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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
LECTURE 3
06/10/2022
Homogeneous Equations
Consider
Substitute:
Check the case: Y=-X
is a solution
2.6. Exact Equations and Integrating Factors
Example Solve the differential equation
Neither linear
nor separable
Now, consider:
Note that: and
So, we can write as:
Assume y is a function of x, then we can write using Chain Rule:
Above we have:
Integrate
Implicit solution for
The key observation here is:
• Let the differential equation be given as:
becomes
In this case, the diff. equation is said to be an exact
differential equation and its solution is given implicitly by:
Proof:
The proof consists of two parts.
1) First, we will show that if
where
Since,
Since,
M N
M N
M N
Exact
Example: Solve the differential equation
M N
Then, we get:
BUT, SOLVING
is at least as hard as the original problem. Therefore, we must
make some assumptions:
We have to assume that the IF is a function of only x or only y,
but not both.
• Let us do the derivation with the assumption that is a
function of x only. In this case:
• From , we have:
• If , then
• If , then
Example Find an integrating factor for the following equation and then
solve it
M N
Not exact
A function of x only
IF
Multiply by
Now exact
is a constant
Example
M=1 N
Not exact
Exact
Example
Not exact
Exact
Example
Not exact
Integrate with respect to x:
Bernoulli Equation
• Sometimes it is possible to solve a nonlinear equation by
making a change of the dependent variable that converts it
into a linear equation.
• The most important such equation has the form
where and
• is a solution, so:
• It follows that:
or
which is a Bernoulli equation.
The substitution needed to solve this Bernoulli equation is:
This yields:
Linear Non-linear
There is a general solution formula There is no general solution formula.
and it gives the answers to these It is more difficult to answer these
questions questions
For linear differential equations
where
For nonlinear differential equations
Note that this theorem does not necessarily indicate the interval of existence.
Theorem 2.4.1 and Theorem 2.4.2 show that the graphs of two solutions
cannot intersect each other.
Example Use Theorem 2.4.1 to find an interval in which the initial
value problem
y becomes unbounded as