 1.4. Exact / Non-Exact Equation

Definition
Partial Derivative of a Function

Consider a function of two variables: f (x, y )


f ( x, y ) is the partial derivative of f regarding x
x ( y is considered as a constant).


f ( x, y ) is the partial derivative of f regarding y
y ( x is considered as a constant).
 1.4. Exact / Non-Exact Equation

Definition

The differential of the function f (x, y ) is

f (x, y ) f (x, y )
df (x, y ) = dx + dy
x y
 1.4. Exact / Non-Exact Equation

Examples
Given f (x, y ) = x 2 y 4

x
f (x, y ) = y 4 (2 x ) 
f (x, y ) = x 4y
2
( )3

y
= 2xy 4 = 4x2 y3

f (x, y ) f (x, y )
df (x, y ) = dx + dy
x y
df (x, y ) = 2 xy 4 dx + 4 x 2 y 3dy
1.4. Exact / Non-Exact Equation

 2 x +5 y
3. e =?
x


4. ln xy = ?
x
 1.4. Exact / Non-Exact Equation
Definition
Exact Differential

A differential expression : M (x, y )dx + N (x, y )dy

is an exact differential if it corresponds to the
differential of certain function of f (x, y ) , such that
f f
M ( x, y ) = N ( x, y ) =
x y
 1.4. Exact / Non-Exact Equation
Example
2 xydx + x dy Exact differential
2

Indeed f ( x, y) = x y
2

f f
= 2 xy =x 2

x y
 1.4. Exact / Non-Exact Equation
Definition
Exact Differential Equation

A DE of the form: M (x, y )dx + N (x, y )dy = 0

is an exact differential equation if the left side is an

exact differential.
 1.4. Exact / Non-Exact Equation
Example
x 2 y 3 dx + x 3 y 2 dy = 0 Exact DE

Indeed f ( x, y) = 13 x3 y 3


x
( 1
3
)
x3 y 3 = x 2 y 3


y
( 1
3
)
x3 y 3 = x3 y 2
 1.4. Exact / Non-Exact Equation

Theorem
A necessary and sufficient condition that
M (x, y ) dx + N (x, y ) dy

be an exact differential is

M (x, y ) N (x, y )
.

=
y x
 1.4. Exact / Non-Exact Equation
Example 1
Show that x 2 y 3 dx + x 3 y 2 dy = 0 is an exact equation.

Solution
M ( x, y) = x 2 y 3 N ( x, y) = x3 y 2

M N
= 3x 2 y 2 = 3x 2 y 2
y x

Exact equation
 1.4. Exact / Non-Exact Equation
Example 2

Show that
is an exact equation.
 1.4. Exact / Non-Exact Equation
Method of Solution

Step 1: Identify the DE (it should be in the form of )

. Check for exactness (exactitude).

 1.4. Exact / Non-Exact Equation

Start with either one of the assumptions

If choose to solve,

Step 3: Integrate with respect to x

(1)
 1.4. Exact / Non-Exact Equation
Step 4: Differentiate Eq. (1) with respect to y

This gives

(2)

Step 6: The implicit solution of the equation is

or
 1.4. Exact / Non-Exact Equation
Example 1
Determine whether the given DE is exact. If it is, solve
the equation.

Solution
Step 1: Test for exactness

Exact
 1.4. Exact / Non-Exact Equation

Step 3: Integrate the with respect to x

 1.4. Exact / Non-Exact Equation
Step 4: Partial differentiate with respect to y

Step 5: Integrate with respect to y

 1.4. Exact / Non-Exact Equation

Step 6: Solution

x  1
 1.4. Exact / Non-Exact Equation
Example 2
Solve the following differential equation

(e 2y
− y cos( xy )) dx + (2 xe 2 y − x cos( xy ) + 2 y ) dy = 0

Example 3
Solve the following differential equation
dy xy 2 − cos x sin x
= , y(0) = 2
dx (
y 1− x 2
)
 1.4. Exact / Non-Exact Equation

Learning Objectives

At the end of this section you should be able to:

1) Identify Non-Exact Equation

2) Solve Non-Exact Equation

 1.4. Exact / Non-Exact Equation

Recall
M ( x, y)dx + N ( x, y)dy = 0 is exact if M y = N x

M N
My = , Nx =
y x
Non-exact equation if
M y  Nx
It is possible to make a non-exact to be exact
equation by multiplying with an integrating factor
(IF).
 1.4. Exact / Non-Exact Equation
Integrating Factor
For the DE,

1. If i.e. in terms of x ONLY

then the IF is

2. If i.e. in terms of y ONLY

then the IF is
 1.4. Exact / Non-Exact Equation

Method of Solution

Step 1: Identifying and compute an integrating factor

(IF) for the DE.

Step 2: Multiplying the DE by the IF to make it exact.

Step 3: Solve the new exact DE.

 1.4. Exact / Non-Exact Equation

Example 1

Solution:
Step 1: Check the exactness

Since ,then equation is non-exact.

 1.4. Exact / Non-Exact Equation
Step 2: Calculate integrating factor
 1.4. Exact / Non-Exact Equation
Step 3: Multiply the non-exact DE by the IF

Since ,then equation is exact.

Step 4: Solve the new exact DE
 1.4. Exact / Non-Exact Equation

Example 2
xy dx + (2 x 2 + 3 y 2 − 20) dy = 0
Solution:
Step 1: Check the exactness
M (x, y ) = xy N (x, y ) = 2 x 2 + 3 y 2 − 20
My = x N x = 4x

Since ,then equation is non-exact.

 1.4. Exact / Non-Exact Equation
Step 2: Calculate integrating factor

M y − Nx x − 4x
= 2
N 2 x + 3 y 2 − 20 3
− 3x  dy

= 2  p( x ) =e y

2 x + 3 y − 20
2
= e3ln y

Nx − M y
=e ln y 3
4x − x
= = y3
M xy
3x
=
xy
= = p( y )
3
y
 1.4. Exact / Non-Exact Equation
Step 3: Multiply the non-exact DE by the IF

( ( )
y 3 xy dx + 2 x 2 + 3 y 2 − 20 dy = 0 )
( )
xy 4 dx + 2 x 2 y 3 + 3 y 5 − 20 y 3 dy = 0

M (x, y ) = xy 4 N = (2 x 2 y 3 + 3 y 5 − 20 y 3 )

M y = 4xy 3 N x = 4xy 3

Since , then equation is exact.

Step 4: Solve the new exact DE