FACULTY OF COMMERCE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Referencing System

How to Cite and List Sources

A Guide to using the APA System

FOR A BOOK
The details required, in order, are:
1. name(s) of author(s), editor(s), compiler(s) or the institution responsible
2. year of publication
3. title of publication and subtitle if any (all titles must be italicised with sentence style
capitalisation as below)
4. series title and individual volume, if any
5. publisher
6. place of publication
7. page number(s) if applicable

Š One author
AUTHOR YEAR OF PUBLICATION TITLE (italicised)

Woodward, JA 1997, Writing research papers: investigating resources in cyberspace,

NTC Publishing Group, Lincolnwood III.

PUBLISHER PLACE

Š More than one author

Lamble, J & Morris, S 2001, Online and personal: the reality of Internet relationships, Finch
Publishing, Lane Cove, NSW.

For an edited book

Lansbury, RD & Davis, EM (eds) 1996, Managing together: consultation and participation in
the workplace, Longman, London.

Hall, S (ed.) 1997, Representation: cultural representations and signifying practices, Sage,
London.

For a book or report Sponsored by institution, corporation or other organization

Central Bureau of Statistics 1996, 1996 Census dictionary, Cat. No. 2901.0, CBS, Nairobi.

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Ministry of Social Services 1997, Street children in Kenya: the National Prevention Strategy,
Government Printer, Nairobi.

Book Chapter in which a number of authors have contributed

AUTHOR YEAR OF PUBLICATION BOOK TITLE BOOK EDITOR

Abraham, J 1997, ‘Science and politics of managing organisations’, in MA Elston (ed)

Organisational Management and Behaviour, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, pp. 56-95

TITLE (italicised) PUBLISHER PLACE PAGES

No author or editor
Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary 2003, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

FOR AN ARTICLE
The details required, in order are:
1. name(s) of author(s) of the article
2. year of publication
3. title of article, in single quotation marks and sentence style capitalisation as below
4. title of periodical (italicised with headline style capitalisation as below)
5. volume number
6. issue (or part) number
7. page number(s)

Journal Article
AUTHOR YEAR OF BOOK OF ARTICLE JOURNAL TITLE
PUBLICATION (italicised)

Stauffer, D 2003, ‘Is your benchmarking doing the right work?’ Harvard Management
Update, Vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 3-6.

VOLUME ISSUE PAGES

NO. NO.

Newspaper article
Jones, C & Yaman, E 1997, ‘Contribution of the Jua Kali sector to the Kenyan economy’,
Daily Nation, 22 December, p. 10.

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FOR ELECTRONIC SOURCES
This could include sources from full text compact disk products, electronic journals or other
sources from the Internet with clear owners.

The basic form of the citations follow the principles listed for print sources:
1. name(s) of author(s) or the organisation responsible for document, web page or site
2. year of publication of document, creation of page/site or date last revised
Note: if you cannot establish the date of publication, use n.d. (no date)
3. title of document or page, if applicable
4. type of medium, if necessary
5. name and place of the publisher, sponsor or host of the source
6. date item viewed
7. web page or site address, or name of database on internet (if applicable)

Web site
Kenya Bureau of Standards, 2004, Kenya Bureau of Standards, Nairobi, viewed 28 March
2004, http://www.kebs.org

Web document
Pezzey, JC 2002, Sustainability policy and environmental policy, draft, 17 October,
Economics and Environmental Network, viewed 18 November 2003,
http://een.anu.edu.au/download_files/een0211.pdf

If no author is given, the title is used as the first element of the citation

Microfinancing in Kenya: The challenges, 2002, 23 March, viewed 15 May 2003,

http://www.kenweb.co.ke

REFERENCE IN THE TEXT OF YOUR REPORT/PROPOSAL

A textual citation generally requires only the surname of the author(s) and the year of
publication (and specific page(s) if necessary). This is the case even when citing from Internet
sources. Page numbers should be included for quotations.

For example, Smith (2004, p 78) says:

Organizations that do not focus on corporate social responsibility as one of their key objectives
may not be successful in the future

Notice that when a quotation is used:

• The text is indented
• The text font is one size smaller than the rest of the text
The citation may appear at the end of a sentence, before the full stop, in the middle of the
sentence or at the beginning of the sentence. For example:

Otieno (2004) examined some of the challenges faced by NGOs and found that conflicts with
donors was the most important one.

Or

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According to Otieno (2004), some of the challenges faced by NGOs include conflicts with
donors, .….

Or:

Some of the challenges faced by NGOs include conflicts with donors,…. (Otieno 2004).

The full reference must be listed at the end of your report.

The same format of referencing is used for documents attributed to an institution.

For example, The World Bank (2003) said that it was satisfied with the economic reforms
being carried out in Kenya.

BIBLIOGRAPHY/LIST OF REFERENCES

The following are examples of entries in a bibliography or list of references.

They should be arranged alphabetically by the first element of the citation.
(N.B. A list of references contains details only of those works cited in the text).

References

Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) (2000a). NGO Package of

Information. Canberra: AusAID.
Cowen, M. P. and Shenton, R. W. (1996). Doctrines of Development. London: Routledge.
Eade, D. (2000). Preface. in D. Eade, Development, NGOs, and Civil Society: Selected Essays
from Development in Practice. Oxford: Oxfam. p.9-14.
Edwards, M. (1999). Future Positive: International Co-Operation in the 21st Century.
London: Earthscan.
Escobar, A. (1995). Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third
World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Esteva, G. (1992). Development. in W. Sachs, The Development Dictionary: A Guide to
Knowledge as Power. London: Zed Books. p.6-25.
Ferguson, J. (1994). The Anti-Politics Machine: "Development", Depoliticiation and
Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Hettne, B. (1995). Development Theory and the Three Worlds: Towards an International
Political Economy of Development. Essex, England: Longman Scientific & Technical.
Preston, P. W. (1996). Development Theory : An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

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Thomas, A. (2000a). What Makes Good Development Management? in D. Eade,
Development and Management: Selected Essays from Development in Practice.
Oxford: Oxfam. p.40-52.
Thomas, A. (2000b). "Development as Practice in a Liberal Capitalist World." Journal of
International Development 12(6): 773-787.
Ward, W. A. and Hite, J. C. (1998). "Theory in Rural Development: An Introduction and
Overview." Growth & Change 29(3): 245-258.

Other examples of referencing

Kenya Bureau of Standards, 2004, Kenya Bureau of Standards, Nairobi, viewed 28 March
2004, http://www.kebs.org
Microfinancing in Kenya: The challenges, 2002, 23 March, viewed 15 May 2003,
http://www.kenweb.co.ke
Ministry of Social Services 1997, Street children in Kenya: the National Prevention Strategy,
Government Printer, Nairobi.
Pezzey, JC 2002, Sustainability policy and environmental policy, draft, 17 October,
Economics and Environmental Network, viewed 18 November 2003,
http://een.anu.edu.au/download_files/een0211.pdf
Stauffer, D 2003, ‘Is your benchmarking doing the right work?’ Harvard Management
Update, Vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 3-6.
Woodward, JA 1997, Writing research papers: investigating resources in cyberspace, NTC
Publishing Group, Lincolnwood III.