Introduction to different styles of referencing - Harvard and Chicago styles, introduction

to plagiarism
policy and tools

PARIKSHIT SHARMA(18001006044)
RUBY(18001006057)
SHRUTI(18001006065)
SIMRAN SINGH (18001006068)
Harvard style
 Harvard Referencing

• A referencing style is a specific format for presenting in text references (footnotes or

endnotes),
and bibliography. It is a act of referring.
• Reference :The action of mentioning or alluding to something or, The use of a source of
information in order to ascertain something.
• Types of references: Journal Reference, Book Reference, Internet Reference
• Reference Elements: Authors name, Article title, Journal name, Year, Volume, Page numbers
• The Harvard style or Harvard referencing is an author-year system that is widely used in
academia. The use of Harvard referencing means putting the source citation right after the
quote, thus referring directly to the reference list.
• This is also called parenthetic referencing, and only short forms are used since the citation is
embedded in the actual text (Author Year: Page number). Harvard referencing is completely
devoid of footnotes and is widely used because it is straightforward, simple, and economical.
• Harvard Referencing is important because it helps the writer to avoid plagiarizing other
people’s work. This in turn, protects the writer from penalties or accusations of stealing
other people’s work. It also gives readers of the research paper clarity and an easy way to
find more information about sources used in the text
Harvard reference list citation for books with one author

• The structure for a Harvard Reference List citation for books with one author includes
the following:
• Last name, First initial. (Year published). Title. Edition. (Only include the edition if it is
not the first edition) City published: Publisher, Page(s).
• If the edition isn't listed, it is safe to assume that it is the first addition, and does not
need to be included in the citation.
• Example: One author AND first editionPatterson, J. (2005). Maximum ride. New York:
Little, Brown.

• Harvard Reference List Citations for Books with Two or More Authors
• When creating a citation that has more than one author, place the names in the order
in which they appear on the source. Use the word "and" to separate the names.
• Last name, First initial. and Last name, First initial. (Year published). Title. City: Publisher,
Page(s).
• Example: Desikan, S. and Ramesh, G. (2006). Software testing. Bangalore, India: Dorling
Kindersley, p.156.
• Harvard Reference List Citations for Dissertations
• A dissertation is a lengthy paper or project, generally created as a requirement to obtain a doctoral degree.
• Use the following structure to create a citation for a dissertation:
• Last name, First initial. (Year published). Dissertation title. Academic Level of the Author. Name of University,
College, or Institution.
• Example: Shaver, W. (2013). Effects of Remediation on High-Stakes Standardized Testing. PhD. Yeshiva University.

• Harvard Reference List Citations for Presentations and Lectures

• To cite a presentation or lecture, use the following structure:
• Last name, First initial. (Year) Presentation Title.
• Example: О Valenza, J. (2014). Librarians and Social Capital.

• Harvard Reference List Citations for Emails

• Email citations use the following format:Sender's Last name, First initial. (Year published). Subject Line of Email.
[email].
• Example: Niles, A. (2013). Update on my health. [email].
Chicago style
 Chicago Style Citation What is it?
• Chicago Style is a form of citation used in history, the Humanities, and English.
Most commonly, this style uses numbered notes that are inserted throughout the
main text of a paper.
• The Chicago style, also called the Turabian style, of citation is an extremely flexible
citation style. It unites the two main referencing styles (footnotes and author-year
system) in one manual style of citation. This entails using footnotes or endnotes to
reference pieces of work in the research paper or essay.

Requirements

Three elements usually make up a Chicago Style paper:

• Arabic numerals in superscript throughout the main text of the paper
author/date/page
• A page of endnotes OR footnotes in the bottom margin of each page number citations
may
• The Bibliography be used in Chicago Style, see 16.4 of the Online Manual
 How do I do it ?

1. In the body of the essay, insert arabic numerals (1, 2, 3...) in superscript (like this1) at
the end of a passage that has summarized or paraphrased another source; any direct
quotation is similarly numbered.
2. These numbers have to correspond to a page entitled "Endnotes" (placed at the end of
the paper) OR footnotes (placed in the bottom margin of each page) where all of the
publication information and page numbers of source materials are listed. If there is a
full bibliography (which is recommended), then use abbreviated notes even for the first
entry of a source.
3. The Bibliography is the last element of a Chicago Style paper; it lists all of the works
referenced in the paper with complete publication information. The bibliography is
listed alphabetically according to author’s last name. Entries are not numbered.
 Sample Entries for Endnotes and Footnotes

Note: example 2 is recommended even for the first entry in a paper that has a full bibliography. See
section 16.3 of the Chicago Manual of Style Online for full details
http://simplelink.library.utoronto.ca/url.cfm/65161

Book:
1. Christopher Sandford, McQueen: The Biography (New York: Taylor Trade Publishing, 2001), 225.
2. 2. Sandford, McQueen, 272.
Journal Article:
3. Benjamin Buchloh, “An Interview with Thomas Hirschhorn,” October 113 (2005): 85.
Electronic Sources:
4. Bill Wyman et al., “So what is Lynch trying to say about Hollywood?” Salon.com, 23 October
2001,
Blog Entry:
5. Andrea Carson, comment on “Michael Dudek Speaks,” VOCA, comment posted March 4, 2009,
http://viewoncanadianart.com/2009/03/04/1138/ (accessed March 28, 2006).
 Sample Entries for Endnotes and Footnotes

Article in a Newspaper or Magazine:

6. Kathryn Hixson, “Josiah McEelheny,” artUS, June-August 2004, 36.
Translated Book:
7. Alexander Lavrentiev, Rodchenko 1924–1954, trans. Francis Nethercott (Koln:
Konemann, 1995), 19–35.
Source with No Author:
8. Calendar 2008–2009, University of Toronto Scarborough (Toronto, 2008), 4.
Dictionary Definitions:
9. Penguin English Dictionary, 1st ed., s.v. "civil disobedience.“
Film orDVD
10. Bullitt, dir. Peter Yates, 114 min. Warner Brothers, 1968. DVD.
ronto.ca/url.cfm/65161
Chapter or Part of a Book:
11. Kasimir Malevich, “Non-Objective Art and Suprematism, 1919,” in Art in
Theory, 1900–1990, ed. Charles Harrison and Paul Wood (Oxford: Blackwell
Publishers, 1992), 290–292.
 Chicago style bibliology

Chicago style bibliography lists the sources cited in your text. Each bibliography
entry begins with the author’s name and the title of the source, followed by
relevant publication details. The bibliography is alphabetized by authors’ last
names.
A bibliography is not mandatory, but is strongly recommended for all but very
short papers. It gives your reader an overview of all your sources in one place.
Check with your instructor if you’re not sure whether you need a bibliography.
 Sample entries of the Bibliography

Buchloh, Benjamin. “An Interview with Thomas Hirschhorn.” October 113 (2005): 77–100.
Bullitt. Directed by Peter Yates. 114 min. Warner Brothers, 1968. DVD.
Hixson, Kathryn. “Josiah McEelheny.” artUS, June-August 2004.
Lavrentiev, Alexander. Rodchenko 1924–1954. Translated by Francis Nethercott. Koln:
Konemann, 1995.
Malevich, Kasimir. “Non-Objective Art and Suprematism, 1919.” In Art in Theory, 1900–1990,
edited by Charles Harrison and Paul Wood, 290–292. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1992.
Sandford, Christopher. McQueen: The Biography. New York: Taylor Trade Publishing, 2001.

VOCA. http://viewoncanadianart.com/.

Wyman, Bill, et al. “So what is Lynch trying to say about Hollywood?” Salon.com, 23 October
2001,

Remember: Punctuation, fonts and formatting are all important. Make sure your references use commas
and periods correctly, and have underlining or italics in the right places. © 2009 Max Gatta. The Writing
Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough.
 What is difference between chicago style bibliology and referance

Bibliography vs reference list. A reference list is mandatory in Chicago author-

date style, where you cite sources in parentheses in the text. The only
differences between a Chicago bibliography and a reference list are the heading
and the placement of the date.
 Chicago style citation: author-date system vs. referencing with footnotes
Author-date system in Chicago style
citation
• saves time: short references in the text are
directly linked to the reference list so there
Advantages is no doubling of full references
• a basic word processing program is
sufficient
• short references can mask the nature of
Disadvantages the source
• only academic sources should be used
since sources cannot be described in detail
Chicago style citation • The Chicago style citation recommended
for shorter academic papers e.g. project
suitable for
proposals or seminar papers.
Referencing with footnotes in
Chicago style citation
• full references are given when sources are quoted
for the first time: easy identification of sources
• The reader can judge sources more easily and
does not have to look them up in the reference
list
• Creating footnotes and formatting them is time
consuming
• Doubling of full references, because it is
mandatory to provide a reference list in most
cases
• The Chicago style citation recommended for
longer papers where many sources are cited, e.g.
Master’s thesis
Plagrism
Plagrism
• Plagiarism is the representation of another author's language, thoughts, ideas, or
expressions as one's own original work.the word plagrism is derived from the latin word
“plagiare” which means to kidnap or abduct . In educational contexts, there are differing
definitions of plagiarism depending on the institution.Plagiarism is considered a violation
of academic integrity and a breach of journalistic ethics. It is subject to sanctions such as
penalties, suspension, expulsion from school or work,substantial fines and
even imprisonment.

WHAT IS CONSIDERED AS PLAGRISM?

• Taking quotations or passages directly without citation
• Taking ideas without giving credit
• Changing words but copying the sentence structure of the source without giving credit.
• Failing to put a quotation in quotation marks
• Giving incorrect information about the source of information.
• Copying so many work or ideas that it makes up the majority of work wheter credit is
given or not
There are two main types of plagrism - Some important aspects of plagiarism are -

• 1.Intentional • 1.Citation
• 2.Unintentional • 2.Quotation
• It can be further classified into - • 3.Summazising
• 1.Plagiarism of ideas • 4.Paraphrasing
• 2.Plagiarism of words
• 3.Plagiarism of structure
• 4.Plagiarism of authorship
• 5.Plagiarism of self
 CITATION

- A “citation” is the way you tell your readers that certain material in your work came from another source. It also gives your
readers the information necessary to find the location details of that source on the reference or Works Cited page. A citation must
include a set of parentheses.
QUOTATION - a group of words taken from a text or speech and repeated by someone other than the original author
or speaker.
 SUMMARIZING

- give a brief statement of the main points of (something). OR condensed version of authors keypoint.
 PARAPHRASING

- express the meaning of (something written or spoken) using different words, especially to achieve greater clarity.
 PLAGIARISM IN ARTS

- Through all of the history of literature and of the arts in general, works of art are to a large extent repetitions of the
tradition; to the entire history of artistic creativity belong plagiarism, literary theft, appropriation, incorporation, retelling,
rewriting, recapitulation, revision, reprise, thematic variation, ironic retake, parody, imitation, stylistic theft, pastiches,
collages, and deliberate assemblages. There is no rigorous and precise distinction between practices like imitation, stylistic
plagiarism, copy, replica and forgery. PLAGIARISM IN ARCHITECTURE(BLURRING LINE BETWEEN INSPIRATION AND
PLAGIARISM) Architects can be inspired by art, fashion, history, and many other aspects of society. Sometimes
that inspiration comes from the work of other architects, in which case certain styles or ideas may be borrowed
but the debate of weather it is plagiarized remains always vague and thus a society was required to control the
affairs . The Architectural Works Copyright Protection Act (AWCPA), first passed by Congress in 1990, gives
copyright to original works of architecture. This protects both the finished product of a building and any
architectural drawings that may have been made during the designing process. Even a project that’s deemed to
be “substantially similar” to another, whether intentional or not, may be in violation of the AWCPA, so long as the
original work is registered with the U.S. Copyright Office within three months of the new one’s publication or
before the plagiarist begins the copying.
PLAGIARISM DETECTION TOOLS
TEXTUAL PLAGIARISM DETECTION :

 Docol©c : This Web based service uses capabilities like searching and ranking of Google API. The
submitted document is uploaded to a server and evaluation is done in the server side. The software
provides a simple console to set fingerprint (search fragments) size, date constraints, filtering and other
report related options. The evaluation result is sent to the user through email identifying plagiarized
sections and sources of plagiarism. This is totally Google API dependent and so it may be unavailable
at any point of time.
 Copycatch : This is a client-based tool which utilizes the local database of documents during
comparison. It offers ‘gold’ and ‘campus versions’, providing comparison capabilities against large
repository of local resources. It has another Web version which utilizes the capabilities of Google API for
plagiarism detection across the Internet. To use the Web version, user needs personal Google API
licence through signup.
 Eve2 (Essay Verification Engine : This system is installed in user's computer and it checks plagiarism
of a document against Internet sources. It does not contact any online database. It accepts text in
several formats but internally converts the input file into text for processing. It presents the user with a
report identifying matches found in the Web.
• GPSP - Glatt Plagiarism Screening Program: This system uses different approaches unlike other
mentioned services. It finds and uses the writing style of the author(s) to detect plagiarism. This service
works locally and it asks the author to go through a test by filling the blank spaces. The number of
correctly filled spaces and time taken to complete the test are used to make a hypothesis about
plagiarism. This system is basically developed for teachers and it cannot detect source code plagiarism.
 Ephorus: To access this tool, user is to register with the Ephorus site. Hence, no downloads or
installation is needed. The search engine compares a text document to millions of others on the
Web and reports back with an originality report [50]. This tool can be freely tried but license needs
to be purchased. It is well known in many European universities and organization.
 Thenticate : This is a successful Web based plagiarism detection tool for any text document. This
tool is not required to install in client computer. This application compares input documents against
the document sources available on the Web. This well-known tool is used by most well-known
journal publishers. It is a easy to use, quick plagiarism checker for professionals. It is designed to
be used by institutions rather than personal, but lastly they provided a limit service for single
plagiarism detection user like master and doctoral students and this allows them to check a single
document of up to 25,000 words.
 PlagTracker: It is a popular plagiarism checker for students, teachers, publishers and Website
owners. It has a large database of academic publications in million and provides detail report of
the scanned work. If someone wants to check assignments in bulk, it requires to subscribe
monthly. This tool found useful to ensure whether a test document is plagiarized or not.
 Turnitin: This an another successful Web based tool provided by iParadigms. The user is needed
to upload test document to the system database for plagiarism check the system creates a
fingerprint of the document and stores it. In this tool, detection and report generation is carried out
remotely. Turnitin is already accepted by 15,000 Institutions and 30 Million Students due to easy to
use interface, support of large repository, detailed text plagiarism check and well organized report
generation. It can be considered as one of the best plagiarism checkers for teachers.
 Plagiarism Scanner : This is a fast and effective plagiarism detection tool for students, instructors,
publishers, bloggers since 2008. It is a user-friendly online tool. This tool conducts through an in-detail
detection for plagiarism of a submitted document within a few minute only. This tool runs against all
Internet resources, including Websites, digital databases, and online libraries (such as Questia,
ProQuest, etc). It generates a full report, indicating the overall originality rating and the percentage of
plagiarized materials in the submitted text. It also provides customer an opportunity to share plagiarism
reports with other people by simply giving them the link, generated by this tool.
 Viper : This free plagiarism scanner scans the submitted documents against 10 billion sources and
documents present in a computer. It gives peace of mind regarding any accidental plagiarism. This tool
offers unlimited resubmitting of documents and it provides links to plagiarised work in the reports.
 Plagiarism Checker : It was first available in early 2006. This freely available online service uses
Google or Yahoo service to check whether documents submitted by students are copied from Internet
material or not. It simply encloses each phrase in quotation marks and inserts an OR between each
phrase during checking.
 Plagium : This simple plagiarism detection tool, is effective in comparison to many of its counterpart,
both in terms of results and algorithm. Though Plagium can be used free to some extent using quick
search, their paid version has added benefits such as timeline feature and alert feature which pops up
whenever someone's content is plagiarised. This tool has flexibility in pricing option like we can buy
search credit either as prepaid plans or monthly plans. This tool allows user to check for plagiarism upto
5000 words without signing up.
 Wcopyfind : It is an open source plagiarism detection tool for detection of words or phrases of defined
length within a local repository of documents. Its extended version has the capabilities of searching
across the Internet using Google API to check plagiarism online.
 Quetext : It uses Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning to detect plagiarism. It performs
first internal plagiarism checking and then it goes for external checking. This free tool uses every
possible factor for each word to detect plagiarism. It provides support to multiple languages and one
can search for unlimited words. To check plagiarism with this tool, one needs just plain copy paste of the
text document. The main disadvantage of this tool is that it does not provide detail report. Also it is not
user friendly.
 SafeAssignment : This anti-plagiarism checker claims to search an index of 8 billion documents
available in the Web. It uses some major scholastic databases like ProQuest™, FindArticles™ and
Paper Mills during searching and detection process. SafeAssignment maintains a database where user
account is essential to keep fingerprints of the submitted documents in order to avoid any legal or copy
right problem. This tool uses proprietary searching and ranking algorithms for match detection of
fingerprints with its resources. The results of plagiarism detection is presented to the user within couple
of minutes.
 Urkund : This is another Web based service which carry out plagiarism detection in server side. This is
an integrated and automated solution for plagiarism detection. This is a paid service which uses
standard email system for document submission and for viewing results. This system claims to process
300 different types of document submissions and it searches through all available online sources. It
gives more priority to educational sources of documents more during searching.
 Copyscape : This system takes URL as input and search for copies of a Web page in the Internet.
Copyscape helps to find sites that have copied from someone's Web page content without permission.
It has both free and premium version and it pushes the free users to buy their premium by limiting the
search features.
 DOC Cop : This plagiarism detection system creates report displaying the correlation and matches
between documents or between documents and the Web. It is free plagiarism detection system.
 Plagiarism Detect : To use this tool, user needs to register by providing correct information. After
registration, users are allowed to input text in a given text box or as a file by uploading for analysis.
This is a free service which finally sends evaluation report to the user's email account with a list of
links from where information are copied. It also specifies amount of plagiarism (in \%) detected.
User needs to download and install the software in order to use it.
 Exactus Like : This plagiarism detection system is not able to find simple copy-paste plagiarism
but also can detect moderately disguised borrowing (word/phrase reordering, substitution of some
words with synonyms [52]. To do this, the system leverages deep parsing techniques. This Web
based tool supports most of the popular file formats such as Adobe PDF, Microsoft Word, RTF,
ODT and HTML. Currently Exactus Like includes about 8.5 million indexed documents. Internally
this tool is basically a distributed system and a demo version of this tool is available online.
 DupliChecker : It is a free online plagiarism checker. This tool can be accessed by unregistered
user only once, but registered user can check for plagiarism for 50 times in a day. The input file
must contain more than 1000 words per similarity.
SOURCE CODE PLAGIARISM DETECTION

 MOSS - a Measure of Software Similarity : This system is used to detect source code plagiarism. This
service takes batches of documents as input and attempts to present a set of HTML pages to specify the
sections of a pair of documents where matches detected. The tool specializes in detecting plagiarism in C,
C++, Java, Pascal, Ada, ML, Lisp, or Scheme programs.
 JPlag : It is a Web based source code plagiarism detection tool started in 1997. The tool accepts a set of
programs as input to be compared and to present a report identifying matches. JPlag carry out programming
language syntax and structure aware analysis to find results. It can detect plagiarism in Java, C and C++
programs. The execution time of this service is less than one minute for submissions of 100 programs of
several hundred lines each.
 SIM : This tool is to measure similarity between two C programs. It is useful for detection of plagiarism among
a large set of homework programs. This tool is robust to common modifications such as name changes,
reordering of statements and functions, and adding/removing comments and white spaces.
 SID-Software Integrity Diagnosis system : It detects plagiarism between programs by computing the shared
information. It uses a metric in measuring the amount of shared information between two computer programs,
to enable plagiarism etection and the metric is approximated by a heuristic compression algorithm. SID works
in two phases. In the first phase, source programs are parsed to generate token sequences by a standard
lexical analyser. In the second phase, Token Compress algorithm is used to compute heuristically the shared
information metric d(x; y) between each program pair within the submitted corpus. Finally, all the program pairs
are ranked by their similarity distances.
 Code Match : Code Match compares source code and executable to detect plagiarism. It is
developed by SAFE(Software Analysis and Forensic Engineering). It has also some additional
functionality, which allows finding open source code within proprietary code, determining common
authorship of two different programs, or discovering common, standard algorithms within different
programs. It supports almost all existing programming languages.
 YAP3 : YAP is a system for detecting suspected plagiarism in computer program and other text
submitted by the students. YAP3 is the third version of YAP which works in two phases. In the first
phase, the source text is processed to generate token sequence. In second phase, each token is
(non-redundantly) compared against all others strings.
 Plagiarisma : It is free and simple plagiarism checking tool. This software supports 190+
languages and it does not store any scanned content. The input file can be provided in three ways
(1) Copy paste (2) Check by entering URL and (3) Uploading file. However, the tool lacks of
advanced features so it cannot be relied for heavy scanning works.