KODOLÁNYI UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

When you write academic papers, it is important to document the sources that you have used.
This is because one of the most important aspects of your academic writing is showing that you
have understood the materials you have read and making use of the findings and ideas of other
people in your own way. In your writing, the main ’voice’ should be your own and you need
to indicate clearly whose voice is speaking. You also need to give evidence that you have read
widely and critically on your topic. That is why citations are essential. For your degree paper,
this is particularly relevant and this is clear from the proportion of marks you can gain by using
the appropriate academic conventions.

Citations serve a number of purposes. They:

1. credit the author of a concept, theory, or study presented

It is essential in academic writing to give proper attribution to those authors whose

thoughts, words, and ideas you use. This means that you need to be disciplined in
collecting the necessary bibliographic information on source works.

2. help your readers to identify and possibly even access the source work

At KJUAP, your readers will usually be your lecturer/s, other students and possibly
people interested in the same topic (in the case of your degree paper). They may want
to verify information that you have given, learn more about the issues, or check that
you have accurately reflected the conclusions of the authors cited. It is therefore
important that they be able to do this easily and efficiently from the information you
give in your in-text citations and in the bibliography.

3. give evidence that your paper is well-researched

In academic writing you are engaging in the kind of conversation, engaging with
previously established publications and showing your response to these. Your writing
will be grounded in prior research and it is necessary for you to demonstrate that your
position, arguments, conclusions have been thoroughly researched. You do this by
referring to and referencing the authors whose works you have read.

4. help you avoid plagiarism

Plagiarism is a form of academic misconduct. It may involve presenting another

person’s writing as if it were your own, misrepresenting your own or an author’s
argument, or paraphrasing too closely. Sometimes plagiarism is intentional, but this is
not always the case. You need to make sure that you avoid plagiarising in your own
writing.
According to academic conventions, citation and referencing must follow certain rules of style
and structure. These rules govern what components are required components, their sequence,
their format, and even their punctuation. There are many style guides and they may be specific
to different disciplines, countries or academic publishers.

In the Department of English Language and Literature at KJUAS we require students to use
either MLA or APA style, in consultation with the lecturer or degree paper supervisor. In order
to help you, we have provided an overview of these two style guides. Depending on your needs,
there may be additional information you require. There are many web-sites that can help you
with this. This is one we can recommend:

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl
 KODOLÁNYI UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

MLA STYLESHEET

This stylesheet is for all English Studies students to be used in all essays and theses;
The MLA formatting system is for written work in the areas of literature, culture and history.

In-text citation (parenthetical references):

In MLA, in-text citations are called parenthetical references. They use the author's last name
followed by the page number referenced in the work. The reference is placed in parentheses
usually at the end of the sentence before the period.

This point has been argued previously (Said 3-4).

Each source in the Works Cited list at the end of the paper or article corresponds to a
parenthetical reference in the text.

Said, Edward. Orientalism. New York: Vintage Books, 1994. Print.

If the context makes it clear what work is being cited, only the page number need appear in
the parentheses. For example, if the sentence already includes the author's name or you are
citing the work again and it is obvious which work you are citing, only the page number is
needed.

Said makes a similar argument (3-4).

Later, the protagonist of Jane Eyre proclaims, "I would always rather be happy than
dignified" (413).

If citing more than one work by the same author, put a comma after the author's name, add the
title of the work (if brief) or a shortened version, and the page numbers.

We should all try to "live in the Past, the Present, and the Future" (Dickens, A Christmas
Carol 95).

If the author's name is already in the sentence, just the title of the work and the page number
are needed.

We should all take Dickens's advice to "live in the Past, the Present, and the Future" (A
Christmas Carol 95).

Group or corporate authors. Use full name of group or a shortened form.

(Modern Language Association 115)

(MLA 115)

Unknown Author. Use a few words of the title. (For articles, books, works found on the
internet)

("Recent innovations" 231)

Two or three authors. Use the last names of each.

(Smith, Jones, and Brown 323)

More than three authors. Give all the authors' last names or just use the first and "et al" for
the rest. In any case, use the same form as the entry in your Works Cited list.

(Bia, Pedreno, Small, Finch, Patterson 161)

(Bia et al. 161)

If the Works Cited list contains two or more authors with the same surname. In the
parenthetical reference, include the first initial.

(A. DeCarrera 213)

If the initial is also the same, use the whole first name.

(Annette DeCarrera 213)

If the reference is to an exact quotation, the parenthetical reference is placed after the quote.

It may be true that "the attitude of the observer is of primary importance" (Robertson 136).

For exact quotations from sources without page numbers, use paragraph numbers, if
available. If the work does not have page numbers or paragraph numbers, include in the text
the name of the person that begins the corresponding entry in the works cited list, instead of
using a parenthetical reference.

(Smith para 17)

As Smith points out....

Citations taken from a secondary source should generally be avoided; consult the original
work whenever possible. If only an indirect source is available, put the abbreviation qtd. in
(quoted in) before the indirect source in the parenthetical reference and include the indirect
source in the Works Cited.

parenthetical reference
In a May 1800 letter to Watt, Creighton wrote, "The excellent Satanism reflects immortal
honour on the Club" (qtd. in Hunt and Jacob 493).

works cited list

Hunt, Lynn, and Margaret Jacob. "The Affective Revolution in 1790s Britain." Eighteenth-
Century Studies 34.4 (2001): 491-521. Print.

How to Format the Works Cited List

BOOKS

Single author:
Perle, George. Serial Composition and Atonality: An Introduction to the Music of Schoenberg,
Berg, and Webern. 6th ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991. Print.
Multiple authors:
Higonnet, Margaret R., and Joan Templeton, eds. Reconfigured Spheres: Feminist Explorations
of Literary Space. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994. Print.
Edited Book:
Gibbons, Reginald, ed. The Poet's Work: 29 Masters of 20th Century Poetry on the Origins and
Practice of their Art. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1979. Print.
Group or corporate author:
World Bank. Transition, The First Ten Years: Analysis and Lessons for Eastern Europe and
the former Soviet Union. Washington: World Bank, 2002. Print.
Chapter or essay in book:
Calvino, Italo. "Cybernetics and Ghosts." The Uses of Literature: Essays. Trans. Patrick
Creagh. San Diego: Harcourt, 1982. 3-27. Print.
Article from a reference book:
Loizou, Andros. "Theories of Justice: Rawls." Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics. Ed. Ruth
Chadwick. Vol. 4. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998. Print.
Note: for standard, familiar reference works, such as the Encyclopaedia Britannica, do not list
the full publishing information, just the year of publication. If you are using more than one
volume of a multi-volume work, give number of volumes (x vols.) before place of publication.
If you are using only one volume, use the example above. For greater detail, see section 5.5.14
of the MLA Handbook.
ARTICLES
Article in a journal (one author):
Wolff, Larry. "'The Boys are Pickpockets, and the Girl is a Prostitute': Gender and Juvenile
Criminality in Early Victorian England from Oliver Twist to London Labour." New Literary
History 27.2 (1996): 227-249. Print.
Note: Provide issue numbers (if available) in addition to volume numbers, for all items in the
Works Cited list, even if the volume pagination is continuous.

Article in a journal (multiple authors):

Millán-Zaibert, Elisabeth and Leo Zaibert. "El Análisis Filosófico." Cuadernos
Hispanoamericanos 627 (2002): 29-35. Print.

Article in a popular magazine:

Lerner, Barbara. "America's Schools: Still Failing After All These Years." National Review 15
Sep. 1997: 42+. Print.
Note: use the + sign if the pages are not consecutive; 42-44 would be the correct way if this
article ran on consecutive pages; do not give the volume and issue number, even if they are
available.

Article in a newspaper:
Kennedy, Louise. "Same Old Song." Boston Globe 9 March 2003, late ed.: N1+. Print.

Article from a full-text database:

Andreatta, Filippo. "Italy at a Crossroads: The Foreign Policy of a Medium Power after the End
of Bipolarity." Daedalus 130.2: 45-65. Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 9 March 2009.

Article from an e-journal collection:

Brooks, Gwendolyn. "Henry Dumas: Perceptiveness and Zeal." Black American Literature
Forum 22.2 (1988): 177. JSTOR. Web. 9 March 2009.

Article from a free web e-journal:

Castle, Robert. "From Desperation to Salvation: Concealing and Revealing Nothing in History."
Archipelago 6.3 (2003): n. pag. Web. 9 March 2009.
Note: n. pag. means that the publication does not have pagination.
MEDIA
Music Score:
Schoenberg, Arnold. A Survivor from Warsaw; For Narrator, Men's Chorus, and Orchestra.
Op. 46. Long Island City: Bomart Music Publications, 1949. Print.
Note: Refer to MLA Handbook section 5.6.2 for scores online and 5.7.1 for television and radio
broadcasts of music.

Sound Recording:
Bernstein, Leonard. Candide: Opera House Version, 1982. Orch. New York City Opera Chorus
and Orchestra. Perf. Erie Mills, Joyce Castle, Maris Clement, John Lankston, Jack Harrold,
David Eisler, James Billings, Scott Reeve. Cond. John Mauceri. New York: New World
Records, 1986. CD.
Note: If citing a medium other than compact disc, indicate that medium after the date; e.g.,
audiocassette, LP, etc.

Video Recording:
Like Water for Chocolate [Como agua para chocolate]. Screenplay by Laura Esquivel. Dir.
Alfonso Arau. Perf. Lumi Cavazos, Marco Leonardi, Regina Torne. 1992. Burbank, Calif.:
Miramax Home Entertainment, 2000. DVD.
Note: Consult section 5.7.3 of the MLA Handbook for further information about citing films.

Television:
"Frederick Douglass." Civil War Journal. Narr. Danny Glover. Dir. Craig Haffner. Arts and
Entertainment Network. 6 April 1993. Television.

WEB /ONLINE
Web page:
Pilgrim, David. "The Brute Caricature." Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia. Ferris State
University. Nov. 2000. Web. 20 May 2009.
Note: If your instructor requires it, include the URL immediately following the date of access,
a period, and a space. Enclose the URL in angle brackets (<>), and follow it with a period.
Blog Posting:
Kristoff, Nicholas. "How To Get Out in the Woods (and Survive the Bears!)". Nicholas D.
Kristoff: On the Ground. New York Times, 9 August 2009. Web. 27 August 2009.

Online Video:
"The L-Team." Williams College Libraries. YouTube. 2007. Web. 27 Aug. 2009.
Note: Basic elements are in this order: "Segment Title." Director/Creator (if available). Title of
database or Website (italicized). Year of publication. Format. Date of access.
In the parenthetical reference, lead with the author name (if available) or title or beginning
words of the title if author is not available. Put parenthetical reference at the end of the sentence
in your text.

Article from a free web e-journal:

Castle, Robert. "From Desperation to Salvation: Concealing and Revealing Nothing in History."
Archipelago 6.3 (2003): n. pag. Web. 9 March 2009.
Note: n. pag. means that the publication does not have pagination.

Article from a full-text database:

Andreatta, Filippo. "Italy at a Crossroads: The Foreign Policy of a Medium Power after the End
of Bipolarity." Daedalus 130.2: 45-65. Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 9 March 2009.

Article from an e-journal collection:

Brooks, Gwendolyn. "Henry Dumas: Perceptiveness and Zeal." Black American Literature
Forum 22.2 (1988): 177. JSTOR. Web. 9 March 2009.

UNPUBLISHED
Interview:
Payne, Harry C. Personal interview. [or "Telephone interview" or "E-Mail interview" as the
case may be.] 22 May 1998.
 KODOLÁNYI UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

APA STYLESHEET

This is a basic introduction to the APA formatting style. APA (American Psychological
Association) style is to be used in all work, presentations, essays and theses in Linguistics and
language-related studies.
More details are at http://library.concordia.ca/help/citing/apa.php or
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
Please read this before you start taking notes for your thesis; you will save yourself a lot of
time. Deleting a page number from your notes is easier than looking it up a few days before
the deadline.
In-text citations
When you refer to someone else’s ideas in the essay, you must follow the format of in-text
citations.
Citations usually consist of the author(s) last name and the year of publication. Sometimes the
page number(s) are needed as well.
In-text citations are fully referenced at the end of the essay, under “References”.
One author
 In most cases, providing the author's last name and the publication year are sufficient:
Smith (1997) compared reaction times...

Two authors
 If there are two authors, include the last name of each and the publication year:
...as James and Ryerson (1999) demonstrated...
...as has been shown (James & Ryerson, 1999)...

3 - 5 authors
 If there are three to five authors, cite all authors the first time; in subsequent citations,
include only the last name of the first author followed by "et al." and the year:
Williams, Jones, Smith, Bradner, and Torrington (1983) found...
Williams et al. (1983) also noticed that...
Corporate authors
 The names of groups that serve as authors (e.g. corporations, associations, government
agencies, and study groups) are usually spelled out each time they appear in a text
citation. If it will not cause confusion for the reader, names may be abbreviated
thereafter:
First citation: (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1999)
Subsequent citations: (NIMH, 1999)

Indirect citations
 When citing a work which is discussed in another work, include the original author's
name in an explanatory sentence, and then include the source you actually consulted in
your parenthetical reference and in your reference list.
Smith argued that...(as cited in Andrews, 2007)

Quotations
Direct quotations of sources
Direct quotations allow you to acknowledge a source within your text. The reader can then
follow up on the complete reference in the Reference List page at the end of your paper.
Direct quotations will always have the page number as well as the author and publication
year.
Short direct quotations
 Quotations of less than 40 words should be incorporated in the text and enclosed with
double quotation marks. Provide the author, publication year and a page number.
She stated, "The 'placebo effect,' ...disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner"
(Miele, 1993, p. 276), but he did not clarify which behaviors were studied.

Miele (1993) found that "the 'placebo effect,' which had been verified in previous studies,
disappeared when [only the first group's] behaviors were studied in this manner" (p. 276).

Long direct quotations

 When making a quotation of more than 40 words, use a free-standing "block
quotation" on a new line, indented five spaces and omit quotation marks.
Miele (1993) found the following:
The "placebo effect," which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when
behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were never exhibited,
 even when reel [sic] drugs were administered. Earlier studies were clearly premature in
attributing the results to a placebo effect. (p. 276)

Reference list - overview

The alphabetical list of references that appears at the end of your paper contains more
information about all of the sources you have used allowing readers to refer to them, as
needed. The main characteristics are:
 The list of references must be on a new page at the end of your text
 The word References should be centered at the top of the page
 Entries are arranged alphabetically by the author's last name or by the title if there is
no author
 Titles of larger works (i.e. books, journals, encyclopedias) are italicized
 Entries are double-spaced (for the purposes of this handout, single-spacing is used)
 For each entry, the first line is typed flush with the left margin. Additional lines are
indented as a group a few spaces to the right of the left margin (hanging indent)
BOOKS
Book with one author
Bernstein, T. M. (1965). The careful writer: A modern guide to English usage (2nd ed.). New
York, NY: Atheneum.
Electronic book
 Replace place and publisher information with the DOI.
Anderson, C.A., Gentile, D.A., & Buckley, K.E. (2007). Violent video game effects on
children and adolescents: Theory, research and public policy.
doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195309836.001.0001
Work with two authors
Beck, C. A. J., & Sales, B. D. (2001). Family mediation: Facts, myths, and future prospects.
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Two or more works by the same author
 Arrange by the year of publication, the earliest first.
Postman, N. (1979). Teaching as a conserving activity. New York, NY: Delacorte Press.
Postman, N. (1985). Amusing ourselves to death: Public discourse in the age of show
business. New York, NY: Viking.
 If works by the same author are published in the same year, arrange alphabetically by
title and add a letter after the year as indicated below.
McLuhan, M. (1970a). Culture is our business. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
McLuhan, M. (1970b). From cliché to archetype. New York, NY: Viking Press.
Book by a corporate author
 Associations, corporations, agencies, government departments and organizations are
considered authors when there is no single author
American Psychological Association. (1972). Ethical standards of psychologists. Washington,
DC: American Psychological Association.

Anthologies, Course packs, & Encyclopedias

Anthology or compilation
Gibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (1991). Children of color: Psychological interventions
with minority youth. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Work in an anthology or an essay in a book
Bjork, R. A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive mechanism in human memory. In H.
L. Roediger III, & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory & consciousness (pp. 309-330).
Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Work in a course pack
Goleman, D. (2009). What makes a leader? In D. Demers (Ed.), AHSC 230: Interpersonal
communication and relationships (pp. 47-56). Montreal, Canada: Concordia University
Bookstore. (Reprinted from Harvard Business Review, 76(6), pp.93-102, 1998).
Work in a dictionary
 Indicate whether you are citing a noun, verb, adjective, etc., if there are multiple types
of the word. The in-text citation would be (Protest, 1971).
Protest, v. (1971). Compact edition of the Oxford English dictionary (Vol. 2, p. 2335).
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Article in a reference book or an entry in an encyclopedia
 If the article/entry is signed, include the author's name; if unsigned, begin with the title
of the entry
Guignon, C. B. (1998). Existentialism. In E. Craig (Ed.), Routledge encyclopedia of
philosophy (Vol. 3, pp. 493-502). London, England: Routledge.

Articles
Article in a printed journal
Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. Psychological
Bulletin, 126, 910-924.
  Note: List only the volume number if the periodical uses continuous pagination
throughout a particular volume. If each issue begins with page 1, then list the issue
number as well.
Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations.
Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36.

Article in a newspaper or magazine

Semenak, S. (1995, December 28). Feeling right at home: Government residence eschews
traditional rules. Montreal Gazette, p. A4.
Driedger, S. D. (1998, April 20). After divorce. Maclean's, 111(16), 38-43.

Article from an electronic source

 Provide the same information as you would for a printed journal article and add a
retrieval statement that will identify the source of this information.
 In general, it is not necessary to include database information (APA, 2010, p. 192).
 You can identify your source by including ONE of the following:
1. DOI (digital object identifier)
A DOI is a standardized method for identifying an electronic object. They look
something like this: doi:10.1016/j.chb.2008.02.012. DOIs often appear in the citation
or the abstract of an article or at the top or bottom of the first page of the article. You
may find the DOI for your article by using CrossRef.org.
Zhao, S., Grasmuck, S., & Martin, J. (2008). Identity construction on Facebook: Digital
empowerment in anchored relationships. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(5), 1816-1836.
doi:10.1016/j.chb.2008.02.012
2. URL for an online periodical
If there is no DOI for an article found in an online periodical, include the URL for the
journal home page.
Cooper, A., & Humphreys, K. (2008). The uncertainty is killing me: Self-triage decision
making and information availability. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 4(1). Retrieved from
http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap/

Multimedia
Television or radio program
MacIntyre, L. (Reporter). (2002, January 23). Scandal of the Century [Television series
episode]. In H. Cashore (Producer), The fifth estate. Toronto, Canada: Canadian Broadcasting
Corporation.
Film, videorecording or DVD
Kubrick, S. (Director). (1980). The Shining [Motion picture]. United States: Warner Brothers.
YouTube videos
With author's name and screen name
Apsolon, M. [markapsolon]. (2011, September 9). Real ghost girl caught on Video Tape 14
[Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nyGCbxD848
With only screen name
Bellofolletti. (2009, April 8). Ghost caught on surveillance camera [Video file]. Retrieved
from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =Dq1ms2JhYBI&feature=related

Online Lecture Notes and Presentation Slides (such as Moodle)

Cress, C. M. (2009). Curricular strategies for student success and engaged learning
[PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from
http://www.vtcampuscompact.org/2009/TCL_post/presenter_powerpoints/Christine%20Cress
%20-%20Curricular%20Strategies.ppt

Web pages
Web pages & non-periodical documents on the Internet
 Include the author, title of the document, and if available, always include the date the
material was updated or posted online. If the page may be changed or moved, include
the date of retrieval. Include the URL of the document cited.
 If there is no author, place the title in the author position.
 If there is no date, replace the date with (n.d.) to signify that there is no date for the
material.
 Add a description of the source in square brackets after the title, if this is necessary to
clarify the type of source e.g. [Bibliography] [PowerPoint slides] [Multimedia
presentation]
Library and Archives Canada. (2008). Celebrating women's achievements: Women artists in
Canada. Retrieved from http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/women/002026-500-e.html
 If the source material is likely to change over time (e.g. wikis), include the retrieval
date.
Geography of Canada. (2009, September 29). In Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved
September 30, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Ca