Syzygium Cumini Linn Syn. Eugenia Jambolana (Jamun) - A REVIEW

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Syzygium cumini Linn syn. Eugenia Jambolana (jamun)-A REVIEW
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REVIEWARTICLE Ajeet et.al / IJIPSR / 6 (01), 2018, 32-47
Department of Botany & Microbiology ISSN (online) 2347-2154
DOI: 10.21276/IJIPSR.2018.06.01.252
International Journal of Innovative

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research
www.ijipsr.com
ETHNOBOTANICAL USES, ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIAL,

PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY OF
Syzygium cumini Linn syn. Eugenia Jambolana (jamun) – A REVIEW
Ajeet Singh* and Navneet
Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar -249404,
Uttarakhand, INDIA
Abstract
Syzygium cumini commonly known as a “Jamun” having promising therapeutic values. It is a large
evergreen tropical tree. It is belongs to the family Myrtaceae. S. cumini is also known as Jamun or
black plum or jambolan. S. cumini showed various phytoconstituents such as tannins, alkaloids,
steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, fatty acids, phenols, minerals, carbohydrates and vitamins. Its
pharmacological actions like hypoglycaemic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-plaque, antimicrobial,
anti-diarrhoeal, antioxidant, gastro-protective and astringent to bowels proven on animal models.
Different parts of the jambolan were also reported for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuropsycho-
pharmacological, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, nitric oxide scavenging, anticancer, free radical
scavenging, anti-diarrheal, anti-fertility, anorexigenic, gastroprotective and anti-ulcerogenic and radio-
protective activities. In Ayurveda its bark is acrid, sweet, digestive, astringent to the bowels, anti-
helmintic and in good for sore throat, bronchitis, asthma, thirst, biliousness, dysentery, blood impurities
and to cure ulcers.
Keywords: Syzygium cumini Linn., antimicrobial activities, folk medicine, pharmacological
utilizations, phytochemistry
Corresponding Author:
Ajeet Singh
Department of Botany and Microbiology,
Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar -249404
Uttarakhand, INDIA
E-mail: ajeetchoudharygkv@gmail.com
Phone: +91-8791539165
Available online: www.ijipsr.com January Issue 32

DOI: 10.21276/IJIPSR.2018.06.01.252
INTRODUCTION
Syzygium cumini Linn. (Syn. Eugenia jambolan) is a large evergreen tropical tree. It is belongs to
the family Myrtaceae. S. cumini is also known as Jamun or black plum or jambolan. S. cumini is
very well known for their pharmacological properties ancient age. The native home of the
Syzygium is India and East Indies. It is found throughout in India up to an altitude of 1800 meters
and its habitat starts from Myanmar and extended to Afghanistan. Syzygium is also found in other
countries like Thailand, Philippines, Madagascar, extensive work were carried out on S. cumini
for their pharmacological properties. The medicinal value is due to presence of malic acid [1,2],
oxalic acid, gallic acid, and tannins. Various works on tannin, flavonoids essential oil and betulic
acid was reported to have diverse pharmacological activities like gastroprotective, antiulcerogenic
[3,4], antibacterial [5], anti-infective [6], anti-malarial [7]. It is also known as S. jambolanum and
E. cumini. Other common names are Jambul, Black Plum, Java Plum, Indian Blackberry,
Jamblang, Jamun etc. Today these trees are found growing throughout the Asian subcontinent,
Eastern Africa, South America, Madagascar and have also naturalized to Florida and Hawaii in
the United States of America. The tree fruits once in a year and the berries are sweetish sour to
taste. The ripe fruits are used for health drinks, making preserves, squashes, jellies and wine. In
association to its dietary use, all parts of the tree and, importantly the seeds are used to treat a
range of ailments, the most important being diabetes mellitus. Different parts of the S. cumini
were also reported for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuropsycho-pharmacological,
antifungal, antibacterial, anti-HIV, antileishmanial and antifungal, nitric oxide scavenging, free
radical scavenging, anti-diarrheal, antifertility, anorexigenic, gastroprotective and anti-
ulcerogenic and radio-protective activities [8].
Classification
Kingdom- Plantae
Order- Myrtales
Family- Myrtaceae
Genus- Syzygium
Species- cumini
Botanical description
A smooth tree is 4-15 meters in height. Leaves leathery oblong-ovate to elliptical or obovate and
6-12 cm long, the tip being broad and shortly pointed. The panicles are borne mostly from the

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branch lets below the leaves, often being axillary or terminal and 4-6 cm long. The flowers are
numerous, scented, pink or nearly white, without stalks, and borne in crowed fascicles on the ends
of the branch lets. The calyx is funnel shaped, about 4 mm long, and 4 toothed. The petals cohere
and fall together as a small disk. The stamens are very numerous and as long as the calyx. Fruit is
oval to elliptic; 1.5-3.5 cm long, dark purple or nearly black, luscious, fleshy and edible; it
contains single large seed [9].
Origin and distribution
The original home of S. cumini is India or the East Indies. It is found in Thailand, Philippines,
Madagascar and some other countries. The plant has been successfully introduced into many
other tropical countries such as the West Indies, East and West Africa and some sub tropical
regions including Florida, California, Algeria and Israel [9].
TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL USES
Whole plant of S. cumini such as seed, fruit, leaves, flower, bark used in folk medicine. Charaka
used seeds, leaves and fruits in decoctions for diarrhoea and the bark as an astringent. Sushruta
prescribed the fruit internally in obesity, in vaginal discharges and menstrual disorders, cold
infusion in intrinsic haemorrhage [10]. The bark is astringent, its juice is given doses in chronic
diarrhoea, dysentery, menorrhagia. Decoction of the bark is an efficacious mouth-wash and gargle
for treating spongy gums, stomatitis, relaxed throat and other diseases of mouth. Bark also used
for inflammation of skin. The bark is also used in dyeing and tanning and for colouring fishnets.
According to Ayurveda, its bark is acrid, sweet, digestive, astringent to the bowels, anthelmintic
and in good for sore throat, bronchitis, asthma, thirst, biliousness, dysentery, blood impurities and
to cure ulcers [11]. The juice of Jambu, Amra and Amalaka leaves mixed with goat milk and
honey prescribed in diarrhoea with blood. Leaf juice of S. cumini is taken orally to treat diabetes.
The juice is taken mixed with milk every morning. Fresh leaves juice of S. cumini is taken orally
for stomach pain [12]. Syrup prepared from the juice of the ripe fruit is a very pleasant drink.
Syrup or vinegar prepared from the ripe fruit is useful in spleen enlargement and efficient
astringent in chronic diarrhoea. Hot water extract of dried fruits is used for stomach ulcers and to
reduce acidity and for diabetes [13-14].
The ethanolic extract of S. cumini seeds decreased blood sugar level in alloxan induced diabetic
rats. Seed powdered in combination with mango kernels were administered with card to overcome
problems of diarrhoea and dysentery, enlargement of spleen [15].

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PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
Gastroprtective and Anti-ulcerogenic
The gastric mucosal damage was induced in 68 Sprague-Dawley rats by oral gavage
administration of HCL / ethanol solution. For examination, three group were formed, a negative
control, an omeprazole group and a tannin group. Microscopic examination using Best’s Ulcer
Staging Index showed that tannins had a very significant decrease in gastric mucosal damage.
Studies for amount of gastric damage also been carried out it showed lower stomach free radical
concentration in rats fed with a dose of 20gm tannins/kg of rat [16].
Anti-inflammatory activity
Ethanolic extract of S. cumini bark has been reported to showed anti-inflammatory activity
against histamine, serotonin and prostaglandin. For this study inflammation was induced by
individual autacoids insult, Histamine (1mg/mL), serotonin (5-HT, 1mg/mL), Bradykinin
(0.02mg/mL) and prostaglandin (PGE2, 0.001mg/mL) was used as inflammogens. When injected
in rat paw, ethanolic extract showed anti-inflammatory effects in histamine, PGE2 and 5-HT
induced rat paw oedema. While there was no significant inhibition of oedema volume in
bradykinin induced rat paw oedema at any dose level [17]. Other result of experiment also
showed the above effect of ethanolic extract of bark against carrageen, kaolincarrageen and
formaldehyde induced oedema and cotton pellet granuloma tests in rats [18].
Hypoglycemic activity
Defatted seeds and water soluble fibres from seeds showed hypoglycaemic activity in alloxan
induced diabetic rats. Quantitative determinations showed that S. cumini seeds contained 40% of
aqueous soluble gummy fibres and 15% of aqueous insoluble fibres. The result of experiment
showed that defatted seeds and aqueous soluble gummy fibres from seed significantly lowered the
blood glucose level and improved glucose tolerance. Aqueous insoluble fibres do not have
significant hypoglycemic activity [17-19].
Hypolipidaemic activity
Alcoholic extract of seeds lowered lipid in serum and tissues in alloxan diabetic rats.
Hypolipidaemic effect of ethanolic extract was also evident from fall in total serum cholesterol /
HDL cholesterol ratio, serum LDL cholesterol level and lowering activity of HMG Co-A
reductase. Also histapathological studies of liver, pancreas and aorta in alcoholic extract treated
diabetic groups of rabbit revealed almost normal appearance [20]. The alcoholic extract of seed

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showed better response in reducing tissue damage in diabetic rat brain in compare with the
aqueous extract. The results of both extract were better than glibenclamide (600 μg/kg) [21].
Antianaemic activity
Aqueous seeds extract of C. cumini cause increase in total haemoglobin, prevents lowering of
body weight and lowering of free radical formation in tissue [22].
Antibacterial activity
Essential oil (EO) present in the leaves of S. cumini showed good antibacterial activity [23]. Leaf
extract showed activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus [1]. Shaikh et al.,
(1994) have reported antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of E. jambolana against gram
positive and gram negative bacteria [24]. Bhuiyan et al., (1996) reported antibacterial activity of
methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of the seeds of E. jambolana at a concentration of 200 μg/disc
against Bacillus creus, B. subtalis, B. megateriun, Steptococcus ß–haemolyticus, S. aureus,
Shigella dysenteriae, Sh. Shiga, Sh. boydii, Sh. flexneriae, Sh. sonnei, E. coli, S. typhi B, S. typhi
and Klebsiella species) [25]. Daisy et al., (2007) assayed the antibacterial activity of the extract of
S. cumini. Methanol, acetone and hexane extract of S. cumini seeds were examined for
antibacterial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila, Acinetobacter baumannii, Citrobacter
freundii, E. coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis.
Methanol extract of S. cumini seeds exhibited significant antibacterial activity against tested
bacteria [26].
Antifungal activity
Khan et al., (2016) reported antifungal activity of S. cumini bark and leaves extract against
Rhizoctonia solani. Extracts of bark and leaves of S. cumini were prepared in methanol at a
concentrations viz. 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% were tested against the target pathogen. Methanolic
bark extract of S. cumini was found more effective and showed high antifungal potential as
compared to leaf extract. The methanolic bark extract was subjected to bioassay guided
fractionation and different organic fractions like ethyl acetate, chloroform, n-hexane and n-
butanol were isolated. The isolated fractions were further serially diluted to check their MIC
along with a synthetic fungicide Puslan (72% WP). The MIC of various concentrations from
(1.56-200 mg mL-1) was recorded for each fraction at the intervals of 24, 48 and 72 hours. n-
butanol and Puslan were highly effective in inhibiting the mycelium growth of R. solani with
MIC of 1.56 mg/Ml [27].

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Jabeen and Javaid (2010) [28] studied the antifungal potential of leaves, stem and root bark of S.
cumini against Ascochyta rabiei. Aqueous, n-hexane and ethanol extracts of S. cumini
considerably retarded the growth of the test fungus. Satish et al., (2007) tested plant aqueous
extract of S. cumini against Aspergillus species [29].
Antioxidant activity
Ethanolic extract of S. cumini seed kernel lowering the increased oxidative stress involved in
pathogenesis and progression of diabetic tissue damage. This activity was observed when an
increase in levels of plasma glucose, vitamin-E, ceruloplasmin, lipid peroxides and a decrease in
levels of vitamin-C and glutathione observed in diabetic rats, recover back to the normal levels
after treatment with S. cumi seed kernel extract. Histopathological studies also promise its
protective activities on pancreatic β-cells [30]. Ethanolic extract of S. cumini seed kernel also
lowering the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance and increased in reduced glutathione,
superoxide dismutase and catalyse [22].
Radio-protective activity
Radio-protective activity was studied on radiation induced sickness and mortality in mice exposed
to 10GY γ- irradiation. Leaf extract of S. cumini delayed the onset of mortality and reduced
symptom of radiation sickness, provided protection against GI death and bone marrow death, thus
increasing the survival percentage [23,31,5]. The effect of leaf of S. cumini was also studied on
the alteration in the radiation induced micronuclei formation in the cultured human peripheral
blood lymphocytes, which demonstrated that the extract protects against radiation-induced
damage [32].
Central Nervous System activity
De Lima et al., (1998) [33] reported different extracts, fractions and sub-fractions from the seeds
of S. cumini for behavioural effects in mice, particularly in relation to their sedative and
anticonvulsant actions. Oral treatment with the hydro-alcoholic extract showed an anticonvulsant
activity in pentylenetetrazol and maximal electroshock-induced convulsions, besides a
hypothermic effect. The ethyl acetate fraction and its sub-fractions enhanced latency and duration
of the first convulsion induced by pentylenetetrazol. S. cuminii has some active principles with
central depressant properties, and some of them also present an anticonvulsant action. Kumar et
al., (2007) [34] reported the seed extracted with ethyl acetate and methanol investigated on albino
mice in rota rod and actophotometer at a dose of 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg exhibited significant
CNS activity.
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Anti-allergic Activity
Brito et al., (2007) [35] reported that the S. cumini showed anti-allergic activity and indicate that
its edematogenic effect is due to the inhibition of mast cell degranulation and of histamine and
serotonin effects where as the inhibition of eosinophil accumulation in the allergic pleurisy model
is probably due to an impairment of CCL11/ eotaxin and IL-5 production.
Gastroprotective Activity
Chaturvedi et al., (2007) [36] reported that the ethanolic extract of seed E. jambolana against
gastric ulcers induced by 2 hours cold restraint stress, pylorus ligation-ethanol and aspirin induced
gastric ulcers in rats. The ulcer protective activity of E. jambolana may be due to its effects on
both offensive and defensive factors. The antioxidant properties of E. jambolana contribute
towards its activity.
Antihyperlipidemic Activity
Abnormalities in lipid profile are one of the most common complications in diabetes mellitus,
which is found in about 40% diabetics. Ravi et al., (2004) [37] reported that the oral
administration ethanolic extract of E. jambolana (100mg/kg body weight) antihyperlipidermic
activity on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats and standard drug was glibenclamide.
Anti-fertility Activity
Rajasekaran et al., (1998) [38] has reported anti-fertility activity of oleanolic acid isolated from
the flowers of E. jambolana significant decreased the fertilizing capacity of the male albino rats
without any significantly change in body or reproductive organ weights. It causes significant
reduction in conversion of spermatocytes to spermatides and arrest of spermatogenesis at the early
stages of meiosis leading to decrease in sperm count without any abnormality to spermatogenic
cells, leyding interstitial cells and sertoli cells.
Anti-diarrhoeal activity
Mukherjee et al., (1989) [39] reported the anti-diarrhoeal activity of ethanol extract of S. cumini
against different experimental models of diarrhoea in rats. It produced significant inhibition of
castor oil induced diarrhoea and PGE- induced entero-pooling and a significant reduction in
gastrointestinal motility in charcoal meal tests in rats.
Shamkuwar et al., (2012) [40] also evaluated anti-diarrhoeal activity of aqueous extract of S.
cumini seed in mice. They tested anti-diarrhoeal, antimotility and anti-secretory activity S. cumini
seed extract. The method of castor oil induced diarrhoea was performed for investigating anti-
diarrhoeal activity; while charcoal meal test and castor oil induced intestinal secretions were used
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for testing antimotility and anti-secretory activity in mice. They reported that aqueous S. cumini
extract exhibited a significant and dose dependent anti-diarrhoeal, antimotility, and anti-secretory
effect.
Anti-plaque activity
Namba et al., (1985) reported that the aqueous, methanolic and methanol- water (1:1) extracts of
the bark were able to suppress plaque formation in vitro. All extracts were found active against
Streptococcus mutans at 260,120 and 380 μg/mL respectively [41].
Antipyretic activity
Chaudhari et al., (1990) reported that the chloroform extracts of dried seeds showed antipyretic
activity [42]. Mahapatra et al., (1986) reported methanol extracts of dried seeds administered
intraperitoneally to rats at doses of 50 mg per kg were active versus yeast induced pyrexia [43].
Antispasmodic activity
Dhawan et al., (1977) [44] reported that the ethanol-water (1:1) extract of the aerial parts were
inactive in guinea pig ileum vs. acetyl choline and histamine induced spasms. Mokkhasmit et al.,
(1971) reported that the ethanol water (1:1) of dried bark of a concentration of 0.01 gm per mL,
was found active on guinea pig ileum [21].
Antihistamine activity
Mahapatra et al., (1986) reported that the methanol extract of dried seeds, administered
intraperitoneally to rats was active vs. histamine induced pedal edema [43].
Antiviral activity
Rana et al., (1992) ethanol water (1:1) extract of dried whole plant, at a concentration of 0.1
mg/ml in cell culture, was inactive on Ranikhet virus and vaccinia virus. For Ranikhet virus,
infected chorioallantoic membrane viral titre decreased 10% and for vaccinia virus 0%. The
extract when injected into chick embryo (at a dose of 1.0 mg/animal) was inactive on Ranikhet
and Vaccinia viruses. Infected chick embryo viral titre decreased 10% and 0%, respectively [45].
Dhawan et al., (1977) [44] reported ethanol/water (1:1) extract of the aerial parts (at a
concentration of 50.0 mcg/mL) in cell culture was inactive against Ranikhet and Vaccinia viruses.
Singh et al., (1971) studied water extract of the bark was active on potato X virus [46].
Cardio-protective activity
The hydro-alcoholic extract of S. cumini was evaluated for its antihypertensive, and vasorelaxant
effect. Polyethylene catheters were inserted into the inferior vena cava and lower abdominal aorta
in the anaesthetized rats for dosing and measuring blood pressure. The extract at the doses of 0.5;
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1; 5; 10; 20 and 30 mg/kg, i.v. was able to induce hypotension (due to reduction in endothelium
mediated peripheral resistance) and bradycardia [47].
Antinociceptive activity
The hydro-alcoholic leaf extract of S. cumini was evaluated for its analgesic potential in rats. To
assess the cutaneous nociception, hot plate and formalin tests were used while for muscular
nociception, forelimb grip force was measured. The extract at the dose of 100–300 mg/kg i.p.
exhibited a significant decrease in the pain scores in all the phases of the formalin test but extract
even at the dose of 300 mg/kg was not able to modify the grip force in intact rats [48].
Lipid peroxidation inhibition activity
Some enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions lead to lipid peroxidation associated with
mutagenesis and cellular damage. The fruit pulp, seed coat and kernel extracts of S. cumini were
evaluated for their lipid peroxidation inhibition activity and was seen that the seed and coat and
the pulp extracts were less active than the kernel [49].
Anti-cancer activity
Afify et al., (2011) [50] reported the anticancer activity of S. cumini fruits extracts using cell
viability assay of leukemia cancer cell line. They prepared extracts of hexane, chloroform, ether,
ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water and evaluated anticancer activity. They reported that the ethanol
extract exhibited stronger anti-leukemia activity as compared to other ones. Spectroscopic
findings of active ingredients separated from ethanol extract showed that fruit extract of S. cumini
contained phenolic compounds namely Kaempferol 7-O-methylether and sterols such as γ-
Sitosterol was responsible for their anticancer activity.
Chemoprotective activity
Various herbal drugs have proved their beneficial effect in protecting healthy tissues from the
toxic effects of anti-cancer drugs. The aqueous and ethanolic S. cumini seed extracts have shown
chemo-protective action in the in vivo oxidative stress and genomic damage [51].
It has been reported that S. cumini extract in the doses of 125 and 250 mg/kg/b.w./animal/day
exhibited the cancer chemo-preventive properties in the DMBA-induced croton oil promoted two
stage skin carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice. It was found that the extract was able to decline
the tumour incidence, cumulative number of papillomas and elevate the average latency time as
compared to the control group [52].

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The tumour burden, tumour incidence and cumulative number of gastric carcinomas induced by
benzo-a-pyrene were found to decrease after the treatment with 25 mg/kg b.w./day of the S.
cumini extract exhibiting its broad spectrum chemo-protective effects [53].
PHYTOCHEMISTRY
Photochemical studies have identified gallic acid, cyanidin glycoside, glycoside jamboline,
triterpenoids, tannins, gallitanins, essential oils, myricetine, β-sitosterol, myricyl alcohol etc.
The stem bark of S. cumini contain betulinic acid, ß-sitosterol, friedeanol, epi-friedeanol and
eugenin. It also contains ß-sitosterol-D-glucoside, Kamepferol-3-0- glucoside, quercetin,
myricetin, astragalin, and gallic acid [54,55]. The fruit of S. cumini contains malic acid and a
small quantity of oxalic acid as its acid constituent. Gallic acid and tannins reported in the fruit
account for its astringency. The presence of cyanidine and diglycoside imparts purple colour to
the fruit. It contains glucose, fructose, mannose, and galactose as the principal sugar moieties. The
mineral constituents are also reported to present which includes Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cu and vitamins
such as thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic acid etc [56,57]. The seeds of S. cumini contain a glucoside
jamboline, a new phenolic substance, a trace pale yellow essential oil, chlorophyll, fat, resin,
gallic acid, ferulic acid guaicol, resorcinol, dimethyl ether and corilaginin. The seeds are fairly
rich in the protein, and calcium [58,59]. The leaves of S. cumini contain gallitanins, essential oil
(terpenes, 1-limonene and dipentene), monoterpenoid terpinene, terpenolene, borbeneol, terpineol
and eugenol, complicated mixture of polyphenol such as gallic acid, methylgallate, kaempferol,
ellagic acid, ellagitannin, nilocitin, myrecetin 3-0-D- glucaronopyranoside, 3-0-ß D-
glucuronopyranoside and two flavanol glycosides such as mearsetin 2-0-(4”-0-acetyl)-a-L
rhamnopyranoside, and myricetin 4”-0-acetyl”-2-0-gallate [60,61,62]. The flowers of S. cumini
contain kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin, isoquercetin (quercetin-3- glucoside), myricetin-3-L-
arabinoside, quercetin-3-D-galactoside, dihydromyricetin, oleanolic acid, acetyl oleanolic acid,
eugenol-triterpenoid A and eugenol-triterpenoid B [8]. The roots of S. cumini contain myricetin
3-o-glucoside and the new flavanoid myricetin 3-o-robinoside [63].
CONCLUSION
S. cumini commonly known as ‘jamun’ also having various pharmacological activities such as
anti-diarrhoeal, astringent, digestive, antibacterial, antioxidant, antiviral but most important
activity is antidiabetic. Although most of the studies of S. cumini as anti-diabetic agent with its
possible mechanism of action and delaying complications of diabetes such as cataract, neuropathy

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have been conducted but detailed research on isolation of bioactives through clinical trials
followed by standardisation is seriously required to know potential of the plant. Most of the
pharmacological work was carried out on seeds and other parts of S. cumini but the
pharmacological potential of other parts also required to be explored.
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