264 35. Illustrate the formation of H30", 36. What is a keinel and how is it formed ? 37, Does the presence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding affect the boiling point ofa liquid ? 38. Why ate the molecular orbitals regarded as polycentric ? 39, Among o2, and 03, mglecular orbitals, which one is of lower energy ? 40. If ya and yp are the wave functions of two combining hydrogen atoms, what would be the wave functions of bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals formed by their combination ? 41. What is the probability of finding electrons between the molecule be stable? id order of the molecule; Cornment on its magnet nature. 45, What for does KK configuration KK (02) 4G, According tothe molecul : re sent in a 7 ? ee tera C atoms in alkanes, alkenes : 4g, What are the hybrid sl 47. nuclei of the combining atoms in an antibonding molecular and alkynes ? orbital ? Hints and Answers sees 26. No, a 27. Halt-illed orbitals. ac, 28, Potential energy decreases. 29. No. 4. PHs, H2S, C3Hg do not follow octet rule. a 55, Electrostatic force of attraction. 6.FCs. 7. ( Covalent (ii) Covalent (ii) Ionic. 8. High dielectric constant. 9. Due to stable electronic configuration they have no tendency 31. Eight and one x bonds. 32, 25% s and 75% p character. 2 33, BF3—3p2, CHy—sp, CeHe—sP*, BeFa—$P- 37. No, because it does not associate the molecules. to combine with each other. 39. S25. 11, NHg, due to higher electronegativity of W. 40. vn = Va + Ver Yo = VA Vor 12. Yes 41. Negligible. 15. Groups 1 and 2. 42. No. as No. 43. Bond length is inversely proportional to the bond order. ae 44, Paramagnetic. 20. AL 45. Closed K shell structure (oys)* (ays), 21. Six. 46.2. 22. Four. 3. gp? 48. sp, oe sp, sp? and sp. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1. Why do atoms combine together and form molecules ? 2. What types of bonds will be formed between the following pairs of elements and why ? (a) K, Cl (b) Ca, S (ON,H (ac,0 3. What is lattice energy and how is it related to the stability of an ionic compound ? 4, Define Electronegativity. How does it vary in the periodic table ? 5, Deduce the empirical formulae and draw the Lewis structures for the ionic compounds formed by the following pairs of elements. Na, 0; Na, P; Mg. Br AL, F; 6. Three elements have the following Lewis symbols. (i) Place the elements rae oi in the appropriate groups of the Which elements are likely is expected charge on or ey to form ions ? What is the Write the formulae and the Lewis e Sk cron ac es CU (a)AandB, (b) Aand c, ri va why ionic compounds i) possess high melting and boil (ii) are soluble in aon aceon i) are hard and brite, Scanned with CamScannerchemical Bonding and Molecular Structure feds covalent compounds eit steregomersm 7 Snot ao yo unestand by Bor! Ferth 7 On what factors does it depend? tq. carton possesses aly HHO UNA eecroNs in sae Ser Howe does it show a covalency equal to tour in most of is cornpounds. 7 tiny oes a covalent Bont evel a parti onic character vtnan the electonegativties of the combining atoms are store? oe pe even fe neutral atoms A, B, C, and E having the towing estrone contiguation + = gh 38°, BIS? 25° 2p® 3s! C—1s? 28° 2p, eas 2s 2p° ‘wore the empinca formulae forthe substances containing ang () Band any (i) only E 13. Wty 1s lone Bond regarded as an extreme case of a polar covert hood? 14, Detne bong energy. On what factors does it depend ? 15, Daas te formation of MgO. 16, Dacuss the factors which gover the formation of an ionic bow 17. What a0 you understand by variable electovalency ? Give sone 027365, 18, wnat nen prefect ? How does it aecount forthe variable eecrovalercy of the elements having configuration of the sper nel & 28, What s Bor-Haber cycle ? Explain with an example. 2a. Dscuss te factors which govern the formation of a covalent mx. 21, Wats variebie covtlency ? Give some examples. 22. whet are Sicgaick’s views regarding the failure ofthe octet 2, What ae Fan's ries? 26 Deine amie moment. How is it related to the molecular stusue? 25. Yee the resonating structures of O3 and CO. 26. wre tecice ererey ard how isi elated to te stability of 2 ae Bene crys? tiny 02 covet compounds exhibit stereaisometism ? Ghibe bau of VSEPR treaty expain why BeCly molecule is fener wreseas HO f nga 25. what tae Nace come Into action when two atoms Sera eases? 20. sce row the Valence bond theory explains the pyramidal age of Wi reece 3. pan we once vtueen a 0 and 2 x-bod 32. Drew the shapes of sp", sp and sp hybrid orbitals. 33.0.0 ana rtznds, which bond is stronger and why ? 24 Wy are te ecules Iie Hep, My and Hg not formed ? 38. nat do you understand by bond ler 7 On what factors (eit degen? 265 36, Carton possesses only two unpaled electrons In its valence stl, Haw dees It show a covalency equal to four in most of Its compounds ? 37, Why Is lyin foxniation of a mol example of CH, 38, Why fs a molecule Involving sp? hybridisation trigonal and planar ? 39, Explain how the Valence bond theory accounts for @ carbon carbon dauble bond, 40, Explain the formation of CH molecule 41. Explain why the compounds of the type CaHaXp exhibit cls- luans isomerism. 42, Why does a covalent bond develop'a partial ionic character when the clectronogativtes of the combining atoms are aferent ? 43, How do the metals conduct heat and electricity ? 44, Explain why (i) metals are inalleable and ductile; (i sodium can be cut with 2 koe; (i HO isa liquid wile HeS isa gas; (iv) o-nitrophenol possesses low boiling point in spite ofthe presence of hydrogen bonding init. ‘45, What do you understand by overlap integral and what does it signify ? 46, State the salient features of molecular orbital theory. 147, What are the main points of ditference between atomic and molecular orbitals? 148, What do you understand by linear combination of atomic orbitals? 49. Explain why 2 bonding molecular orital is of low energy while an antibonding molecular orbital of high energy '50, What are the main points of citference between bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals ? 151, What are the main points of ciference between « and x orbitals ? '52, Give the molecular orbital description of hydrogen molecule ‘and deduce the bond order. 153. Distinguish two aspects of bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals. 154, Describe molecular orbital, How ist dierent from an atomic orbital ? 155, Why does Hea not exist? 136, What do you understand by bond order and what does it signily ? '57, Why Is bond order In H5 less than that in Hp ? 158, Explain on the basis of molecular orbital diagram why O; should be paramagnetic. 59, Using molecular orbital diagram, aange the following molecular speces inthe increasing ore oftheir stabilities: ip HS andl 60, Which of the fllowing species ae paramagnetic? Hy M5 and on of atomic orbitals necessary for the "illustrat your answer by taking the Scanned with CamScanner62. Arrange the fotlowi Stability (giving bor 63, What are the main and molecular orbit ——____ ‘ne molecular species in increasing order of nd orders) 02,03,03,03> Points of difference between valence bond ital theories ? Nootan ISC Chemistry.x 3 and He3 ang " sof Nz an toler ori ee be more stale, 64, Dep igh one of the two species predict whi idisation. 5, Define hybri F os Giese ens itis 2.5 in NO. wl Bond order in No is Scanned with CamScanner