MOLE CONCEPT

• Units of important quantities

• Significant figures
• Rounding off.
• Molarity
• Molality
• Numericals
Physical Quantity Unit

Molarity mol/L

Molality mol/Kg

Mass Kg

Density g/ml

Mole Fraction Unit less

Mole mol
 Significant Figure Rules
There are three rules on determining how many significant figures are in a number:
Non-zero digits are always significant.
Any zeros between two significant digits are significant.
A final zero or trailing zeros in the decimal portion ONLY are significant.
Rule 1: Non-zero digits are always significant.
Hence a number like 26.38 would have four significant figures and 7.94 would have three

Rule 2: Any zeros between two significant digits are significant

406 has three significant figures

 Rule 3 :A final zero or trailing zeros in the decimal portion ONLY are significant.

This rule causes the most difficulty with students. Here are two examples of this rule with the
zeros this rule affects in boldface:
0.00500 Three significant figures
0.03040 Four significant figures
Find significant figures in the following :

1000.0 has ...................... significant digits:

0.00035 has .......................significant digits:

0.000350 has ..................... significant digits:

5.506 has...........................significant digits

 Find significant figures in the following :

1000.0 has five significant digits:

0.00035 has two significant digits:

0.000350 has three significant digits:

5.506 has......four.....................significant digits

 ROUNDING OFF
Round 742,396 to four, three, and two significant digits:
To do my rounding, I have to start with the first significant digit, which is the 7.
Then I count to the right from there. The first four significant digits
of 742,396 are the 7, the 4, the 2, and the 3. Just to the right of the 3 is a 9.
Because this value is "5 or greater", I have to round the 3 up to 4. I replace the
remaining digits (the 9 and the 6) with zeroes. Then:
742,400 (four significant digits)
To round 742,396 to three places, I start again with the 7 and include the next
two digits, being the 4 and the 2. Since the next digit is a 3, which is "less
than 5", I leave the 2 alone; I don't round up. I replace the three digits after the
comma with zeroes.
 RULES FOR ROUNDING OFF

If that first digit to be dropped is 5, round the digit that is to rounded off so that it
will be even. Keep in mind that zero is considered to be even when rounding off.
Example :
Round 726.835 to five significant figures. To do this, you must look at the sixth digit. It
is a 5, so now you must look at the fifth digit also. That is a 3, which is an odd number,
so you round the original number up to 726.84.
Round 23.55 to the 0.1 place. To do this, you must look at the hundreths place (remember,
we are going to keep the tenths place in our answer). It is a five, so now we look at the next
digit inward (the tenth place) and see it is a five, an odd number. Since we are rounding off
a 5 (in the hundreths place), we must round to an even number. The answer is 23.6.

If the digit before decimal is odd then we increase the value by 1 else it remains
unchanged.
For example- If the number is 346.5 then it will be rounded off to 346 because the
digit before decimal is even. And if the number is 345.5 then it will be rounded off
to 346.
MOLARITY 40g NaOH 1L WATER

1L

MOLALITY
First add 40g NaOH
Molarity (M) is the concentration of a solution
expressed as the number of moles of solute per liter
of solution:
Molarity (M) = moles solute
liters solution

For example, a 0.25 M NaOH solution (this is

read as 0.25 molar) contains 0.25 moles of
sodium hydroxide in every liter of solution.
Anytime you see the abbreviation M you should
immediately think of it as mol/L.
To calculate molarity:
Calculate the number of moles of solute present.
Calculate the number of litres of solution present.
Divide the number of moles of solute by the number of
litres of solution.
Instead of calculating the moles of solute and litres of
solution present individually, you can also string all the
calculations together in one problem:
Divide the amount of solute by the volume of solution
(regardless of the initial units given).
Use dimensional analysis to convert the amount of
solute to moles of solute.
Use dimensional analysis to convert the volume of
solution to liters of solution (if necessary).
Calculate the number of moles of solute present.
Example: What is the molarity of a solution
prepared by dissolving 15.0 g of sodium
hydroxide in enough water to make a total of
225 mL of solution?
Method 1:
• Calculate the number of moles of solute
present.

• Calculate the number of liters of solution

present.
• Divide the number of moles of solute by the
number of liters of solution.
 Calculate the number of moles of solute present
mol NaOH = 15.0g NaOH x 1 mol NaOH
40.0 g NaOH
mol NaOH = 0.375 mol NaOH    

Calculate the number of litres of solution present

L soln = 225 mL x 1L = 0.225 L soln
1000 mL
Divide the number of moles of solute by the number of liters
of solution

M = 0.375 mol NaOH = 1.67 M NaOH

0.225 L soln
MOLALITY (m)
Molality is also known as Molal Concentration and It is one measure for Solute
concentration
Molality is defined as the number of
• Moles of solute dissolved per 1000 g (1 kg) of solvent. Molality is expressed as
'm'unit = Moles kg-1

Let weight of solvent = 1 kg

m = n solute
It can also be expressed as
What will be the molality of the solution
containing 18.25 g of HCl gas in 500 g of water?
(i) 0.1 m
(ii) 1 M
(iii) 0.5 m
(iv) 1 m
Solution:

Molar mass of HCl = 1 + 35.5  = 36.5 g/mol

No of moles of HCl= 18.25/36.5 =.5 mol
Weight of Solvent= .5 kg
Molality = .5/.5 =1 m
Difference Between Molarity and Molality

Molarity Molality

number of moles of number of moles of

solute solute
per kilogram of solve
per liter of solution. nt.

Molarity is a molality is a
measurement of the measurement of the
moles in the total moles in
volume of the relationship to the
solution, mass of the solvent.

Unit is Moles L-1 Unit is Moles kg-1

How are 0.50 mol Na2 CO3 and
0.50M Na2CO3 different ?
Calculate molar mass of Na2CO3
= ...........g/mol
0.5 mol Na2CO3 means .............. x
............g
0.50M Na2CO3 means............g
Na2CO3 in ................
solution.
How are 0.50 mol Na2 CO3 and
0.50M Na2CO3 different ?
Calculate molar mass of Na2CO3
= .......106....g/mol
0.5 mol Na2CO3 means ....0.5..........
x ......105......g = 53g
0.50M Na2CO3 means...53.........g Na2CO3
in ......1L..........solution.
Question :
5% (w/w) glucose solution is given .Find
the  molarity and molality of solution
(density = 1.5gm/cc)
Molar mass of glucose (C6H12O6) = 6 × 12 + 12 × 1
+ 6 × 16 = ........................... g mol-1
5% (w/w) glucose solution means 5 gm Glucose in
100 gm solution.
Therefore, solvent is.......................... gm
Now Density = mass /volume
So volume = Mass/Density = 100/1.5 = 1000/15 ml
For molarity:-
M = W/M  ×  1000/(V ml)
M = 5/180  × (1000/1000)  X 15
  = ............................
Molality (m) = W/MM  × 1000/(W gm in solvent)
     = 5/180  ×1000/95
    =.......................... = .....................
Molar mass of glucose (C6H12O6) = 6 × 12 + 12 × 1 + 6 × 16
= 180 g mol-1
5% (w/w) glucose solution means 5 gm Glucose in 100 gm
solution.
Therefore, solvent is 95 gm
Now Density = mass /volume
So volume = Mass/Density = 100/1.5 = 1000/15 ml
For molarity:-
M = W/M  ×  1000/(V ml)
M = 5/180  × (1000/1000)  X 15
  = 5/12
Molality (m) = W/MM  × 1000/(W gm in solvent)
     = 5/180  ×1000/95
    = 100/(18 ×19)=50/171