What's a Bibliography?

A bibliography is a list of all of the sources you have used (whether referenced or not) in the process of
researching your work. In general, a bibliography should include:

the authors' names

the titles of the works
the names and locations of the companies that published your copies of the sources
the dates your copies were published
the page numbers of your sources (if they are part of multi-source volumes)

A bibliography is an alphabetized list of all the sources used in the paper. This list is found at the end of
the work and allows the reader to verify the veracity of the statements and/or figures presented in the
essay. It also allows a writer to give proper credit for quotes or key phrases so as to avoid plagiarism.

Bibliography, Annotated Bibliography or Works Cited?

Despite the varying terms, the difference between a bibliography, an annotated bibliography and a
works cited page is simple.

A works cited page is a list of every work cited in the text of your paper. The Works Cited or
References list is only comprised of references to those items actually cited in the paper.

A bibliography is a list of every work you used while writing your paper, whether or not it was
specifically cited.

An annotated bibliography is a bibliography with a short note by the author explaining the
significance of the source. Hence, in an annotated bibliography, the bibliographic information is
followed by a brief description of the content, quality, and usefulness of the source.

The MLA format generally calls for a works cited list, whereas a bibliography or annotated bibliography
may be preferable in Chicago and Turabian styles.

Key Info

Collect this information for each printed source:

author name
title of the publication (and the title of the article if it's a magazine or encyclopedia)
date of publication
the place of publication of a book
the publishing company of a book
the volume number of a magazine or printed encyclopedia
the page number(s)
Collect this information for each Web Site:

author and editor names (if available)

title of the page (if available)
the company or organization who posted the webpage
the Web address for the page (called a URL)
the last date you looked at the page

Generally:

the title page of a book, encyclopedia or dictionary

the heading of an article
the front, second, or editorial page of the newspaper
the contents page of a journal or magazine
the header (at the top) or footer (at the bottom) of a Web site
the About or the Contact page of a Web site

*** List the sources in alphabetical order using the author's last name. If a source has more than one
author, alphabetize using the first one. If an author is unknown, alphabetize that source using the title
instead.

What are the different formats or Style Guides?

1. MLA Style Guide

A style guide used for research papers. To understand what the MLA style guide is, just look to who it
was made by.

MLA is the acronym for Modern Language Association. Therefore, it’s an academic writing guide created
and designed specifically for language and liberal arts essays and papers.

MLA is used for:

liberal arts
humanities
language arts
cultural studies

Basics

Your list of works cited should begin at the end of the paper on a new page with the centered
title, Works Cited.
 Alphabetize the entries in your list by the author's last name, using the letter-by-letter system
(ignore spaces and other punctuation.) If the author's name is unknown, alphabetize by the title,
ignoring any A, An, or The.

For dates, spell out the names of months in the text of your paper, but abbreviate them in the
list of works cited, except for May, June, and July.

Use either the day-month-year style (22 July 1999) or the month-day-year style (July 22, 1999)
and be consistent.

With the month-day-year style, be sure to add a comma after the year unless another
punctuation mark goes there.

Underlining or Italics?

If you write a bibliography by hand, you should still underline the names of publications. But, if
you use a computer, then publication names should be in italics.

Hanging Indentation

All MLA citations should use hanging indents, that is, the first line of an entry should be flush
left, and the second and subsequent lines should be indented 1/2".

Capitalization, Abbreviation, and Punctuation

The MLA guidelines specify using title case capitalization - capitalize the first words, the last
words, and all principal words, including those that follow hyphens in compound terms. Use
lowercase abbreviations to identify the parts of a work (e.g., vol. for volume, ed. for editor)
except when these designations follow a period. Whenever possible, use the appropriate
abbreviated forms for the publisher's name (Random instead of Random House).

Separate author, title, and publication information with a period followed by one space. Use a
colon and a space to separate a title from a subtitle. Include other kinds of punctuation only if it
is part of the title. Use quotation marks to indicate the titles of short works appearing within
larger works (e.g., "Memories of Childhood." American Short Stories). Also use quotation marks
for titles of unpublished works and songs.

Format Examples

Books

Format:
Author's last name, first name. Book title. Additional information. City of publication: Publishing company,
publication date.

Examples:
Allen, Thomas B. Vanishing Wildlife of North America. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society,
1974.

Boorstin, Daniel J. The Creators: A History of the Heroes of the Imagination. New York: Random, 1992.

Hall, Donald, ed. The Oxford Book of American Literacy Anecdotes. New York: Oxford UP, 1981.

Searles, Baird, and Martin Last. A Reader's Guide to Science Fiction. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1979.

Toomer, Jean. Cane. Ed. Darwin T. Turner. New York: Norton, 1988.

********
Books With Multiple Authors

Should the source have more than one author, your citation should appear as follows:

Smith, John Jacob Jingleheimer, and Cindy Lu. Wu Xia and the Art of Scooter Maintenance. Springer,
2003.

If there are more than two authors for your source, note your citation as follows. (Et al. is a Latin
abbreviation meaning "and others.")

Smith, John Jacob Jingleheimer et al. Wu Xia and the Art of Scooter Maintenance. Springer, 2003.

**********
Encyclopedia & Dictionary

Format:
Author's last name, first name. "Title of Article." Title of Encyclopedia. Date.

Note: If the dictionary or encyclopedia arranges articles alphabetically, you may omit volume and page
numbers.

Examples:

"Azimuthal Equidistant Projection." Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. 10th ed. 1993.

Pettingill, Olin Sewall, Jr. "Falcon and Falconry." World Book Encyclopedia. 1980.

Tobias, Richard. "Thurber, James." Encyclopedia Americana. 1991 ed.

Levinson, David, and Melvin M. Ember, eds. Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology. 4 vols. New York:
Henry Holt, 1996. Print.

Magazine & Newspaper Articles

Format:
Author's last name, first name. "Article title." Periodical title Volume # Date: inclusive pages.

Note: If an edition is named on the masthead, add a comma after the date and specify the edition.

Examples:

Hall, Trish. "IQ Scores Are Up, and Psychologists Wonder Why." New York Times 24 Feb. 1998, late ed.:
F1+.

Kalette, Denise. "California Town Counts Down to Big Quake." USA Today 9 21 July 1986: sec. A: 1.

Kanfer, Stefan. "Heard Any Good Books Lately?" Time 113 21 July 1986: 71-72.

Trillin, Calvin. "Culture Shopping." New Yorker 15 Feb. 1993: 48-51.

Website or Webpage

Format:
Author's last name, first name (if available). "Title of work within a project or database." Title of site,
project, or database. Editor (if available). Electronic publication information (Date of publication or of the
latest update, and name of any sponsoring institution or organization). Date of access and <full URL>.

Note: If you cannot find some of this information, cite what is available.

Examples:

Devitt, Terry. "Lightning injures four at music festival." The Why? Files. 2 Aug. 2001. 23 Jan. 2002
<http://whyfiles.org /137lightning/index.html>.

Dove, Rita. "Lady Freedom among Us." The Electronic Text Center. Ed. David Seaman. 1998. Alderman
Lib., U of Virginia. 19 June 1998 <http://etext.lib.virginia.edu /subjects/afam.html>.

Lancashire, Ian. Homepage. 28 Mar. 2002. 15 May 2002 <http://www.chass.utoronto.ca:8080 /~ian/>.

Levy, Steven. "Great Minds, Great Ideas." Newsweek 27 May 2002. 10 June 2002
<http://www.msnbc.com /news/754336.asp>.

2. APA Format

APA format is the official style of the American Psychological Association (APA).

Commonly used to cite sources in:

psychology
education
 social sciences.

The APA style originated in a 1929 article published in Psychological Bulletin that laid out the basic
guidelines. These guidelines were eventually expanded into the APA Publication Manual.

An APA format bibliography is an alphabetical listing of all sources that might be used to write an
academic paper, essay, article, or research paper.

The basic format for a book citation requires listing the author's name, the title of the book, the
publisher's name, and the date of publication. Edited books, when cited in full, will list the editor's name
instead of an author’s name.

Basics

Your list of works cited should begin at the end of the paper on a new page with the centered title,
References. Alphabetize the entries in your list by the author's last name, using the letter-by-letter
system (ignore spaces and other punctuation.) Only the initials of the first and middle names are given.
If the author's name is unknown, alphabetize by the title, ignoring any A, An, or The.

For dates, spell out the names of months in the text of your paper, but abbreviate them in the list of
works cited, except for May, June, and July. Use either the day-month-year style (22 July 1999) or the
month-day-year style (July 22, 1999) and be consistent. With the month-day-year style, be sure to add a
comma after the year unless another punctuation mark goes there.

Underlining or Italics?

If you write a bibliography by hand, you should still underline the names of publications. But, if you use a
computer, then publication names should be in italics.

Hanging Indentation

All APA citations should use hanging indents, that is, the first line of an entry should be flush left, and the
second and subsequent lines should be indented 1/2".

Capitalization, Abbreviation, and Punctuation

The APA guidelines specify using sentence-style capitalization for the titles of books or articles, so you
should capitalize only the first word of a title and subtitle. The exceptions to this rule would be
periodical titles and proper names in a title which should still be capitalized. The periodical title is run in
title case, and is followed by the volume number which, with the title, is also italicized.

If there is more than one author, use an ampersand (&) before the name of the last author. If there are
more than six authors, list only the first one and use et al. for the rest.

Place the date of publication in parentheses immediately after the name of the author. Place a period
after the closing parenthesis. Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works
within longer works.
Format Examples

Books

Format:
Author's last name, first initial. (Publication date). Book title. Additional information. City of publication:
Publishing company.

Examples:

Allen, T. (1974). Vanishing wildlife of North America. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society.

Boorstin, D. (1992). The creators: A history of the heroes of the imagination. New York: Random House.

Nicol, A. M., & Pexman, P. M. (1999).  Presenting your findings: A practical guide for creating tables.
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Searles, B., & Last, M. (1979). A reader's guide to science fiction. New York: Facts on File, Inc.

Toomer, J. (1988). Cane. Ed. Darwin T. Turner. New York: Norton.

Encyclopedia & Dictionary

Format:

Author's last name, first initial. (Date). Title of Article. Title of Encyclopedia (Volume, pages). City of
publication: Publishing company.

Examples:

Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago:
Encyclopedia Britannica.

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.

Pettingill, O. S., Jr. (1980). Falcon and Falconry. World book encyclopedia. (pp. 150-155). Chicago: World
Book.

Tobias, R. (1991). Thurber, James. Encyclopedia americana. (p. 600). New York: Scholastic Library
Publishing.

Magazine & Newspaper Articles

Format:
Author's last name, first initial. (Publication date). Article title. Periodical title, volume number(issue
number if available), inclusive pages.

Note: Do not enclose the title in quotation marks. Put a period after the title. If a periodical includes a
volume number, italicize it and then give the page range (in regular type) without "pp." If the periodical
does not use volume numbers, as in newspapers, use p. or pp. for page numbers.
Note: Unlike other periodicals, p. or pp. precedes page numbers for a newspaper reference in APA style.

Examples:

Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative and
Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896.

Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.

Kalette, D. (1986, July 21). California town counts town to big quake. USA Today, 9, p. A1.

Kanfer, S. (1986, July 21). Heard any good books lately? Time, 113, 71-72.

Trillin, C. (1993, February 15). Culture shopping. New Yorker, pp. 48-51.

Website or Webpage

Format:

Online periodical:
Author's name. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number, Retrieved month
day, year, from full URL

Online document:
Author's name. (Date of publication). Title of work. Retrieved month day, year, from full URL

Note: When citing Internet sources, refer to the specific website document. If a document is undated, use
"n.d." (for no date) immediately after the document title. Break a lengthy URL that goes to another line
after a slash or before a period. Continually check your references to online documents. There is no
period following a URL.
Note: If you cannot find some of this information, cite what is available.

Examples:

Devitt, T. (2001, August 2). Lightning injures four at music festival. The Why? Files. Retrieved January 23,
2002, from http://whyfiles.org/137lightning/index.html

Dove, R. (1998). Lady freedom among us. The Electronic Text Center. Retrieved June 19, 1998, from
Alderman Library, University of Virginia website: http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/subjects/afam.html

Note: If a document is contained within a large and complex website (such as that for a university or a
government agency), identify the host organization and the relevant program or department before giving
the URL for the document itself. Precede the URL with a colon.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-
being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from
http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html

GVU's 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from
http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/usersurveys/survey1997-10/

Health Canada. (2002, February). The safety of genetically modified food crops. Retrieved March 22,
2005, from http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/english/protection/biologics_genetics/gen_mod_foods/genmodebk.html

Hilts, P. J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out. New York Times.
Retrieved November 21, 2000, from http://www.nytimes.com

APA - Citing legal sources

The 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological

Association (2010) outlines the citation style for legal materials in the Appendix to
Chapter 7 (pp. 216 – 224).  For court decisions, statutes, codes and other legal
publications, APA uses the formats outlined in The Bluebook:  A Uniform System of
Citation. Below are suggested formats for common types of legal publications
(California and federal sources).

APA - Citing legal sources

The 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association (2010) outlines the citation style for legal materials in the Appendix to
Chapter 7 (pp. 216 – 224).  For court decisions, statutes, codes and other legal
publications, APA uses the formats outlined in The Bluebook:  A Uniform System of
Citation. Below are suggested formats for common types of legal publications
(California and federal sources).

In Text Citations
Court cases:   (Griswold v. Connecticut, 1965)
The APA Style Blog indicates to put the case name in italics for the in-text
citation.
Statutes (named):    (Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act of 1974)
Statutes (no name):  (18 U.S.C. § 2258)
If the name of the law is not available, some authors only include the legal citation in
parentheses the text – e.g. (18 U.S.C. § 2258) – but exclude the source from the
References list.  APA prefers identifying the name of the law and including an entry in
the References list whenever possible.
 3. Chicago Style

A Chicago style bibliography lists the sources cited in your text. Each bibliography entry begins with the
author's name and the title of the source, followed by relevant publication details. The bibliography is
alphabetized by authors' last names.

A bibliography is required if you have cited your sources with short notes. If you have given complete
references for every source in full notes, a bibliography is not necessary.

However, in most cases, Chicago recommends the use of short notes and bibliography. This keeps your
citation notes concise, and gives your reader an overview of all your sources in one place.

Chicago style bibliography examples

Bibliography entries vary in format depending on the type of source. Templates and examples for the
most common source types are shown below.
Formatting the bibliography page

The bibliography appears at the end of your text. The heading Bibliography is bolded and centred at the
top of the page.

Unlike the rest of a Chicago format paper, the bibliography is not double-spaced. However, add a single
line space between entries.

If a bibliography entry extends onto more than one line, subsequent lines should be indented, as seen in
the example below. This helps the reader to see at a glance where each new entry begins.

Author names in the bibliography

Author names in the bibliography are inverted: The last name comes first, then the first name(s).
Sources are alphabetized by author last name.

If a source has no named author, alphabetize by the first word of the title or organization name that
starts the entry. Ignore articles (“the,” “a,” and “an”) for the purposes of alphabetization.
Sources with multiple authors

For sources with more than one author, only the first author’s name is inverted; subsequent names are
written in the normal order.

For texts with up to 10 authors, all the authors’ names should be listed in the order they appear in the
source, separated by commas.

If there are more than 10 authors, list the first seven, followed by “et al.”

Multiple sources by the same author

If you include multiple works from the same author, only include the author name in the first entry. In
subsequent entries, replace the name with three em dashes, followed by the rest of the citation
formatted as normal. List the entries in alphabetical order by title.

Bibliography vs reference list

A reference list is mandatory in Chicago author-date style, where you cite sources in parentheses in the
text. The only differences between a Chicago bibliography and a reference list are the heading and the
placement of the date.

The reference list is headed “References.” In reference list entries, the publication date is placed
immediately after the author’s name. This allows the reader to easily find a reference on the basis of the
corresponding in-text citation.
-----------------------------------

Philippine Legal Citations

Constitution: Cited by reference to the article, section and the paragraph. The year is placed in
parenthesis when the Constitution is no longer in force. For example:

 Const. (1935), Art. VIII, Sec. 1

 Const. (1973), Art. X, Sec. 1
 Const, (1987), Art. VIII, Sec. 1

Other legal citations provide that when the current law is cited, the date is not included. Taking into
consideration the number of times the Philippine Constitution was revised; it is important to include the
date. At present, there is a move to revised again the Philippine Constitution either through a
Constitutional Convention (Con-Com) or a Constitutional Assembly (Con-Ass).

Statutes: Laws passed by the Legislative Department from 101 to present are cited as follows:

 For Laws 1901-1934: Act No. 136 (1901)

 Commonwealth Acts (1935-1945): Com. Act No. 35 (1935)
 Republic Acts (1946-1972, 1987-present): Rep. Act No. 88 (1946)
  Presidential Decrees (September 21, 1972 – February 1986): Pres. Decree No. 442 (1972)
 Batas Pambansa (January 1979- February 1, 1986): Batas Blg. 129 (1980)

Citation of Statutes by Publication Source:

 Printed Source: Rep. Act No. 3019 (1960), 57 O.G., No. 22, 4072 (May 29, 1961) or 4 PPGS 85
(Rev. ed., 1978).
 The printed sources are the Official Gazette (O.G.) or the Philippine Permanent and General
Statutes (PPGS)
 Electronic Sources: Rep. Act No. 3019 (1960) (last visited August 29, 2012); the Ombudsman
((last visited August 29, 2012); The Central Bank (last visited August 29, 2012).

Treaties: This includes treaties entered into by the Philippines whether it be bilateral or multilateral.
Cited by the name of the treaty and the date when the treaty was signed. For example:

 Printed source: Philippines Extradition Treaty with the United States, signed November 13, 1994.
8 PTS 978.
o 8 cited in the source represents the volume number of the Philippine Treaty Series and
978 is the page where the treaty was printed.
o Electronic Sources: Philippines Extradition Treaty with the United States, signed
November 13, 1994 (last visited January 02, 2020).

Executive/Presidential Issuances: Presidential issuances are cited by the number of the issuance and
followed by the date of issuance. The date is important for each year, the number starts with the first
number (No. 1).

 Executive Orders: Exec. Order No. 200 (1986).

 Proclamations: Proc. No. 1081 (1972)
 Administrative Orders: Adm. Order No. 200 (2005)

Special Presidential Issuances under Martial law as follows:

 General Orders: Gen. Order No. 1 (1972)

 Letters of Instructions: L.O.I. No. 2 (1972)
 Letters of Implementation: L.O. Impl. No. 1 (1972)
 Letters of Authority: L.O.A. No. 1 (1972)

Administrative Rules and Regulations: Government offices and agencies promulgate their own
rules and regulations. They are cited by the abbreviation of the name of each agency, followed by the
name of the specific rule or regulation. It is important to indicate the year in parenthesis for each year, the
number of the rules and regulations start with the first number (No.1). For example:

 Administrative Order No. 1 promulgated by the Department of Energy on January 5, 2006 is thus
cited as: DOE Adm. Order No. 1 (2006).
 SC Adm. Order No. 1 (2005). This is the citation for Supreme Court Administrative Order No. 1
adopted in 2005.

Abbreviations as to the names of the Different Government Agencies are through the Acronyms of the
Agencies, which is also reflected on their website address.
Name of Agency Abbreviation
Department of Agrarian Reform DAR
Department of Agriculture DA
Department of Budget and Management DBM
Department of Education DEPED
Department of Energy DOE
Department of Environment and Natural Resources DENR
Department of Finance DOF
Department of Foreign Affairs DFA
Department of Health DOH
Department of Interior and Local Government DILG
Department of Information and Communications Technology DICT
Department of Justice DOJ
Department of Labor and Employment DOLE
Department of National Defense DND
Department of Public Works and Highways DPWH
Department of Science and Technology DOST
Department of Tourism DOT
Department of Trade and Industry DTI
Department of Social Welfare and Development DSWD
Department of Transportation DOTr
Civil Service Commission CSC
Commission on Elections COMELEC
Commission on Audit COA
Commission on Human Rights CHR
Office of the Solicitor General OSG

Ordinances: The laws passed by the city, municipal or provincial government (local government) are in
the form of ordinances. They are cited by providing the name of the city, municipality or the province,
followed by the ordinance number and the date. For example:

 City ordinance No. 1 of the city of Manila passed on June 21, 2004 is cited as: Manila Ordinance
No. 1, June 21, 2004.

Court Rules: The Rules of Court is cited like any ordinary code by its name, followed by the rule number
and section. For example:

 Rule of Court, Rule 14, sec.1.

Jurisprudence - Court Decisions: The Supreme Court through the proposal of the Committee of
Revision of Rules Courts amended the Rules of Court by subject, such as Civil Procedure, Criminal
Procedure, Evidence, and Special Proceedings. They are now cited by said amendments as follows:

 Criminal Procedure, Rule 115, se. 1 (2000)

 Civil Procedure, Rule 70, sec. 1 (1997)

Court decisions from the Supreme Court down to the lower courts can be identified through their case
number and are cited as follows:

 Supreme Court decisions: G.R. No. ___, date of promulgation.

 Court of Appeals decisions: C.A.-G.R. NO. ___-R, CV, CR or SP, date of promulgation
 Sandiganbayan decisions: Sandiganbayan Crim Case No. ____, date of promulgation
 Court of Tax Appeals decisions – CTA Case No.____, date of promulgation
 Metropolitan Trial Courts: Me TC (Place & Branch No.) Civil or Criminal Case No. ___, date of
promulgation. Example:
o People v. Santiago, Me TC (Quezon City, Branch II) Crim. Case No. 4444, May 10, 2005
 Municipal Trial Courts and Municipal Circuit Trial Courts decisions: MTC or MCTC (Place)
Criminal or Civil Case No.______, date of promulgation
 Shari’ah District and Circuit Courts: Shari’ah Dist/Circ. Ct. (Place) Case no.___, date of
promulgation

For all decisions of the Supreme Court, a specific G.R. No or General Register No. is assigned. Each case is
cited with a G.R. No. The L (G.R. No. L) after the word No. In some decisions represents those decision
after the war or L is for Liberation. This will differentiate those that were decided before the war and those
decided after.

There is no printed compilation for Sandiganbayan, Court of Tax Appeals and lower court decisions. The
full text of important decisions is found in the internet like the decision of the Sandiganbayan against
former President Joseph Estrada.

The citation of Court decisions depends upon whether the printed court reports are a primary or a
secondary source. Those found in primary sources such as the Philippine Reports or the Official Gazette
are cited by the family name of the parties, the volume number, Court Report title, page of the court
report, and the year of promulgation in parenthesis. For example:

 Ong v. People, 399 Phil. 686 (2000) [The Ong case is found in volume 399 of the Philippine
Reports page 686]
 Ong v. People, 399 Phil. 686, 688 (2000) [686 is the page where the case started and 688 is the
specific page where the doctrine used is found.]

Those found in secondary sources such as the Supreme Court Reports Annotated (SCRA) are cited by
family name of the parties, case no. (G.R. No.), date of promulgation, volume number of the court reports
and page. For example:

 Ong v. People, G.R. No. 139006, November 27, 2000, 346 SCRA 117.

The case names are cited using the surnames of the parties. Exception to the general rule of using family
names are Islamic, Chinese names, which are cited in full. Those with Christian first names follow the
general rule. For example:

 Sy Chin v. Tang Ching Heng & Co., 399 Phil. 442 (2000).
When the party is a company, agency corporation, etc., the complete name must be included. For
example:

 Mactan-Cebu International Airport Authority v. Chiongbian, 399 Phil. 695 (2000).

When the party is the Government of the Philippines, the court decisions are cited as follows:

 Government v. ________, date of promulgation, Source

 Commonwealth v. ________, date of promulgation, Source
 Republic v. ______, date of promulgation, Source

In criminal cases wherein the case if filed for the People of the Philippines, it is cited as: People v.
______, date of promulgation, Source

Citation of Electronic Sources

 Ong v. People, G.R. No. 139006, November 27, 2000 (last visited January 2, 2020)

Administrative decisions: Cited by the name of the agency (abbreviated form), case number and date of
promulgation. For example:

 Santos v. Dizon, CSC Adm. Case No. 12345, January 6, 2006. [Civil Service Commission Decision]

Sources:

“What’s a bibliography?,” Plagiarism, June 7, 2017, https://www.plagiarism.org/.

"Writing a Bibliography: MLA Format,"Sciencebuddies, accessed October 15, 2020,
https://www.sciencebuddies.org/.

Betts, Jennifer."MLA Format and Citations." Bibliography, accessed October 15, 2020,
https://www.bibliography.com/.

"APA Format," Verywellmind, Auguest 25, 2020. https://www.verywellmind.com/.

"Writing a Bibliography: APA Format,"Sciencebuddies, accessed October 15, 2020,

https://www.sciencebuddies.org/.

"Citation Styles: A Brief Guide to APA, MLA and Turabian,"Libguides, accessed October 15,2020,
https://libguides.unf.edu/.

Caulfield, Jack."How to create a Chicago style bibliography." Scribbr. July 8, 2020.

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