Design of Stair Cases

15.1. N T R O D U C T I O N

consists of a number of steps

Craircases areused in almost all buildings. A staircase
locations, for the purpose of giving access
in a series, with landings at appropriate
The width of a staircase may depend on the purpose
aranged

ifferent floors of a building.

residential buildings
to
and may generally vary berween 1 m for
for which it is provided, is the length of the staircase situated berween wo
2 m for public buildings. jlight
A
between 3 to 12. The rise of a
number of steps n a tlight may vary
landings. The that it gives comfortable access. Generally.
and the tread should be so proportioned
step Landing

1. Straight stairs (with or without landing)

Quarter landing
Half landing

3. Halt tun stair

2. Quarter-turn stairs
(Open well stair)

Quarter
Space
landing

4. Circular stairs 7. Spiral stairs

Dog legged stairs 5. Open newel stair with 6.
quarter space landing
STAIRS.
FIG. 15.1 DIFFERENT TYPES OF

(379)
 380
LIMIT ST
ATE
the sum of tread plus twice the rise is kept about 500 mm and the DEOd DESI
buildings. the rise may
and rise is kept about 40000 to 42000. In residential bui of tread
150 mm to 180 mm and read between 200 to 250 mm. In public buildino
between 120 to 150 mm and tread between 200 to 300 mm. buildings. aryrise between
is ke
kept
Classification of stairs. Staircases may be broadly classified in the following heads
(1) Straight stair. Fig. 15.1
(2) Quarter turn stair.
(3) Half turn stair (open newel type or open well stair).
(4) Dog-legged stair.
(5) Open newel stair with quarter space landing.
(6) Geometrical stairs such as circular stair, spiral stair etc
15.2. GENERAL NOTES ON DESIGN OF STAIRS
1. Live load on stairs. 1.S. 875 (Code of Practice for Structural Safery of Buildin
of Buildings
gives the loads for staircases. For stairs in residential buildings, office buildings, houna
wards, hostels, etc., where there is no possibility of overcrowding. the live load may be
taken as 3000 N/m*, subject to a minimum of 1300 N concentrated load at the unsupported
end of each step for stairs constructed out of structurally independent cantilever step. For
other public buildings liable to be overcrowded, the live load may be taken to be 500

N/m.
2. Effective span of stairs.
Stair slab may be divided into two X

categories. depending upon the direction

in which the stair slab spans:
(i) Stair slab spanning horizon-
tally. (i) Stair slab spanning longi- Next step
tudinally Distribution steel
() Stair slab spanning horizon-
tally. In this category, the slab is sup- iX Main steel
ported on by side wall or
each side
Stringer beam,
stringer beam on one side and beam newel wall
on the other side. Sometimes, aS in or side wall
the case of straight stair, the slab may
aiso be supported on both the sides
Waist aTslab T
by
also be
the two side walls. The slab may
supported horizontally by side
and
Stringer beam T
wall on one side of each flight

the common newel on the other side

between the backward and forward
flights. In such a case the effective
Section at X-X Main steel
between
span L is the horizontal distance
centre-to-centre of supports. Each step
is designed as spanning horizontally SPANNING HORIZONIAL
FIG. 15.2. STAIR SLAB
with a bending moment equal to
 STAIR
CASES 381
OF
DESIGN

Each step is considered equivalent to a rectangular beam of width b (measured

L ) 8 . .

th e the slope of stair) and an effective

depth equal to D/2 as shown in
Main reinforcement 15 provided in the direction of L, while distribution reinforcement
paralle!

15.2

Fie rovided parallelnarallel to the flight direction. A waist of about 8 cm is provided.

Stair slab spanning X Span L (m)
longaudinaly.
In this cate- (m) (m)
at G+X+Y
slab is supported
y, the of the flight + 1
otom
and top 1 21G
unsupported on the G+y+ 11
and
remain
Each flight
of stairs is 21
sides.
supported on xIx Going (G) 21 21 G+11

continuo
and bottom or FIG. 15.3 EFFECTIVE SPAN FOR STAIRS SUPPORTED AT EACH
beams
at top
The effective span END BY LANDINGS SPANNING PARALLEL WITH THE RISERS
on landings.
stairs, without stringer
of such
ms. should be taken as the following horizontal distances
with the
(a) where unsupported
at topP and bottom risers by beams spanning parallel
distance centre-to-centre of beam
risers. the
of a landing slab which spans parallel to the risers
(b) where spanning on the edge half the
to the going of the stairs plus at each end either
Fie.15.3), a distance equal
or one metre, whichever is smaller; and
width of the landing
should
C)where the landing slab spans in the same direction as the stairs. they
the
be considered as acting together single slab and the span determined
to form a
at

distance centre-to-centre of the supporting ZZILILZIZZTZIZZTI

measured
beams or walls, the going being
horizontally.
3. Distribution of loading on stairs
In case of stairs with open wells,
where spans partly crossing at right angles
Occur, the load on areas common to any
WO such spans may be taken as one-half
n each direction as shown in Fig. 15.4 (a).
Where flights or landings are built into ZZIITITZIZINILA
walls at a distance of not less than 110
W
MA and are designed to span in the direction
of the flight, a 150 mm strip may be
deducted from the loaded area and the (a) Loading on stairs with open wells

eflective breadth of the section increased

by 75 mm for the purposes of design 110 mm 1150 mm
Fig. 15.4(b)}
4. Estimation of dead weight 75
Eftective breadth
The dead weight of stair consists mm
on stairs built into walls
(b) Loading
o0)dead weight of waist slab and (u) FIG. 15 4 DISTRIBUTION OF LOADING ON STAIRS
dead weight of steps.
 382
LIMIT S
ATE DESIGN
()Dead weight of waist slab
The dead weight w, per unit area, is first calculated Live load
at right angles to the slope. The corresponding load
per unit horizontal area is then obtained by increasing
w by the ratio VR2+ T? /T where R = rise and
T= tread.
ththicknes o R

Thus, if i= thickness of waist in mm, then

aist -----.
slab-
=

1000
x
25000 25 N/m' of inclined are:
Hence dead weight w per unit horizontal area is
FIG. 15.
given by
Wi= w 'x R+
T
-
25*
T - 25 V1+ (R/T)*
For example, if R = 150 mm, T = 300 mm and t = 80 mm. Then w = 25 (150)2
300
27.95 t =2236 N/m of horizontal area.
(i) Dead weight of steps. The dead weight of the steps is
the step to be
calculated by treatino
equivalent horizontal
of thickness equal
slab half the rise to
(R/2 Thus
if w2 is the weight of step per unit horizontal area, we nave
R
W F2 x 1000 x 1x 1 x 25000 = 12.5 R N/m where R is rise in mm.

Total w =Wi + w2 per unit horizontal area.

15.3. DESIGN OF STAIRS SPANNING HORIZONTALLY
In this ype of stairs, the effective span is the horizontal distance between centre
to centre of supports. Each step is designed as spanning horizontally. Each step is considered
equivalent to a horizontal beam of width b = VR? + T? measured parallel to the slope of
the stair, and an effective depth D/2, as shown in Fig. 15.2. Main reinforcement is provided
in the direction of span. The distribution reinforcement, provided in the form of 6 mm
diameter bars at 30 cm c/c is normally adequate.
Design Example 15.1. A straight stair in a residential building supported on wall
on one side and stringer beam on the other side. The risers are 150 mm and treads
are 250 mm and the horizontal span of the stairs may be taken as 1.2 metres. Design
the steps. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel bars.
Solution
1. Computation of design constants
For Fe 415 steel, = 415 N/1nm, For M 20 concrete, f = 20 N/mm'

Xu . max 700
(For Fe 415 steel) = 0.479
100 +0.87 x 415
 STAIR SES
CASE 383
OF
DESIGN

max 1 - 0.416 * a = 0.36 x 20 x 0.479 (1 - 0.416 x0.479) = 2./61

0.36 f
Ru =

d
2. Computation of step dimension (Fig. 15.2)
R 150 mm; T= 250 mm; b =V R+ 1T? = V 150 +250 = 292 mm
keep waist thickness =
80 mm
Let us

80 + = 80 + 150x 250 =
208 mm
D 292 b
of equivalent beam
Hence the effective depth D/2 104 mm
= =

292 mm Span L= 1.25 m

Width b=
3. Computation of loading and B.M. Each step spans horizontally.
150 250 2 469 N/m
each step per mete = 1000 x 25000
Dead load
of

80 x 292
T000
Dead load of waist x 25000 584 N/m
10
Load of finishing = 70 N/m (say)

Total = 1123 N/m

= 750 N/m
Live load 3000 N/m* =(250/1000)x 3000x 1
Total w = 1873 N/m

W= 1.5 w =1.5 x 1873 2 2810 N/m

2810
M= -
(1.25)-548.8 N-m =
54.88 x 10' N-mm
8
4. Computation of effective depth
54.88 x 10
mm. But available d= 104 mm
d
VRh =
V 2.761x 292 l
Since available d is more than that required
5. Computation of steel reinforcement:
from B.M., we have an under-reinforced section, for which
10
As 05f-W 4.6 Mu
Se bd
0530 15 4.6 x 54.88
20 x 292 (104)*
x
292 x 104

= 14.8 mm
bar of 8 mm diameter per
However, provide minimum steel in the form of one

in the form of 8 mm o bars

step giving A, =
50.3 mm. Provide distribution reinforcement
15.2.
450 mm c/c. The reinforcement is arranged as shown in Fig.

15.4. DESIGN OF DOG-LEGGED STAIR

building in which the vertical
Design Example 15.2. Design a dog-legged stair for a

2.5 m 5m. The live load

bunce belween floors is 3.6 m. The stair hall measures

Use M 20 concrele and Fe 415 steel bars.

uy be taken as 2500 N/m.
384
T STATE DESIC

the
Solution
I.General arrangement of stair Fig. 15.6 shows
plan of stair hall. Let the rise be 150 mm and tread
ZZLIIDZz
Landing
be 250 mm. Let us keep width of each flight = 1.2 m. 1.25 m
Height of each flight =3.6/2= 1.8 m

No. of risers required = 1.8/0.15 = 12

in each flight.
No. of treads in each flight = 12 - 1 = 11 2.75 m
Space occupied by treads = 11 x 25 =
275 cm.

Keep width of landing equal to 1.25 m. Hence space left

for passage = 5.0 - 1.25 2 . 7 5 = 1 m 1.2 mk1.2 m
2.5 m-
1m
2. Computation of design constants Passage
For Fe 415 steel. f, = 415 N/mm. For M 20 concrete,
FIG. 15.6.
fa 20 N/mm.
700
Au max (for Fe 415 steel) 0.479
d 1100+0,87x 415

R =0.36 fa 1-0.416 u =0.36 x 20 x 0.479 (1 - 0.416 x 0.479) =2.761

d d
3. Computation of loading and B.M.: The landing slab is assumed to span in
the same direction as the stairs, and is considered as acting together to form a single
slab Let the bearing of the landing slab in the wall be 160 mm. The effective span
2.75+ 1.25 0.160/2 =4.08 2 4.1 m.
Let the thickness of waist slab be equal to 200 mm (assumed at the rate of 40
to 50 mm per metre span).
20
Weight of slab w' on slope
1000
x 1x 1x 25000 5000 N/m
Dead weight on horizontal area, wi = w- VR+T so0
5000x
V (150)
+(250) - 5830
5830 N
Nm
250
Dead weight of steps is given by
R = 1875 N/m
W2 2 x 1000
1000 x
IxIx25000150
x 25000
2x 2000
Total dead weight per m run =5830 + 1875 = 7705 N
= 100 N (assumed
Weight of finishing etc.
2500 N
Live load

N/m
Total w = 10305

Wu =1.5 10305 15460 N/m.

8805 N, since welge
Note: The w on the landing portion will be 10305 1875 hefe
Will not come on it. However, a uniform value of w has been adopcu
o steps
 CASES
OF STAIR
DESIGN

15460 (4.1
8 32485 N-m =32.485x 10" N-mm
8
4. Design of waist slab

d- VM = V32.485 x 10
= 108.5 mm
2.761x1000
Adopt 150 mm overall depth. Using 20 mm nominal cover and 10 mmp bars,
150
-20 5 125 mm.
effective depth
= =

5. Computation of reinforcement
Since actual d provided is more than that required for B.M., we have an under-reinforced
section for which

A
4.6 Mu bd0.5
bd 415
x 20 4.6x32.485 10 1000 125
Sk bd2 20x 1000 (125)
836.3 mm. Using 10 mm o bars having A = 78.54 mm, No. of bars required in
1.2 x 836.3
1.2 m width =12.8
1 2.8 13 (say)
78.54
Spacing of bars = 1200/13 = 92.3 mmn

0.12x 150 x 1000

Distribution reinforcement, Asd = 180 mm
100
1000x 50.3
Hence spacing of 8 mm p bars =- = 279 mm
180
Hence provide 8 mm o bars 250 mm c/c, i.e. one bar per step.
The main reinforcement should be bent to follow- the bottom profile of the stair.
However, if this pattern is fol- 10 mm o
lowed near the landing, an angle 13 nos
will be formed in the bar. When Landing
the bar is stressed, it will try 12
to throw off the concrete cover.
9
10 mm
nos h60 m
Hence near the landing, the bars
are taken straight up and then 250 mm 7
Dent in the compression zone of k 6
150 mm 5
4
1 8 mm
landing. In order to take tensile 3
Stresses in the 2 L8 mm @ 250 mm dc
landing portiOn, Floor
150 mm
level
IIS desirable to use separate -

set of bars L10 mm (13 nus)

as shown in Fig.
15.7. However, since the B.M.
2.75 m- -125 m
ISvery much reduced near the -1 m-
Tanding, only half the number FIG. 15.7
O1 bars may be
C S 7 No.
provided,
of 10 mm
1.e.
bars. The length of each type of bar on either side ot
Sng should be at least L, = 47 p = 47 10 - 470 mm. The details of reintorcement ete.
afe shown in Fig. 15.7.
 LIMIT
386
STATE DESIGN
LANDING
15.5. DESIGN OF STAIR WITH QUARTER SPACE
Example 15.3 Fig. 15.8 shows
Design
the general arrangement of tni
The tread is
300 mm and rise is150 mm. The stairs i built-in Jor
an office building.
120 mn. Design the stair
the side wall along the flighis for a distance of stair case for
a
live load of 3000 N/mm?, taking the span in the direction of the flight. Use MM 20
20 concrete
and Fe 415 steel.
Solution C
11
1. Design constants : For Fe 415 - M 20 combination, B12h314/15|16|17 1.4 m
= 0.479 and R = 2.761 as in example 15.1. 1.5 m -1.4 m
d
2. Effective span: Assume 200 mm bearing
of the landing in the wall.
3 m 55 m
Effective spanof flight AB =3+ 1.4+0.1
= 4.5 m

Effective span of flight BC

= 0.1 +1.4+ 1.5 + 1.4 +0.1 =4.5 m

-1.4 m T
1.1 m
Thus. effective span of both the flights is equal. Hence
any one may be designed and
flight (say flight BC)
the same design may be adopted for the other flight.
4.3 m
3. Loading on each flight:
FIG. 15.8.
Let the thickness of the waist slab be 200 mm.
N/m
Weight w' on slope 0.2 x 1 x 1.4 25000
x = run

1.4 25000
150+ (3007825 Nm
Weight wW per horizontal metre run = 0.2 x 1 x x
300

1.4 x x0.3 x 25000 788 N

Weight of each step
horizontal metre run = 788 (1000/300) 2625 N
Weight w2 of steps per
= x 1.x 1.4 x 25000 = 2625 NN
Alternatively, w2

7825 + 2625 =10450 N

Total dead weight /m run =

of finishing etc. 150 N

Weight
Total w = 10600 N/m

For the computation of live load, consider Fig.

0..15 m
15.9 Since the flight is built into the side wall by -1.25 m
a distance 120 mnm (> 110 m), the loading width 3000 Nm

= 1.4 0.15 = 1.25 m.

Live load/m = 3000x 1.25 = 3750 N 1.4 m-
1.475-
Effecive breadth b = 1.4 + 0.075 - b = 1.4+ 0.075=
0.12
= 1.475 m = 1475 mm
FIG 15.9
 STAIR
CASES 387
OF
DESIGN

Uence total w per norizontal metre run = 10600 + 3750 = 14350 N/

4. Design of
flight B.C.
Landing is Common to both the flights.
7175 Nm 14350 N/m
Hence w for landing B =x 14350 8 LLLLLi
N/m. while w for landing C will 1.5m 3 m-
7175 (a) Loading
-
350
1435 N/m. The loading, B.M.D.
taken as
be in
and S.F.D. are shown Fig. 15.10. 2.125 m
12556
Reaction R (b) S.F D
7175 x 1.5 x

2
14350x3 x3 32.4 x 10 N-mm

30494 N. (o) B.M.D

7175 x 1.5 + 14350 x 3 30494 FIG. 15..10

Re
23318 N
S.F. is zero at a distance = 30494/14350 = 2.125 m from C

B.M. will be maximum where S.F. in zero

Mmax 30494 x2.12514350 (2.125)
1000 32.4 10 N-mm
2
Mu. max 1.5 x 32.4 x 10° = 48.6 x 10° N-mm
The breadth b of slab for design = 1475 mm

48.6 x 10
d-V- 2.761 x 1475
= 109.3 mm.

However, keep total depth = 150 mm. Using 10 mm (p bars and a nominal cover

of 20 mm, d= 150 -20 5 = 125 mm. Since d actually provided is more than that required
from bending, we have an under-reinforced section for which

- 0.5fa-W1-46 M,
Jct bd
bd

0.5 x20|, 4.6 x 48.6 x 10°

1475x 125 =1254.6 mm
415 20x 1475 (125)
Number of 10 mm o bars required in a width of 1475 mm = 1254.6 78.54 = 15.97.
Hence provide 16 bars of 10 mm o. Spacing s = 1475/16 2 92 mm.
Distribution reinforcement Asd = 1.2 x 150 = 180 mm.

1000x 50.3
= 279 mnm.
Hence spacing of 8 mm o bars = 180
Hence provide 8 mm o bars @ 250 mm cle. The same reinforcement may be provided
for both the flights. At the landing. provide reinforcement both at top as well as at
boftom. The details of reinforcement etc. are shown in Fig. 15.11
 LIMIT STAT DESIGN
388

3 m
1.4 m > +
mm ¢ 16 nos
10
10 mm 8 nos

1501 8 mm 250 mm c/c

B 10 mm 300 mm
16 nos
10 mm
n50 mm 10 mm
16 nos 8rnos
150 mm
(a) Flight AB

- 1.4 m- -1.5 m -1.4 m-

-8 mm o @250 mm cIc
8 mm ¢ @
50 250 mm clc
8 mm
250 mm cdc
200 -10 mm o8nos 10 mm 16 nos
L10 mm o
16 nos
L10 mm B
8 nos.

(b) Flight BC

FIG. 15.11

15.6. DESIGN OF PEN NEWEL STAIR WITH QUARTER SPACE LANDING

Design Example 15.4. Fig. 15.12 shows the general arrangement of a staircase af
a building. The risers are 150 mm and the treads are 250 mm. Design the stair case
for a live load of 3000 N/m. The width of stair is 1.5m and the width of wall is
400 mm. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solution
C
1. Design constants 1.5 m
16 17181opo21 4
For Fe 415 steel, , = 415 N/mm 1.5 m
For M 20 concrete, f 20 N/mm* 4
1.25 m
Au . max 700 = 0.479
d 1100+0.87 x 415

R =0.36 fa Au , maxX 0.416 Au.dmax 10 1.5 m

8
0.36 20 x 0.479 (1 -0.416 x 0.479)
= 2.761
1.5 m- -2.25m -1.5 m
2. Effective span: Assume a bearing of 200
FIG. 15.12.
mm in walls. For flights AB and CD,
L = 0.1 + 2.25+ 1.5 +0.1 = 3.95 m.
For flight BC, L =0.1 + 1.5 + 1.25+ 1.5 +0.1 =4.45 m.
 389
STAIR
CASES ES
OF

DESIGN

C o m p u a t i o of loading
3. let the
For thefligh1 portion Let the waist slab be 200 mm thick. Also,
(a) lab w on slope 0.2 x 1 x 25000= 5000 N/m.
o
Weghr
V150 +250?
on
horizontal area =
5000 5830 N/m
Weight 250

of steps is given 150

Dead
weight by w =
:
2000 x25000 1870 N
finishing
Weight of fini = 100 N (assumed). Live load = 3000 N/m

total load =5830 + 1870 + 100 + 3000 10800 N/m

Hence
the landing portion
(a) For
load 0.2 x I
= x lx 25000 5000 N/m
Dead
Weight of finishing 100N/m
Live load 3000 N/m*

Total =8100 N/m

half
However, since
each quarter space landing is common to both the flights, only
1.e. 4050 N/m will be taken.
af the above loading
4. Design of Jight
AB (Fig. 15.13)
14050x 1.6 x0.8 + 10800x 2.35 2.775] 2 x 19142 N
RRA 3.95
1 10800 (2.35) 4050 1.6 3.15= 12718 x x N
Ra 3.95 L 2
S.F. is zero at 19142/10800 =
1.772 m from A.

Ma=(19142 x 1.722)
-
10800(1.712)= 16.006 x 10° N-mm.
2

Mu. max
= 1.5 x 16.006 x
10 = 24.01 x
10 N-mm

24.01 x 10°
Mu, max
Depth d-V Rc.b - 2.761 x 1000
= 93.4 mm

10800 Nm
4050 N/mn
B Y TIITTTITITT]A
-1.6 m -2.35 m-
-3.95 m-

(a) Loading9 19142 N

12718 N -1.772 m
(b) S.F.D.

16.006x 10 N-mm

(c)B.M.D
FIG. 15. 13
390 LIMIT STATE DESIGN
Provide overall depth of 150 mm so that available d = 150 20 5 = 12
20 mm nominal cover and 10 mm o main bars. Since d actually provided iis mm. wih
that required for bending, we have an under-reinforced section for which ore than

4.6 M.hd 0.5 20 1 4.6x24.0110

Ast F 05f1-N bd
415 20 1000(125 1000
) 12 125
fa bd
= 590 mm
1000x 8.54133 mm
Spacing of 10 mm o bars =

590
Number of bars in 1.5 m with = 1500/133 2 112
Actual s = 1500/12 =125 mm
Asd =1.2 D 1.2x l150 =180 mm
=

1000 50.3
Spacing of 8 mm bars = = 279 mm.
180
V 1.5 x 19142
However provide these @ 250 mm clc. ty =

1000x 125
-
0.23 N/mm which
bd
is less than the permissible shear stress of 0.28 N/mm even at minimum steel

5. Design of flight BC (Fig. 15.14)

4050Nm 10800 N/m_ 4050 Nmn

-1.6 m - 1 . 2 5 m- - 1 . 6 m-
-4.45 m-

(a) Loading
6750 N

6750 N
(b) S.F.D.

18.093x 10 Nm

(c) B. M.D

FIG. 15.14

R, R, 14050
=
1.6+ 10800x 1.25 +4050 1.6] =13230N
10800 (0.625)
M 3230 2.225) (4050 1.6x 1.425) x1000 18.093 10 N-mm

M =1.5 18.093 10 2 27.14 10° N-mm

M 27.14 10 = 99.2 nm
R D 2 761 1000
Kcep D = 150 mm so that d 125 mm

4.627.1410
46 M. u 05 20 T000
bd 415 20 1000 (125
J..vd
 391
CASES
STAIR
DESIGN
OF

of 10 mm o bars 1.5m- 2.25 m-

Spacing 250 mm dc
15 nos.Tö mm o
150
1000x 78.54 10 mm o 8 nos. T30 mm-250 mm 1.5 n
s
678 10 mm 15 nos. 8 mm o e
250 mm CC

= 115.8 mm
10 mm
15 nos. 50
mm 10rmm
nos.

S = 100 mm

Keep
No of bars A
200
=1500/100 15 - 1.5m 1.25 m 1.5 m
10 mm o
15 nos
150
Distribution reinforcement:
L10 mmo

p bars 10 mm 15 nos 0.9 m 8 nos.

Provide 8 mm
8 mm
250 mm c/c. 250 mm cCc
- 8 mm o 2 5 0 mm dc

of reinforce- 10 mm ¢ 15 nos.
The details L10 mm 8 nos.
both the flights are shown
ment for -10 mm 15 nos.
in Fig. 15.15.
FIG. 15.15.

CENTRAL STRINGER BEAM

15.7, DESIGN OF STAIRCASE WITH
staircase with
Design Example 15.5: Fig. 15.16 shows the general layout of a
the
on columns at B, C, and D. The
rise and tread of
central stringer beam supported
mm and 250 mm respectively. The
width of the steps is 1.40 m. Design
stairs are 100 steel.
concrete and Fe 415
staircase for a live load of 4000 N/m. Use M 20
the
Solution
1. Design constants -1.4 m- 2.5 m 1.4 m
20 combination, r Column Landing
For Fe 415 M 14 m

ma = 0.479 and R = 2.761 as in examplee

d
15.1. -Stringer beam
1.5 m
2. Loading on waist slab

Let the waist slab be 80 mm thick.

The weight of the waist slab on slope
-8 1.4 m
should be multiplied by the factor Up
R +T/T = V 160? + 250/250 = 1.185 Landing

to get the equivalent weight on horizontal 2 m -1.4 m

plane. Consider 1 m width of slab load
per metre horizontal run will be as follows: FIG 15 16
 LIMIT STA DESIGN
(a) Sel weight (0.8 11 2500) 1.185 = 2370 N

(b) Weight of steps 0.16 1 25000 = 2000 N

() inishing etc. = 100 N

(d) Live load = 4000 N

Total w= 8470 N
Theloading on the landing will be lesser; however, for simplicity, we wilt
the ame loading
throughout take
3. Design of waist slab The waist slab is supported on the central stringer
of 200) mm width. Hence the worst condition may be when we consider concentratedbeam
load of 1300 N 0 act 0 one side only Ne

Dead weight = 1.5 (2370 + 2000 + 100)= 6705 N

Uniformly dintributcdlive load 1.5 4000 6000 N

Concentrated live load= 1.5 1300 1950 N
B.M. due to dead load Mul 6705 (0.6)' 2 1207 N-m

B.M. due to U.D.L M 60X0 (0.6) - 1080 N-m

B.M. due to concentrated L.L, = Mul) 1950 0,6 1170 N-m
Mu, max- Mut + Mul21207 + T170 2377 N-m=2.377x 10" N-mm

Hence d- Mu, ax 2.377x 10°

29.4 mm
R,b 2.761 1000 x

However, keep a minimum total depth 80 mm. Keeping 20 mm nominal cover

and using 10 mnm p bars, d 80- 20 -5 55 mm. Since d
actually provided is more
than that required from bcnding, we have an under-reinforced
section, for which
AM 0.54 V 4MM.5201-y1462.377 x 10
1000 x 55
a bd' 415 20x 1000 (55)*
- 125,7 mm
Spacing of 10 mm (p baTS 1000x78.5/125.7624 mm
However, keep »pacing 250 mm, i.c. one bar
per step.
Distribution reinforcemet, Aut1.2 80 96 mm
Spacing ol 8 mm (p baTs1O00
x50.3/96 A 524 mm, subject to a maxim
of 5d 5 55-275 450 mm. Hence
mm) or
provide 8 p 275 mm clc.
5. Design of Ntringer beum Tlhe stringer beam will act as
CD ithe lonpest, and hence we will
a T-beam. tig
design thestringer beam CD.
lective Nan(1.4 0.2/2) 42.5 14/24.5
Now
b) WIcre l I , 4,5

0.824
(.5 1.5) I
 393
CASES

STAIR

S. F. and torsional moment

N
OF
tation of loading, B.M.,
ading on the
stringer beam will be as follows, assuming the web to be 200

mm deep.
200
and run =
(0.2 x 0.2 x
25000) 1.185 = 1185 N
of
(a) Weight of rib/m
waist slab =
8470x 1 x
1.4 = 1 1858 N
b ) Lo.

Total w = 13043 N

Wu= 1.5 x 13043 19565 N

at the ends,
partial fixidity
Asuming

w, L19565 (4.3) x 1000 39.618 x

10 N-mm
MuD= 10 10

Vy
wL 19565 (4.5) =
44021 N
2
to torsional moment induced due to live load acting
heam
car will also be subjected
The
side of step.
1 one
4000 (0.6 x1000 1.62 x 10° N-mm
T
2
1.5 T =1.5 1.62 10° 2.43 x 10 N-mm
Tu x =
x

44021 +1.6x
2.43x
10 63461 N
Veu Vu + 1.6
=

200
the basis of bending alone
Computation of effective depth
on

39.618 x 10
MuD 179 mm.
d- Rub 2.761 x 200

the basis of shear stress

Computation of effective depth on

for M 20 concrete, we get

Veu Limiting this to te , max = 2.8 N/mms
Tie
Veu 63461 114 mm
dh max 200x2.8
Computation of d on the basis of stifness
fixed beam.
Also
, T r o m stiffness point of view, LId =23 for partially
modification factor = 1.
0.955 % 21%, for which
Plim =

reduction factor = 0.8 (Fig. 11.3)

Also, bwby= 200/824 =
0.24, for which

4500
Hence L = 245 mm.
a23 x 1 0.8 18.4
Final Fixation
of D and a
using 16 mm o main
Howe Providing 25 mm nominal cover and
1 and CtD=300 mm.
Thus, for the T-beam.
8m 25 1 6 / 2 8 = 259 mm.
d =300
-

Tngs, available -

have b and d = 259 mm.

00mm, b = 824 mm, D =300 mm
394
LIMIT STATE DESIGN
Determination of longitudinal reinforcement
Mel Mu + MT. where Mu =
39.618 x
10
and 1+D/b 1+300/200
M=T 1.7
1.7 2.43 10° x

1.7 3.53.574 x 10"

N-mm
Me1 (39.618 +3.574) 10° =43.192 x 10 N-mm
=

Mu, lim= Ru bw di + 0.446 fok (b - bw) y

(d 0.5 y
where y= 0.15 xu, +0.65 Dy= 0.15 (0.479 259) +
max x
0.65 x 80 bur
= 70.6 mm Dr
Mu , lim. 2.761 x 200 (259)+0.446 20 (824
x
200) 70.6 (259 -0.5
-

x 70
=
37.042x 10 + 87.906 x 10° =124.948 10 N-mm x

Since Me < Mu , lim» the section is under reinforced, for which

AA s .O . 5 a - 1 - 4.6Mel br d 0.5 x 20|
5fa 4.6x43.192 x 10°
Sck by d 415 20x 824 (259) 824x 259
= 485 mm

Number of 16 mm o bars = 485/201.06 = 2.41 23.

Near the column D, take these bars straight up. Provide 2-16 mm bars at the
p
lower face under the landing as shown in Fig. 15.17.
Determination of tranverse reinforcement: Transverse reinforcement will be
provided
in the form of vertical stirrups. Let us provide 25 mm clear cover all round.
b = Centre to centre distance between corner bars in the direction of widith
200 2 x 25 8 = 142 mm
d = Centre to centre distance between corner bars in the direction of depth
= 300 2x 25 8 242 mm

Using 8 mm o 2-1gd stirrups, A5, = 2 (8) = 100.53

Now Asv Tu Sv Vu Sy
d, (0.87 f) 2.5 d. (0.87 )
2.4310 44021
L142 242 (0.87 x415) 2.5 x242 (0.87x415)
From which S2253 mm
X and 300 mm, where
However, the spacing should not exceed the least of xi,
4

X =
short dimension of stirrups =
142 + 16 +8 = 166 mm
yi 242 + 16 + 8 = 266 mm

A y 166 + 266 108 mm

4
 STAIR
CASEs 395
OF
DESIGN

1 m 2.5 m 1.4 m-
2-10 mm ¢ anchor bars
s Bottom of waist slab
L2-16 mm
10 mm 250 mm c/c
3-16 mm T160 mm
2 5 0 mm
10mm o@
250 mm dc

Landing
8 mm o 2-lgd
strps 100 mm c/c 8 mm 2-lgd
- 1.5 m
strps 200 mm c/c
- 1.5 m 8 mm
450 mm c/c
8 mm 2-1gd
(a) L-Section strps100mm c/c C

10 mm o @ 250 mm clc
1400 mm

80

L8 mm o @ 2-10 mm o anchor bars

220 mm
450 mm c/c -3-16 mm

-200
mm
(b) Cross-section at mid-span

FIG. 15.17

Hence s, 253 mm is not permissible. Keep s, = 100 mm. Increase the spacing
to 200 mm c/c in the mid-span where both transverse shear as well as torsional shear
are minimum. Provide 2-10 mm » holding bars. Keep the same section for other flights.
The details of reinforcement etc. are shown in Fig. 15.17.

PROBLEMS

Design the stairs for a public building, supported on wall on one side and stringer bean on
the other side. The horizontal span of stairs if 1.4 m. The risers are 120 mm and tread are
300 mm. Use M 20 mix. and Fe 415 steel.

Design a suitable dog-legged stair in a public building, to be located in a staircase 6 metre long.
3.2 m wide and 3.7 m high, with a door of 1. m wide in each of the longitudinal walls.
The doors face each other and are located with their cemres at a distance of 0.9 metres from
Ue respective corners of the staircase. Use M 20 mix. and Fe 415 steel
. A IwO oreyed building is to have a R.C. staircase from ground tloor to tirst tloor root. The
SZe of the staircase is 4.3 mx4.3 m and there is one door opening in one wall and a window
opening on the opposite wall. Design the staircase, giving the details ot tormlaton, R.C. slab arrangement
of building, risers and reads with their wp finishing with suitable skech. The wialth of stair in
12 m and height of cach sorey is 3.4 m. Use M 20 mix and Fe 4l5 steel.