1.

1 Definition and Types of

Specifications
SPECIFICATIONS
The part of  the contract documents consisting of a detailed description of the technical
nature of the materials, standards, and quality of execution of the work to be placed
under contract.
TYPES OF SPECIFICATIONS / Four (4) Methods of Specifying
PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION
A specification that stipulates how a particular  component or system must perform
without giving the means to be employed to achieve the results.
Required results are specified and the criteria are specified by which the performance
are verified.
DESCRIPTIVE SPECIFICATION
A specification that stipulates the exact quantities and qualities of materials to be
furnished and how they are to be assembled in a construction. 
Exact properties of materials & methods of installation are described in details without
using proprietary.
REFERENCE SPECIFICATION
A specification that refers to a standard specification to indicate the properties desired in
a material or component and the methods of testing required to substantiate the
performance of products.
Reference is made to established standards to which  the specified products &
processes shall comply or conform.
PROPRIETARY SPECIFICATION
A specification that stipulates the use of specific products, systems, or processes
without provision for substitution.
Actual brand names , model numbers, and other proprietary information is specified.
 
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES 
Performance Specification-
Its key concept behind performance specifications unlike other methods is not
prescriptive about the products & processes o be used by the contractor. It allows the
contractor to conform to specific materials, fabrication techniques, and method of
installation. It describes the intended result and leave it to the contractor to determine
how to achieve the result. It requires the performance specification clearly & definitely
communicate the required results while not unnecessarily  limiting the products,
methods or means, the contractor uses to achieved results.
Advantages of Performance Specifying

 Design Intent (end result) only is specified, giving contractor latitude in

selecting and applying construction products in a manner that performs as
the specifier intends.
 Expedites construction through systems, techniques. e.g A/C on ceiling
system includes lighting, HVAC & acoustical control features.
 Encourages development of new technologies.
 Shorter specifications
 Permit free competition
 Applicable to all types of projects
 Delegates technical responsibilities to the construction industry. Contractor is
responsible for the results rather the architect/ engineer.

          Disadvantages of Performance Specifying.

 No firm, equal basis for bidding

 All criteria must be clearly defined
 More difficult to enforce
 Delegates technical responsibilities to the construction industry, as
Contractor is responsible for the results.
 Specifier is required to take special care in describing the design intent to
achieve the intended results. Contractor interprets specifications to identify &
procure. Architects/ Engineers mudt interpret specifications when evaluating
products proposed by the Contractor.
 Can results in longer specifications, if detailed criteria are specified
 Can be time consuming to produce
 Too elaborate for minor /simple project
 Underwhelming success / interest continue to grow.

         Descriptive Specifications
       Common Uses:   
It is being used appropriate for products for which no standard exist, for products of
project where admin restricts/ prohibits identifying proprietary products. For situation
where architect/ engineer wants to exercise tight control over the specified work.
       Basic Steps in Production of Descriptive Specs

 Research available products

 Research critical period needed
 Determines which features to described in drawings & which to specify
(pictures worth a thousand words)
 Describe  critical features (Lowest Common Denominator)
 Special quality assurance measures to ensure that products comply with
specifications- submittal, certifications, testing & inspection activities

         Advantages of Descriptive Specifications

 Specify exactly what the design intends.

 Apply to all conditions, methods, or situation of a project.
 Permit free competition by their very nature. It does not restricts the
contractor using specific products or specific manufacturers.
 Acceptable to all kind of projects, maybe used for small or large projects.
 Provide a very good basis for bidding. Descriptions makes it clear what
results of the work.

         Disadvantages of Descriptive Specifications

 Require the specifier to take special care in describing the design intent in
order to achieve the intended results. Careful consultation & wordsmithing
are necessary to derive a complete & understandable description.
 It tends to 'bulk up' specifications with more verbiage about products than
other specs methods.
 It is more time consuming to produce. It requires more time and care than
other methods. Leaving out important information may cause
misunderstanding & misinterpretation with unsatisfactory results. 
 It may require more quality control efforts, as each attributes should be
verified during construction by Quality Assurance agents of the Owner and
Quality Control for the the Contractor. e.g. Elevator System, Pre Engineered-
Custom Engineered
 Too elaborate for minor construction or a simple project. e.g. Gypsum Board
Finishes/ To reference appropriate industry.
 It is 'ambiguous', must interpret specifications to identify and procure
products available in the market place.
 The architect/ engineer must interpret specifications when evaluating
products proposed by the Contractor.
 It may not be the specifier who does the interpreting but Construction
Administrator who has not participated in making the design decisions, who
does not know which described attributes are essential.
 It is being used less as more complete reference standard are being
developed & implemented.
           Reference Standards Specifications
           Non-profit trade organizations of building products publish reference standards.
Extremely knowledgeable about a particular aspects of construction technology.
Established non-profit associations dedicated to the promulgations of standards. Mutual
benefit activities for their portion of the construction industry.
            Advantages of Reference Standard Specifications  

 Widely known & accepted base for the Contractor and the Owner.
 Widely used materials and methods readily recognized 
 Competition not limited.
 Shortens specifications dramatically. 

             Basic Steps in Production of Reference Standard Specifications

 Standard must be recognized as authoritative in the industry.

 Standard must be available to all parties concerned. 
 Specifier should know the standard.
 Bad Reference Standard=Bad Specification
 Duplication & conflict of information due to mixing of descriptive or proprietary
methods with reference specifying method.
 Address all choices.
 Standards may refer to a particular trade or subcontractor
 Standards may be multiple, reference to other standards for testing and
materials. Conflicts and confusion may result.
 Establish the edition date of the standard.
 Incorporate the standard properly
 Specify test method without identifying the acceptable results.
 Enforce the requirements of the standard.

              Disadvantages of Reference Specifications

 No appropriate standard to reference

 Generally available only for commonly used product.
 Reference standard may be 'obsolete' , Obsolescence is a problem because
some standard organization do not update regularly to keep with developing
technology.
 It may mean specifying to the lowest common denominator. It is a typical
consensus document serving greatest number of organization or faction of
the industry./ Lenient than the specifier intends. 
 It requires research and care in use, as industry associates develop and
promulgate standards primarily for their own benefit.
 It must be incorporated properly including supplementary information.
 It is more difficult to enforce. 
 1.  Design intent is encoded into an industry standard.
2. Decoded by Contractor for procurement, interpret the specs to identify nd
procure complying products available in the marketplace.
3. Information submitted for review by Architect/Engineer, evaluates lost in
translation & detailed the proposed products complies with reference
standard & design intent.

 Reference Standard Specification may require more Quality Control effort for
the Contractor in identifying / monitoring products provided by suppliers and
sub-contractor.
 It may appear too elaborate for a minor or simple project.

              Proprietary Specifications

              Common uses for Proprietary Specifications
              - Private Commercial Projects
              - Public funded projects with certain provisions 
              Advantages of Proprietary Specifications

 Close control of product selection

 Preparation of a more detailed & complete specifications based on precise
information obtained from the manufacturer's data.
 Decreases overall length of specifications
 Reduces specification production time
 Simplifies bidding by narrowing the competition & removing product pricing
as major variable.
 Reflects real life by specifying actual products in the marketplace .
 Reduces the architect/ engineer design liability by identifying products with
which  the architect/ engineer has experience & establishes clear basis for
the design intent.

               Disadvantages of Proprietary Specifications

 Reduces or eliminates competition

 May require products with which the contractor has had little or poor
experience
 Favors certain products & manufacturers over other.
1.2 Specification Writing
Techniques
WRITING STYLE

 Be accurate, brief and clear.

 Avoid complex sentences and stilted (artificially formal) language.
 Use simple sentences and common words.

SENTENCE FORM

 Form simple declarative sentences or imperative statements.

EXAMPLE: “Place a label on the front of the data outlet face plate.”

 Do not write in the indicative form.

EXAMPLE: “Contractor shall place a label on the front of the data outlet face plates.”

 Start with a verb. A word of action.

SPECIFICATION LANGUAGE

 Words to avoid: ALL, ANY, EVERY, SHOULD, COULD, PLEASE, MUST, IS

TO.
 Terms should be defined in the contract.

Furnish: to supply and deliver to the project site, ready to install.

Install: to place in position for service or use.
Provide: to furnish and install, complete, ready for use.

 Avoid using abbreviations in the body of a specification.

  Every word in a specification is important. Do not underline, bold, italicize,
highlight.

1.3 Uniform System

UNIFORM SYSTEM (MASTERFORMAT)

A format developed by the Construction Specifications Institute for coordinating specifications, filing
of technical data and product literature, and construction cost accounting, organized into 16 divisions
based on an interrelationship of material, trade, or function.

16-DIVISION UNIFORM CONSTRUCTION  INDEX

Division 1: General Requirements

Division 2: Site Work

Division 3: Concrete

Division 4: Masonry

 Division 5: Metals

Division 6: Wood and Plastics

Division 7: Thermal and Moisture Protection

Division 8: Doors and Windows

Division 9: Finishes

Division 10: Specialties

Division 11: Equipment

Division 12: Furnishings

Division 13: Special Construction

Division 14: Conveying Systems

Division 15: Mechanical

Division 16: Electrical

ADVANTAGES OF 16-DIVISION FORMAT

 Provide a standard, fixed framework for organizing specifications.

  Serves as a sequencing guide for arranging specification sections. Provides easy
retrieval of information.
 Provides easy retrieval of information.

THREE-PART SECTION FORMAT

Part 1: GENERAL

Defines the specific administrative and procedural requirements unique to this section.

Scope


o Related Work Specified
o Furnished by Others
o Furnished but not Installed
o Furnished by Owner

Description of Systems


o Water Supply System
o Chilled Water System
o Wiring System
o Telephone System
o Fire Detection System
o Integrated Ceiling System
o Curtain Wall System

Requirements of Regulatory Agencies


o Permits
o Codes
o Ordinances
o U.L. Regulations
o Tests by Agencies
o Design Conditions

Qualifications


o Qualification of Manufacturer
o Qualification of Applicators
o Qualification of Welders
o Qualification of Erectors
o Qualification of Testing Agency

Submittals
 
o Time and Sequence Schedules
o Shop Drawings
o Samples
o Manufacturer’s Literature
o Lists
o Parts Lists
o Certificates
o Guarantees
o Bonds

Mock-up


o Sample Panels
o Models
o Window Assembly
o Door Assembly
o Curtain Wall Assembly
o Panel Wall Assembly
o Integrated Ceiling Assembly

Product Handling


o Delivery of Materials
o Delivery of Equipment
o Delivery of Fixtures
o Storage of Materials
o Storage of Equipment

Environmental Conditions


o Temperature
o Humidity
o Lighting
o Ventilation

 Protection


o Drop Cloths
o Removal of Hardware
o Removal of Flammable Rubbish
o Smoking

Operating Instructions

For mechanical and electrical systems. To be given by BUILDING ENGINEER

Extra Stock


o Spare Parts
o Extra Tile
o Extra Wall Covering
o Resilient Flooring
o Extra Brick
o Tools
o Maintenance Materials

Alternates

Measurement and Payment

Part 2: PRODUCTS

Describes, in detail, the quality of items that are required for incorporation into the project under this
section.

Materials

Mixes


o Plaster Mix
o Concrete Mix
o Asphalt Binder Mix
o Asphalt Topping Mix
o Terrazzo Mix

Equipment

Fabrication


o Fabrication of Structural Steel
o Fabrication of Reinforcing Steel
o Fabrication of Doors
o Fabrication of Windows
o Fabrication of Toilet Partitions

Source Quality Control


o Mill Tests
o Factory Tests
o Plant Tests
o Shop Test

Part 3: EXECUTION

Describes, in detail, preparatory actions and how the products are incorporated into the project.
Condition of Surfaces

Preparations


o Fine Grading (to receive base course)
o Treatment of Formwork (to receive concrete)
o Treatment of Galvanized Surfaces (to receive paint)
o Treatment of Wood Surfaces (to receive paint)

Installation


o Placing Concrete
o Laying Bricks
o Framing Floors
o Applying Paint
o Clearing Site
o Erection of Trusses

Field Quality Control


o Soil Compaction Tests
o Pile Load Tests
o Concrete Compression Tests
o Concrete Slump Tests
o Plumbing System Tests

Adjusting

Patching

Cleaning

Schedules


o Accessories Schedule
o Hardware Schedule
o Painting Schedule
o Plumbing Fixture Schedule
o Mechanical Equipment Schedule
o Lighting Fixture Schedule
1.4 Different Types of Specification
Purpose and Importance of Specifications

1. Specification is defined as a written document describing in detail the scope of work,

materials to be used, methods of installation, and quality of workmanship for a parcel
of work to be placed under contract.
2. It provides information for proper construction or material and equipment which
cannot be placed in drawings.
3. It segregates the information shown on the drawings into various sections.
4. It instructs the different material suppliers of the extent of their work
5. It constitutes one of the contract documents together with the drawings and the
agreement of contract between the owner and the contractor. In court it is more
important than the drawings.
6. The contractor can then get his subcontracts on the basis of the specification
breakdown of sections.

 
QUALIFICATION OF SPECIFICATION WRITER

1. A professional specification writer maintains a good library of technical documents,

an extensive collection of manufacturer literature and catalogs and is knowledgeable
in various codes used in his area.
2. The following qualifications are necessary for an effective specification writer:
1. A degree in the required discipline and eventual professional registration
2. A good basic skill in drafting and detailing
3. A thorough knowledge of construction gained by extensive field
inspection
4. The ability to write in a proper and concise manner
5. An orderly mind
6. The ability to get along with fellow workers
 

TYPES OF SPECIFICATIONS

1. Performance Specifications

 the result of the product, rather than the product itself are specified

2. Descriptive Specifications

 gives a description of the product

3. Brand Name Specification

 the desired product is specified by the name given and model number “or an equal
approved by the architect”

4. Closed Specification

-there are two types of closed specifications, the single product and the multi product.
Closed specifications are usually brand name specifications. The multi product is the
same as a single product except that more than one product is used. “no other brand
will be accepted”

5. Open Specifications

 open because all manufacturers whose product meet performance or description

specified may bid. All performance and descriptive specifications are open. Brand
name specifications are open if the phrase “or equal”

6. Reference Specification

 the item desired is referred to by a number corresponding to a number published in a

specification.

7. Combination Specification

-it is possible to have combinations of performance, description and reference

specification.

Materials Specification Writing

Specification Writing Generalized
Specifications, as one of the Contract Documents, deserves as much care and attention
as working drawings. They should be clear, concise, and accurate in their wording.
Specifications should not duplicate the information given on the drawings, (information
that can be most clearly shown by drawings) but should deal with all other needed
information with a few well-chosen words as necessary for complete understanding.
The words “or equal” should never be used, since doing so postpones the time of
decision and encourages the expression of differing opinions of comparative qualities.
The resulting uncertainty causes bidders to protect themselves by bidding high enough
to pay for the most expensive item they might be required to furnish, and then seek
approval of a cheaper one.

Procedure
The specifications should be started in the form of a construction outline and equipment
outline (or outline specifications) to accompany the schematic drawings and be further
developed as preliminary specifications to accompany later design drawings. Thus,
decisions, made tentatively at first, become firm if not changed; the client is given time
to consider before approving important decisions; and data for preliminary estimates are
made available.
Since the preliminary specifications may not have been prepared by the specification
write, and he may not have followed later developments, a review of the working
drawings and notations is in order. This may uncover the need for additional decisions
regarding selection of materials or methods of construction or the choice of equipment.
The following are pointers of how to prepare a specification:

1.
1. Prepare a list of all section.
2. Write scope of the work for each section.
3. Coordinate “Scopes” to make sure that everything is included.
4. Prepare specification brief (dummy).

The following shall be covered in the scope of the work when applicable:

1.
1. The material and labor included under this section.
2. Material required to be furnished under this section to be installed by
others. (Indicate who will furnish the work)
3. Material furnished by others (Indicate who) to be installed under a
particular section.
4. Work shown on the drawings not included under this section.
5. Work shown on the drawings not included under the contract.

Conflicts between specifications and drawings

The General Provision of the contract states that “Anything mentioned in the
specifications, and not shown in the drawings, or shown on the drawings and not
mentioned in the specifications, shall be of like effect as if shown or mentioned in both.
In case difference between drawings and specifications or in the specifications, the
matter shall be promptly submitted to the contracting officer, who shall promptly decide
in writing.

Form, Sentence, Grammar

If, in the wording of specifications, complete sentences are used, many repetitions of
the word “Architect”,” Contractor”, “Owner”, “shall be” and “will be” are necessary. The
accepted rule is to use “shall” and “will” with proper discrimination, as an example:
“Certain things shall be done by the contractors, other things will be done by the owner.”
The use of the words “to be” or “are be” lack definiteness and clarity. Use “shall be” or
“must be” to secure the mandatory form essential to specifications.
 

1.
1. Styles to Avoid

Since the specifications are one part of the contract documents, that the contract is
between the owner and a prime contractor and that the prime contractor is the only
party responsible for completing the work the accord with the specifications, therefore, it
is never proper to refer to a sub-contractor in the specifications, example:
      Incorrect: “The Tile Contractor shall examine surfaces for defects.”
This style is incorrect because it violates the intent of the contract, undermines the
proper chain of command, and invites disputes over authority and responsibility for
compliance with the specifications.
 
      Acceptable: “The Contractor shall install all accessories”.
      Better: “All accessories shall be installed”.
      Best: “Install all accessories.”
Another Structure to avoid is the verb phrase “is to be”, for example:
     
      Avoid: “Adhesive is to be spread with a notched trowel”
      Better: “Spread adhesive with a notched trowel.”
      Better: “Use a notched Trowel.”

2. Correct Grammar

The tense of the subject and that of the verb must always agree plural verbs and should
not be used with singular subjects nor vice versa.
 
Correct: One of the elongated Central Fasteners is to be placed around the eye of the
panel and bolted.
Incorrect: One of the elongated fasteners are to be places around the eye of the panel
and bolted.
Better: Bolt one of the elongated fasteners to the eye of the panel.
 
The rules of a good grammar require parallel construction. The use of identical style in
both parts of a compound subject or predicate, or the use of identical style in a string of
prepositional phrases modifying the same noun.
Incorrect: Heating, ventilation, and Air-Conditioning
Correct: Heating, ventilation, and Air Conditioning
Incorrect: Tests shall be performed to determine strength and to established quality.
Correct:  Tests shall be performed to determine strength and to establish quality.
Better: Perform tests to determine strength and to establish quality.

3. Avoid words having varied or indefinite meanings.

Do not say: “The equipment shall be removed and replaced as indicated.”

Say: “Remove equipment during the alteration thereof and reinstall after completion.”
Do not say: “The existing culverts shall be replaced as indicated on the drawings.”
Say: “Remove existing culverts and reinstall in the new location.”
 

4. “Provide” is defined in the general provisions as “Furnish and install”, When

materials and/or equipment are only to be furnished by the contractor, the term
“furnish” should be used, and when material and /or equipment are only to be
installed by the contractor may be required to use the term “provide”. If the word
“install” is used alone, the bidder or contractor has a right to assume, on the basis of
the definition cited, that the government (if public) or the owner (if private) will
“furnish” the material will be questioned. Therefore, define what is to be provided by
the contractor to complete such an installation.

5. Internal Numbering

The basic scheme of alternating numbers and letters is recommended in lieu of an all
number scheme (2.2.1.2.11…). the contrast between number and letter contributes to
visual acuity and comprehension. The contrast further contributes to the mental
establishments and retention of levels of emphasis or rank of the paragraph.
 
The recommended method of numbering the internal elements of the section paragraph
is:
1.1 Paragraph Title
(a) Subparagraph
(1)Subparagraph
(a))Subparagraph
Numbering systems within the section alternate numbers and letters and various
paragraphs and subparagraph should be indented accordingly.

1.5 Contract Documents

 Typical Design-Bid-Build Projects

The Contract Documents consists of the following;

 Agreement- a written agreement between the owner and the contractor

describing the Work to be performed, stating the a Time in which the work
shall be completed and the contract sum to be paid.
 Also identified in the Agreement- Contract Drawings by architect/ engineer &
contract specifications.
 Preferred documents such as; Bond forms/ Insurance Certificates/ Other
certificates/ Contractor's qualification statement/ Contractors Financial Status
Documentation/ Sub Contractor/ Supplier's lists/ Special Warranty
Documents/
 Any other types of written documents. The Owner requires Past Project
Reference/ Recommendations/ Citation/ Awards.

-It is typically prepared by the Owner's Legal and Insurance Counsel, or by the
Construction Manager.
-Architect or Engineer does NOT prepare Agreement and its attachment.
-It is under the direction of the Owner
-Architect/Engineer are NOT trained to produce legal documents and insurance nor are
they licensed to practice law & underwrite insurance.

Conditions of the Contract

- General Conditions - Standardized pre-printed documents prepared by professional
society. 
Basic rights (general clauses of the agreement), Responsibilities,  Relationships of the
entities involved in the performance of the contract.
- Supplementary Conditions - project specific modifications (unique requirements) to
ensure performance. 
 
Duties and Responsibilities of the Architect / Engineer
The architect / engineer is not a signer of the Owner-Contractor Agreement, described
in the General Condition for the architect or engineer.

 Acting as the Owner’s representative for matters concerning _ ‘Work’ (Project

not under the Construction management delivery method).
 Routinely visiting the construction site to observe and evaluate progress
coordinated with the Owner/Architect/Engineer Agreement.
 Validate the progress of the ‘Work” for the purpose of recommending to the
Owner that progress payment be made.
 Preparing Change Orders and other Contract Modification Documents
 Clarifying & interpreting the Contract Documents
 Exercising Approval & Disapproval Authority on Submittals
 Reviewing Shop Drawings & Samples
 Rejecting Defective & Non Complying ‘Work’
 Determining Dates of Substantial Completion and Final Completion

1.6 Drawings & Specifications

Defined-2
Drawings

 Pictures/ series of pictures of a project or parts of the project to be

constructed.
  Presents the size, form, location, and arrangement of elements of the project.
 Special language or means of communication to convey ideas of construction
from one person to another, these cannot be depicted or effectively conveyed
by words alone.
 It should inficate the relationship between elements of the facility.
 Designates the following for each material, assembly, component &
accessory.

- Location of each material, assembly,  component & accessory.

- Identification of components using generic names/ location & coordinate terminology
with short keynotes.
- Give dimensions & sizes of components.
- Indicate interfaces & connections between materials, details, assemblies, & diagram
systems.
- Indicate boundaries between material of different capabilities.
- Show form of relationship of building elements.
- Indicates limits of Work
- Indicates areas of construction phases.
- Indicates extent of alternates, indicate base bid, & alternate bids construction for
scope of each conditions is clear.
- Indicate work to be performed by or for the Owner under separate contracts.
- Identify applicable drawing symbols in a schedule.
- Indicate graphic scale of drawings.

The purpose of Drawing-

- To convey information regarding the intent of the design and depictions of Work to be 
accomplished.
Forms of Drawing

1. Plan Views - looking down

2. Sections
3. Details
4. Diagrams & schedule - single line diagram/ finish schedule.
5. Notes - tied to elements by arrows.
6. Symbols - reference keynotes on a table or listed in the margin of the
drawings.
Architect engaged discipline to design portion of the project to present graphic
depictions of the 'Work'.
S- Structural
P- Plumbing
M- Mechanical/ Heating / Ventilating
E- Electrical 
C- Civil or Site Development
L- Landscape, Irrigation, & Plumbing 
K- Kitchen or Food Service equipment 
F- Fire Protection
T- Vertical Transport or Elevator 
Q- Equipment- Laboratory,  Medical, Process equipments.

Well prepared drawings should NOT,

 Use comprehensive or too many notes,

 Redundancy should be avoided.
 Use notes that define Work to be performed by a specific
subcontractor or trade unless required by authorities having
jurisdiction.
 Use proprietary names and slang terms ( proper & generic terms
that are coordinated with the terminology used in the
specifications.
 Use cross reference with specifications by indicating ' See Specs'.

Specifications - that portion of the Contract Documents consisting of a written

requirements for materials, equipment, systems, standards, & workmanship of the
'Work' and performance of related services.
Specifications describes the following;

 Type & quality of every product in the Work from simplest material  through
the functioning system.
 Quality of Workmanship including quality during - manufacture, fabrication,
application, installation, finishing, and adjusting.
 Requirements for fabrication, erection, application, installation and finishing.
 Applicable regulatory requirements including codes, and standards applicable
to performance of the Work.
  Overall & component dimensional requirements for specified materials,
manufactured products & equipments.
 Specific description & procedures for product alternate & options.
 Specific requirements for Administration of the contract for construction.
 Specification should not overlap or duplicate info leads to contradiction/
confusion/misunderstanding/ difference of opinion.

Work - maybe simpler or complex activities

1. Procurement of materials & manufactured products.

2. Through fabrication
3. Delivery to project site
4. Storage
5. Staging at the project site   (#1-10_simple or complex activities)
6. Surface preparation
7. Mixing
8. Application
9. Installation
10. Fitting and finishing 
11. Preparation and review of shop drawings
12. Product data and samples       (#11-14 activities with administrative
procedures)
13. Tests and inspections
14. Demonstrations. adjustments, & validation of performance also known as
'commissioning'
15. Temporary utilities
16. Barriers                           (#15-18Temporary in Nature)
17. Field offices
18. Security and cleaning

Descriptions of the work need to be detailed to suit the nature of the 'Work'

 Its simplicity or complexity

 Its needs for careful craftsmanship
 Its needs for monitoring to ensure quality
 Its needs for compliance with codes, standards, and administrative
requirements

-Most of this do not lend themselves  to graphic depictions,

-Most are best describe in written requirements  presented in the specifications.