Referencing

Academic Writing
Is a Must
Why Reference?
 What is
Plagiarism?
 Referencing Styles
Referencing Types

• In text (direct-Indirect----
Short-Long)
• Footnote
• Endnote
• Reference List
• Bibliography
• MHRA: For English Literature, MHRA (Modern Humanities Research Association) is most
preferred. It distinguishes all topics such as poems, novels as primary texts and additional
information as secondary texts. In most of the cases, it is the footnotes mentioned for primary as
well as secondary texts. This method is also a reference style for film, television and theatre.
• Oxford: It is also written as footnotes and in-text citations.
• APA: It stands for the American Psychological Association. It is considered as the variant of the
Harvard style of referencing. Here there is a little change in the rule or else most of them remain
the same. The major difference is that brief author-date citations will be in brackets in the body
and full citations will be in the reference list.
• Harvard: Some professionals called it author-date style because it uses the author surname for in-
text citations in brackets in the body. The author surname with date and the page number is used
in the reference page. Full details will present in the reference list or bibliography. You might
think that it has many sets of rules but it is the style of referencing. 
• Vancouver: It is the simple way of providing numeric value to the page or each source. It includes
a single numerical list with full details. As per the needs, students can add a separate page for
author name, bibliography and other details. (natural science research) 
• AMS: It is called as American Meteorological Society style of referencing. According to the
reports, it is recommended by the Department of Meteorology. (atmosphere and weather).
• Chicago: It comprises of two different styles that give an option to the students. They can choose
between listing citations in the body as in Harvard style and list them properly in footnotes just
as Oxford style. If you are willing to use this referencing, you must ensure that whether your
university is following any specific pattern for a particular type of project or not. This makes sure
that you can acquire good grades without any troubles.
• OSCOLA: It stands for Oxford Standard for the Citation Of Legal Authorities. As the name
suggests, it is preferred by law students. It has a set of rules to reference cases, command papers
and statues. If you are a new student and want to acquire good grades, you have to devote your
time and understand the process of locating in-text citation in footnotes. Other than this, you
need to comprehend abbreviations for main sources and punctuation.
Citation
• As general rules of thumb:
If you didn’t know it before you read the
research, then it is not common knowledge
and you need to reference it.
• If most classmates would know it then it
probably is common knowledge.
What kind of information do I need to reference?

•Books and journal articles

•Newspapers and magazines;

•Pamphlets or brochures;

•Films, documentaries, television programs or advertisements;

•Websites or electronic resources;

•Letters, emails, online discussion forums

•Personal interviews;

•Reference when you reprint any diagrams, illustrations, charts or pictures.

 APA
referencing
Style: In Text
Citation
 Short Quotation (40 words)
“Reading makes use of many skills at once, taxing all
aspects of our information-processing systems” (Berk,
2007, p. 306).

Research has shown that “mathematics teaching in

elementary school builds on and greatly enriches children’s
informal knowledge of number concepts and counting”
(Berk, 2007, p. 307).

Jones (1998,199) found out that "students often had

difficulty using APA style" 
In-text examples:
author and date Note location of brackets in the:

There is much anecdotal evidence from

academic staff, learning support staff • first citation, author’s name NOT part of
and students that mature age students sentence hence brackets surround BOTH
study differently compared with the author’s name AND the year of
younger students (Jenkins, 2008, p.97).
Student age has been found to be a publication;
factor in study success. Comparing
older and younger students,

Hong (2007, p. 45) reported a higher

level of study habits and skills and
motivation amongst older students. In
a similar comparison, Owens (2004)
reported that ….etc..
• second and third citations, authors’ names
ARE part of sentence hence brackets
surround ONLY the year of publication.
 Citing
Interviews
 Paraphrase and Summery (citation)
• The American Psychological Association encourages writers to use a
page number when paraphrasing material; however including a page
number is NOT required except when directly quoting material.
• Flyn (2003, p. 17) claims that there is a shortage of artists at a nation
wide level which government has dealt with by means of short and long
term plans.
• OR
• Recent national reports have described a significant shortage of artists as
well as long short or long term methods to address the issue (Flyn,
2003).
 Omissions from Quotations
• Use three dots with a space at either end
• "Plagiarism is the act of misrepresenting as one's own original work the ideas,
interpretations, words or creative works of another . … These ideas, interpretations,
words or works may be found in print and/or electronic media.”
• Additions to quotations
• Use square [---] brackets
• This shows your comment, explanation
• [sic] shows your accuracy of transcription but an error in the original
• Use of italics indicates your emphasis of words
• Quotations within a Quotation
• The reporter told me, ”When I interviewed the quarterback, he said they simply
‘played a better game’.”
 Where would you reference in the
following?
• Most researchers agree that it is inappropriate to attempt to
isolate a single main cause of an accident. However, earlier
motor vehicle crash studies demonstrated that about 90% of
all accidents could be attributed to road user characteristics.
Hence, road user behaviour is often examined for compliance
with existing traffic rules and regulations. “Speed Kills” has
been used for many years as an educational slogan to drive at
reasonable speeds.
 Find the Mistakes
Morgan, Glickman, Woodward, Blaiwes, and Salas
define a team simply as “… a distinguishable set
of two or more individuals who interact
independently and adaptively to achieve
specified, shared and valued objectives.”
Elizabeth (1995, p.88) suggests that “teams and
teaming have become hot topics … as
organisations have come to rely on team-based
arrangements to improve quality, productivity,
and customer service.”
Morgan et al. (1986, p. 3) define a team simply as “… a
distinguishable set of two or more individuals who
interact independently and adaptively to achieve
specified, shared and valued objectives”. [Elizabeth not
family name of author] suggests that “teams and teaming
have become hot topics … as organisations have come
to rely on team-based arrangements to improve
quality, productivity, and customer service.”
Note: “et al.” is Latin for “and others”, and is generally
used in the in-text citation (not generally in the
reference list) if an article has three or more authors.
Check the relevant style guide for the precise rules of
the usage of et al.
 How to cite a website
Web page with author:
In-text citation
Role-play can help children learn techniques for coping with bullying (Kraiser, 2011).
Reference list
Kraizer, S. (2011). Preventing bullying. Retrieved from http://safechild.org/categoryparents/preventing-bullying/

Web page with no author:

In-text citation
The term Nittany Lion was coined by Penn State football player Joe Mason in 1904 ("All things Nittany," 2006).
Reference list
All things Nittany. (2006). Retrieved from http://www.psu.edu/ur/about/nittanymascot.html

Web page with no date:

In-text citation
Establishing regular routines, such as exercise, can help survivors of disasters recover from trauma (American
Psychological Association [APA], n.d.).
Reference list
American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Recovering emotionally from disaster. Retrieved from
http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/recovering-disasters.aspx
• Reference List APA:
listed alphabetically by author’s
surname

*Remember: Cite what you use,

use what you cite.
Bibliography list not
recommended in APA
Citation is A short description of an item
(journal article, book, video, etc) that answers
the following questions…

Who? Author/Creator
When? Date
What? Title
Where? Source
Books
Book Chapter
How to cite Images, diagrams and artistic
works 
• In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): 
•       (Artist Surname, Year)   
•       In-Text Citation (Quotation):
•       (Artist Surname, Year)
•       References:
•       Artist Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Title of the artwork [Format]. Retrieved from URL
(address of web site)
•        Reference (No Author)
      Title of work [Type of work]. (Year image was created). 
            Retrieved from URL (address of web site)
•        Reference  (No Author, No Title, No Date)
      Many images found on the Web fall under this category. 
      Try to locate the missing information by clicking on the image,
      and/or looking at the bottom of the image.
             [Subject and type of work]. Retrieved from URL (address of web site) 
Academic Journal Article
Citation Elements – Review Article
 Recognize scholarly articles
• Scholarly articles are not usually found in magazines in a
dentist’s office or hairdresser salon
• Scholarly articles are peer reviewed—that is, other scholars read
all the articles and approve them for publication.
• These articles have section headings, abstracts, and “summary”
and/or “conclusion” headings. They determine the author’s
main idea.
• They refer to works of other scholars (Reference Page, in-text
citations, author credentials, notes, in depth analysis, uses
academic or technical language for informed readers, appears in
journals that don’t include colorful advertisements, etc.
• Important Links:
• Academic Journal Database:
https://www.scribendi.com/whitepapers/101_Free_Online_Journal_a
nd_Research_Databases_for_Academics_Free_Resource.pdf

• APA Referencing Guide:

https://library.laguardia.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/apastyle.p
df

• http://www.library.nscc.ca/documents/researchassistance/apa_guide
.pdf
Referencing software
• Refworks:
https://www.refworks.com/refworks2/default.aspx?r=authentication:
:init
• Zotero: https://www.zotero.org
• EndNote: https://endnote.com
• Mendeley: https://www.mendeley.com/?interaction_required=true
• Citeulike: http://www.citeulike.org
• Google Scholar.