Research Paper --- UGBS Scholars --- Richard Boateng 2009/10

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How to... use the Harvard reference system

What is the Harvard reference system?

The Harvard reference system, also known as the author-date system, is Emerald's approved system
of citing other works. A distinguishing feature of the system is that in the body of the text, the cited
work is given a simple parenthetical reference as follows:

"While information sharing between the private and public sector has improved since 9/11, sharing
of information requires additional enhancements (Dacey, 2002)."

"Although much recent research has focused on the importance of long-term strategic relationships
(Morgan and Hunt, 1994; Wilson, 1995)."

The quoted work will then be listed in full, in alphabetical order, in a section entitled "References"
at the end of the article.

References should be used whenever you use a direct quotation from another author, also when you
are quoting someone else's opinion or research. Sometimes, the reference may be direct, as in the
second example, at others it may be indirect, as in the first, when the author is acknowledging that
he or she has taken the statement from someone else's work.

In this section

• The basic structure

• Putting references in order
• How to cite different source types:
o Books
o A chapter from an edited book
o A translated work
o Journal articles
o Electronic sources
o Conference papers
o Government or commercial reports
• Some guidelines to remember for all source types

Elements of a Harvard-style reference

The basic structure

List alphabetically by lead author's surname (i.e. the surname that appears first in the work quoted).

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While conventions of use of italics, quotations etc. will vary according to the media, the basic
structure is as follows:

• Surname, initials
• (year of publication)
• Title
• Publisher, place of publication, journal, etc.
• Exact reference.

Putting references in order

Entries should follow alphabetical order of author surname.

• If there is more than one entry by the same author, put them in date order of publication.
• If an author wrote more than one of your references in a single year, then use 2000a, 2000b, etc.

References by more than one author always follow single author references.

• Three authors follows two, four authors follows three and so on.
• Sort alphabetically using lead author's surname first, then second author, then third author etc.
• Sorting by names in this way is more important than sorting by date.

Punctuation should be as follows:

• for two authors, separate by "and", without a comma

• for multiple authors, separate by a comma, but the last name should be linked by "and" without
the comma.

Example

Richardson, A. (1988)
Richardson, A. (1989a)
Richardson, A. (1989b)

Richardson, A. and Brown, B., (1988)

Richardson, A. and Smith, S., (1986)
Richardson, A., Brown, B. and Smith, S. (1983)

Ingram, T.N., Schwepker, C.H. and Hutson, D. (1992)

Ingram, T.N., Laforge, R.W., Schwepker, C.H. Jr, Avila, R.A. and Williams, M.R. (1997)
Ingram, T.N., Laforge, R.W., Avila, R.A. and Schwepker, C.H. Jr and Williams, M.R. (2001)

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How to cite different source types

Books

• Surname, initials
• (year of publication)
• Title
• Edition
• Publisher
• Place of publication.

Example

Abbott, A. (1988), System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor , University of
Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.

Patton, M.Q. (1990), Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods , 2nd ed., Sage, Newbury Park,
CA.

A chapter from an edited book

• Surname, A.N.
• (year of publication)
• "Title of chapter"
• in Editor surname, initials (Ed.)
• Title of Book
• Edition
• Publisher
• Place of publication
• Chapter page numbers.

Example

Bourdieu, P.(1977), "The forms of capital", in Richardson, J.G. (Ed.), Handbook of Theory and
Research for the Sociology of Education, Greenwood Press, New York, NY, pp. 311-56.

A translated work

• Surname, A.N.
• (year of publication)
• Title of Book
• Edition
• Translated by Translator name, initials
• Publisher

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• Place of publication.

Example

Bourdieu, P. (1977), Outline of a Theory of Practice, translated by Nice, R., Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge.

Journal articles

• Surname, A.N.
• (year of publication)
• "Article title"
• Journal Title
• Volume number, Issue number (if it exists)
• Article page numbers.

Example

Baron, R.M. and Kenny, D.A. (1986), "The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social
psychological research", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 51, pp. 1173-82.

Guthrie, J. and Parker, L. (1997) "Editorial: Celebration, reflection and a future: a decade of AAAJ",
Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal , Vol. 10 No.1, pp. 3-8

Electronic sources

NB this refers to a source which is only available electronically, and not to sources which you may
have accessed electronically but which are also available in print form, such as an article from an
Emerald journal accessed via the Web.

These follow the same convention of referencing as for printed sources, but include elements unique
to the Web:

• Name
• (year of publication)
• "Article title"
• available at: full url
• (accessed date)

For the last two elements, please try to remember the following conventions:

• When giving the url, "http://" should only be included if the address does not include "www"
• (accessed date) is important because of the lack of permanence of Internet sites.

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Example

Better Business Bureau (2001), "Third-party assurance boosts online purchasing", available at:
http://bbbonline.org/about/press/2001/101701.asp (accessed 7 January 2002).

Hummingbird (2002), Hummingbird corporate website, available at: www.hummingbird.com

(accessed 2 January 2002).

Leeds Metropolitan University (2002), "Business Start-Up@Leeds Met", available at:

www.lmu.ac.uk/city/bus_startup.htm

Pitkow, J. and Kehoel, C. (1997), "GVU's WWW user surveys", available at: www.gvu.gatech.edu

Ballantyne, D. (2000), "Dialogue and knowledge generation: two sides of the same coin in
relationship marketing", paper presented at the 2nd WWW Conference on Relationship Marketing,
November 1999-February 2000, Monash University and MCB University Press, available at:
www.mcb.co.uk/services/conferen/nov99/rm/paper3.html

An electronic journal would be referenced as follows:

• Surname, A.N.
• (year of publication)
• "Article title"
• Journal Title
• Volume number, Issue number
• Article page numbers
• Available at: url
• (accessed date)

Example

Swaminathan, V., Lepkoswka-White, E. and Rao, B.P. (1999), "Browsers or buyers in cyberspace?
An investigation of electronic factors influencing electronic exchange", Journal of Computer-
Mediated Communication, Vol. 5 No. 2, available at: www. ascusc.org/ jcmc/vol5/ issue2/

Conference papers

Some papers may not be published in journals but may be delivered at a conference and then
published as part of the proceedings of that conference, in which case, use one of the following
styles as appropriate.

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Example

Lodi, E., Veseley, M. and Vigen, J. (2000), "Link managers for grey literature", New Frontiers in
Grey Literature, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Grey Literature, Washington,
DC, October 4-5, 1999, GreyNet, Amsterdam, pp. 116-34.

Naude, P. and Holland, C. (1998), "Marketing in the information domain", in Halinen-Kaila, A. and
Nummela, N. (Eds), Interaction, Relationships and Networks: Visions for the Future, Proceedings
of the 14th Annual IMP Conference, pp. 245-62.

Stauss, B. and Weinlich, B. (1995), "Process-oriented measurement of service quality by applying

the sequential incident technique", paper presented at the Fifth Workshop on Quality Management
in Services, EIASM, Tilburg.

Strandvik, T. and Storbacka, K. (1996), "Managing relationship quality", paper presented at the
QUIS5 Quality in Services Conference, University of Karlstad, Karlstad.

As you see, some of the above references give the date of the conference, others do not; if in doubt,
follow the convention used by the conference.

Government or commercial reports

Particularly when writing a case study, you may want to refer to company or government
documents. In which case, the organization may become the author and the form of entry would be
as follows:

• Organization name
• (year of publication)
• Title of report
• Publisher and place of publication (may be same as author).

Example

Apollo Enterprises (1993), Annual Report , p. 8.

Ernst and Ernst (1978), Social Responsibility Disclosure: 1978 Survey, Ernst and Ernst, Cleveland,
OH.

Bank of England (2003), Quarterly Report on Small Business Statistics, Bank of England, London.

Department for Trade and Industry (DTI) (2002), White Paper on Enterprise, Skills and Innovation,
DTI, London.

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European Commission (1998), Fostering Entrepreneurship in Europe: Priorities for the Future,
European Commission, Brussels.

Yorkshire Forward (1999), Regional Economic Strategy, Yorkshire Forward, Leeds.

Some guidelines to remember for all source types

If all the above seems complicated, it's worth remembering that the Harvard system is actually quite
logical. Bear in mind the following guidelines:

• The entry always begins with the author's surname, followed by initials, followed by the date in
brackets.

• Authors' surnames and initials are always inverted, i.e. Other, A.N. (whether you are referring to
the author of an article/chapter, or the editor of the work within which the work is found).

• If more than one entry by the same author, put in order of dates.

• Publications, whether book or journal titles, are always in italic, with significant words only
capitalized. Make sure that the journal title is exactly the same, e.g. use of &/and.

• Excerpts from publications, i.e. book chapters, journal articles, always come in "quotes", with only
the first word, proper names, and German nouns, capitalized.

• The name of the publisher is shown before the place of publication (as it would be in an address).
Abbreviations for US states should be in short capitalized form, e.g. CA, MA, rather than Ca., Mass.,
and should be added as necessary.

• Electronic references follow the same conventions as printed ones, followed by "available at:" and
the URL. Only retain "http://" if the address does NOT include www. Also, state the date when last
accessed (accessed ...).

• Use commas to separate elements of the entry.

References within the text

Where should the reference appear?

All citations in the text will appear by just author surname and date of publication, in parenthesis.

If, as in the second example given below, it is more natural to integrate the author's name into a
sentence, then only the date will appear in parenthesis. If both name and date appear together in
parentheses, it is Emerald style to separate them with a comma.

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Example

The results (Vroom, 1960) were quite striking.

Several decades later participation became a key ingredient of several management theories,
including those of Likert (1967), Maier (1970), and Hersey and Blanchard (1982).

What if there is more than one author in the reference?

In the case of two authors, use "and" (never &):

Example

Earlier (Vroom and Jago, 1988) we described a systematic evaluation ...

Vroom and Yetton (1973) studied this potential limitation.

In the case of more than two authors, use " et al." to avoid listing author names in full (note
italics).

Example

... the ability to respond intuitively and often very rapidly (Bar-Tel et al., 1999; Prietula and Simon,
1989; Schoemaker and Russo, 1993; Simon, 1997).

Crossan et al. (1999) stress that the subconscious is critical to understanding how people come to ...

The references will be listed in full at the end of the article.

Example

Bar-tel, Y., Raviv, A. and Spitzer, A. (1999) ...

Crossan, M., Lane, H. and White, R. (1999) ...

However, if there is more than one multi-authored work in the same year by the same lead author,
the names should appear in full.

Example

Bar-tel, Raviv and Spitzer (1999)

Crossan, Lane and White (1999)

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How should the reference be positioned if it follows a quote?

In the case of a longer, indented quote it should be positioned at the end of the quote, after the full-
stop. In the case of a shorter quote, in quotation marks, it should come immediately after the
quotation marks and before the full stop if at the end of a sentence.

Example

As they note:

"Holistic approaches rely on experience-based knowledge rather than on abstract knowledge ...
and a search for the 'middle way' between opposing propositions". (Nisbett et al., 2001)

National culture is "perhaps the broadest social context within which negotiation can occur"
(Carnevale, 1995, p. 310).

What happens if there is a string of references?

List in alphabetical order of first author name, separating by a semi-colon.

Example

... the ability to respond intuitively and often very rapidly (Bar-Tel et al ., 1999; Prietula and Simon,
1989; Schoemaker and Russo, 1993; Simon, 1997).

The literature on cross-cultural negotiations is expanding at a rapid rate and scholars have begun to
develop both generic frameworks for explaining the dynamics of cross cultural negotiations (Brett,
2000; Gelfand and Dyer, 2000; George et al ., 1998; Kumar, 1999a) as well as frameworks unique
to a specific culture (Fang, 1997; Faure, 1998; Kumar, 1999b).

What if the author has published two or more works in the same year

These should be labelled 1999a, 1999b, etc. with the letter closed up to the date. If more than one of
these references is used then it should be shown as 2000a, b.

Example

Such is the scale of improvement within less than a year that "they [the workers] don't call this the
Bat Cave any more" (Burt, 2000e; Parsley, 2001a).

Between January and July 2000, 500,000 Focuses were sold worldwide and 300,000 of the sales
were in Europe (Ford, 2000a, b).

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What if the author is an organization?

The same principles apply – the organization's name will appear as the author.

Example

... to unlock greater growth and competitiveness (European Commission, 1998).

... so that local organizations can help new and growing businesses (DTI, 2002).

Note that the second of the two examples uses initials; the full name will appear in the reference list
as follows.

Example

Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) (2002) ...

What happens in the case of electronic references?

The principle is exactly the same as for print-based references, as in the following two examples
(the full reference is given in square brackets underneath).

Example

Furthermore, a biased sample may be a desirable outcome, as data will be gathered from actual true
users (Pitkow and Kehoel, 1997).
[Pitkow, J. and Kehoel, C. (1997), "GVU's WWW user surveys", available at: www.gvu.gatech.edu]

... contribute to the growth of sustainable development within the region (Leeds Metropolitan
University, 2002).
[Leeds Metropolitan University (2002), "Business Startup@LeedsMet", available at:
www.lmu.ac.uk/city/bus_startup.htm]

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