Citing and referencing:

APA STYLE
In-text citation or referencing
• According to Barr (2023), a reference or citation can be positioned at the
beginning, middle or end of a sentence.
• Following are the examples for the APA 7th referencing style.

• Example of a mid-sentence in-text direct quote:

• Interpreting these results, Robbins (2003) suggested that the “therapists in

dropout cases may have inadvertently validated parental negativity about
the adolescent” (p. 541), contributing to an overall climate of negativity.
In-text citation continued
• When multiple studies support what you have to say, you can also
include mid-sentence in-text citations.

• Example:

• Smith and Wexwood (2010) reported an increase in the number of

books read, whereas Gibson (2011) reported a decrease.
In-text citation or referencing
• You can also use mid -sentence in-text citation if the study supports
only a part of the sentence so that it is clear which material has come
from which source.

• Example:
• Reflective writing has been shown to aid students' understanding of
their own learning (Lorenzi, Mackeogh, & Fox, 2004), as well as
developing other study skills.
The DOI & URL
• A DOI, or Digital Object Identifier, is a string of numbers, letters and
symbols used to uniquely identify an article or document, and to
provide it with a permanent web address (URL).
• It helps readers to easily locate a document from your citation.
The Uniform Resource Locators (URL)
• Uniform Resource Locators (URL): these are unique webpage
addresses meant to help people locate them. On the Internet, these
addresses are called URLs (Uniform Resource Locators). .
• Some of Google's URLs include www.google.com,
adwords.googleblog.com, and http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacy.
JOURNALS
Citing a journal article with a DOI
number
• Example:
• Author, Z.B., date of publication. Title of article. Title of Journal,
volume number, page range.
• For example:

• Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article.

Title of Journal, volume number, page range.
https://doi.org/10.0000/0000
The doi number
Citing a journal article with a DOI
number
• Example:
• Author, Z.B., date of publication. Title of article. Title of Journal,
volume number, page range, the doi number.
• For example:

• Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article.

Title of Journal, volume number, page range.
https://doi.org/10.0000/0000
• Example of a source with a DOI number:

• Brownlie, D. (2007). Toward effective poster presentations: An

annotated bibliography. European Journal of Marketing, 41(11/12),
• 1245-1283. doi:10.1108/03090560710821161
articles without the DOI number
• Provide the author, date, title, and periodical information only, which means the
reference ends with the page range.
• For example:
• Crompton, P. (1997). Hedging in academic writing: Some theoretical problems.
English for specific purposes, 16(4), 271-287.
• Brown, C. A., Dickson, R., Humphreys, A. L., McQuillan, V., & Smears, E. (2008).
Promoting academic writing/referencing skills: Outcome of an undergraduate e‐
learning pilot project. British journal of educational technology, 39(1), 140-156.
• Emerson, L., Rees, M. T., & MacKay, B. (2005). Scaffolding academic integrity:
Creating a learning context for teaching referencing skills. Journal of university
teaching & learning practice, 2(3), 17-30.
Article with a URL
• Derry, K. (2018). Myth and Monstrosity: Teaching Indigenous Films.
Journal of Religion & Film, 22(3), 7.
https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/
“et al.” in APA in-text citations
• When should I use “et al.” in APA in-text citations?
• The abbreviation “et al.” (meaning “and others”) is used to shorten
APA in-text citations with three or more authors. Here’s how it works:

• Only include the first author’s last name, followed by “et al.”, a
comma and the year of publication, for example (Taylor et al., 2018).
Example of et al. citation
• Fox, C. W., Paine, C. T., & Sauterey, B. (2016). Citations increase with
manuscript length, author number, and references cited in ecology
journals. Ecology and Evolution, 6(21), 7717-7726.
• When citing the article for the second or third time in your text, the
reference will appear as: (Fox et al., 2016)
• Write the last name/surname of the first author followed by et al., then
the year of publication.
Citing a book
• Structure:
• Author Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year Published). Title
of book in sentence case. Publisher name. DOI or URL

• Example:
• Ray, R.B. (1985). A certain tendency of the Hollywood cinema, 1930-
1980. Princeton University Press.
• In-text citation:
• Parenthetical citation: (Ray, 1985)

• Narrative citation: Ray (1985)

• Note that parenthetical in-text citations for direct quotes from the book
should also include page numbers:
• Narrative citation for direct quote:
• Mia Lee and Paulo Brown (2000) assert that “future generations will
thank us for the care we have taken here” (p. 44).
 Referencing a book chapter in APA
• If the chapter you are trying to cite has been published within an edited book, then it’s
necessary to provide both the author(s) of the chapter and the editor of the book, as well
as the appropriate titles.
structure
• Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Copyright Year). Title of the book chapter. In A. A.
Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Title of the book (2nd ed., pp. #–#). Publisher. DOI or URL
• Example:

• Brooks, V.W. (1962). Preface. In R.S. Milton & L.G. Seymour (Eds.), American
literature survey (3rd ed., pp. xvii-xx). Penguin Books.
• Include the books with volumes
Referencing a text without the year of
publication
• Provide the author, write ‘n.d.’ for ‘no date’, and then provide the title
of a source.
• Example:
• Bear, Y. (n.d.). I'm smarter than the average bear! Yellowstone Park
Stories. http://yellowstone.com/YogiBear1....
• Note: If it is an in-text citation, provide the author and the ‘n.d.’ in
brackets.
• Example:
• Bear (n.d.) states that ‘……….’
The use of use ibid. in referencing
• Although APA does not permit the use of ibid. it is important that we
are aware of the term as we are likely to come across it as we read
articles.
• Ibid. is an abbreviation of the Latin “ibidem,” meaning “in the same
place.”
• It’s shorthand that makes it easy for you to acknowledge that you’ve
already cited a specific source in full.
• It is used in other referencing styles like Chicago style citations.
• This is because APA in-text citations are parenthetical and there’s no
need to shorten them further.
Ibid. continued
• Ibid. is typically used in the author’s work’s footnotes or endnotes. It
tells the reader that a specific citation references the same source as
the previous citation.
• Authors use ibid. anytime they cite the same source for a second,
consecutive time in a footnote or endnote.
• Ibid is used for an Immediately Repeated Citation, for example
The reference list
• A reference list is a list of the publication information for the sources you’ve cited in
your paper and is intended to give your readers all the information they need to find
those sources.
• It comes right at the end of your assignment to prove that you have completed the
assignment.
• In other publication styles, this list may be called a bibliography or a works cited
page, but APA uses the term reference list.
• Only list sources you cite in your text. Do not include sources you read but did not
cite.
• The APA Publication Manual (6th ed.) says, "Each reference cited in text must appear
in the reference list, and each entry in the reference list must be cited in text" (p. 174).
The purpose of a reference list
• The purpose of the reference list is twofold: (a) It allows the author to
credit the work of others that directly influenced the present work and
document any facts that are not common knowledge.
• Secondly, it gives interested readers the information necessary to
identify and retrieve those sources. Thus, there is no reason to include
uncited sources in the reference list.
• Always remember: Cite what you use, use what you cite.
APA REFERENCING EXERCISES
• 1. (Sheret, Sultana and Sotir 2016) 7. (Seven news 1994)
• 2. (Yeo, Oh, Pyke, McDonald 1998) 8. (Turnbull in Shorten 2003)
• 3. (Charman 2007) 9. (Minogue 1968, Lopez 1971)
• 4. (Smith 2009 p 7) 10. (Dickinson 2009, a)
• 5. (Brown nd) 11. (Copyright Act 1968)
• 6. According to Sotir 2016, academic literacy is ‘critical for survival at
university.
Find and correct the errors in this reference
list according to APA referencing conventions.
• 1. Clegg, S., ‘Managing organization futures in a changing world of
power/knowledge’, in H. Tsoukas& C. Knud (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of
organization theory, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 536-567, 2003.
• 2. Irvine, J. 2005, Commodity boom is over: Access, ‘Sydney Morning
Herald’, 27 July, p. 19.
• 3. A.J. Kim, 2002, Community building on the web, Safari Tech Books,
Boston, Mass., http://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/0201874849.
• 4. Duffield, C., Macneil, H.F., Bullock, C., & Franks, H. 2000, ‘The role of the
advanced casualty management team in St John Ambulance’, Australian
Health Review, vol. , 28(1) 191-199
Examples of the reference list/bibliography
• Referencing a book:
• Lincoln, C. (2013). Cyberbullying: The ultimate guide for how to protect you and
your child from a cyber bully. Createspace Independent Publishing Platform.
• Audio-visual Ted Talk
• Thanzami, V. (2019, March). Psychological perspectives on cyberbullying
perpetration [Video]. TEDx Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/
• Journal
• Waasdorp, T. E. & Jones, L. M. (2015).The overlap between cyberbullying and
traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56(5), 483-488.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.12.002
Article From an Online Periodical with No
DOI Assigned:
• Online scholarly journal articles without a DOI require the URL of the journal home page.
• Remember that one goal of citations is to provide your readers with enough information to
find the article; providing the journal home page aids readers in this process.

• Template:
• Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume
number. Retrieved from http://www.journalhomepage.com/full/url/

• Example:

• Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Journal of Buddhist
Ethics, 8. Retrieved from http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.htm