CHAPTER 2: Review of

Related Literature

DR. MA. CARMEN D.

SOLAYAO
Parts of Chapter 2
Learning Competencies:

The learner:
1. selects relevant
literature.
2. cites using standard
style.
3. synthesizes
information
Before you embark on your
qualitative research project,
there are a few things you
need to do to be better
prepared for such
undertaking.
A. Objectives of reviewing related
literature:
1. To be acquainted with the knowledge
related to the topic.
2. To provide an opportunity to update one’s
knowledge.
3. To recognize what aspect of the topic or
field has not yet been the object of
research.
4. To make the readers aware of and
understand the existence of several ideas
and knowledge that were established on
your chosen topic.
5. To determine the strengths and
weaknesses of your topic.
6. To identify the existence of
controversies or conflict.
7. To allow you to formulate several
questions on your topic that needs further
researching.
8. To allow you to set directions on the
chosen topic that you are interested in.
9. To determine whether there have been
studies done in the past similar to your
topic.
Reviewing Related Lit…………

These preparatory steps

involve specific skills you
need to learn to
practice, as these will be
useful in writing the
research paper itself.
B. Reviewing Related Lit…….
• After you have selected a
research topic or formulated
potential research questions you
need to be able to:
• 1. Select the relevant literature
and other pertinent sources of
information.
• 2. Cite information appropriately
according to certain academic
standards, norms and practices.
• 3. Repeat the process as
necessary to your research.
 Reviewing research Lit……
4. In exploring your topic, the first thing you
need to do is look for current and past
materials that are relevant and significant to
your topic.
5. In gathering the materials needed, it is
encouraged to look for materials that were
published for a period not later than five years.
6. As your materials increase and become
varied your readings likewise increase and
become more in depth.
7. The web on the other hand has the widest
range of choices available on any topic. These
includes e-journals, e-books, e-articles, e-news,
etc.
Reviewing Related Lit……….

8. In looking, for your materials

on the web make sure that you
google the sites that are
legitimate and professional.
This means going to sites of
reputable organizations,
agencies, or educational
institutions that are credible.
C. Sources of Information

1. General sources = can serve as the topic

landscape to give you an overview of your
chosen topic which can be found in periodicals,
newspapers and news websites.
2. Secondary sources= are materials that can be
found in scholarly journals, books, case studies and
researches (published and unpublished),
anthologies, online discussions, and fora.
3. Primary sources= are first hand information from
experts in the area of your topic. They are original
materials such as reseraches or scholarly articles as
an outcome of deeper inquiry on a particular topic
published in scholarly journals, newspapers or the
web.
 Synthesis……

Is the summary of the related studies and related

literature that you have incorporated in your research
both local and foreign.
It is basically a comparative analysis of the related
studies and related literature you have used and its
similarities and differences to the current study you
are conducting, simply answering the question:
“What are the significant similarities
and differences of those related
studies and literatures you have
incorporated in your research to the
study you are conducting?”
 E. Ethical Standards in Writing a Research

1. Citing Sources the proper way

• Documentation is important in our
review of related literature.
• In doing so let us not forget that the
origin of the materials is like wise
important .
• The value of keeping bibliographic
information on the materials is for us to
go back to it later when the need arises.
• It also puts the value of respect for
authors who documented the material
originally.
 Ethical standards……
• It is important to stress this to avoid the
danger of copying the materials which are
protected by local and international laws.
• We have to follow certain rules in
acknowledging the authors.
• Generally, when you document, you take note
of the bibliographic information of the material
such as:
• a. the author’s name
• b. the title of the book/journal and the
article
• c. the volume and series (for journals)
• d. the editor’s name (if there is an editor)
• e. the publisher and the year it was
published.
• For the web: A Uniform
Resource Locator (URL) or
web address and the date of
the extraction are necessary
information to be included.
Approaches in Citing Sources:
1. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
(APA)
= developed by social and behavioural scientists to
standardize scientific writing (Angeli, E., Wagner, J.,
Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, Soderlund, L., &
Brizee, A., 2010)
• a. APA Citation Basics
= The American Psychological Association Style,
better known as APA uses format of simple author-
date- method in-text-citation, enclosed in
parenthesis, this means acknowledging the author
within the text because they are either concepts that
we borrowed, or references that we used.
Example: Growing up to be a teenager is not only
difficult (Smith, 2014), but also complicated.
 Citing sources……
• Always bear in mind that all sources cited in the
text must appear in the reference list at the end
of the paper.
• b. APA Reference Basics
• = this reference list, when listing the author you
should provide the information necessary to
locate and retrieve the source of then material.
The reference is the last portion of the paper.
• = this portion should be titled as, “References”
centred at the top of the page (Angeli, E.,
Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson,
Soderlund, L., & Brizee, A., 2010, May 5)
• = all entries in the reference section should be
double- spaced with hanging indention.
Basic Format cfor the written reference entry:
Reminder: Take note of the proper punctuations.
1. For the text:
• Author’s family name first, then initials (date of
Publication, title of material, publisher, place of
publication.
Example: Fong, S. E. (1995). Expo 11. Miriam College,
Quezon City
2. For the web:
• Author, A. A., & Author B.B. (date of publication). Title of
the article. Title of online periodical, volume number (issue
number if available). Retrieved from
http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/. Retrieved 28 July
2014.
Example: Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living
Web. A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites, 149.
Retrieved from http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving.
Retrieved 28 July 2014.
 Citing Sources……

2. Modern Language Association (MLA)

• The Modern Language Association or better known
as MLA is a citation style that is commonly used by
the Arts and Humanities disciplines (Stolley, Karl, et
al., 10 May 2006).
• Basic In- Text Citation Rules
= In MLA style, referring to the words of others is
done by using what is known as “parenthetical
citation” (Stolley, Karl, et al., 10 May 2006).
= This method involves placing relevant source
of information in parenthesis after a quote or a
paraphrase.
= When using this format, no comma divides the
author’s name and page number of the material being
cited.
 General Guidelines……
There are two things you need to remember in the
parenthetical citation rules of MLA:
1. You need to know where the information came from
(Print, Web, Digital)
2. You need also to know the Works Cited page entry
(Russell, T., Angeli, E., Keek, R., Paiz, J.M., Purdue OWL
Staff (Retrieved 28 July 2014)
3. For print sources like books, magazines, scholarly
journal articles and newspapers, provide a signal or
phrase (usually author’s last name) and a page number.
If you provide the signal word/phrase in the sentence you
do not need to include it in the parenthetical citation
(Russell, T., Angeli, E., Keek, R., Paiz, J.M., Purdue OWL
Staff (Retrieved 28 July 2014).
Example: Human beings have been described by Kenneth
Burke as “symbol-using animals” (3).
Human beings have been described as “symbol-
using animals” (Burke 3).
 Citing Sources……..

4. For non-print, which includes electronic sources and the

web, they usually do not require parenthetical citation. Be
guided by the following guidelines, as given by the Purdue
University for MLA electronic citations:
a. Include in the text the first item that appears in the
Work Cited entry that corresponds to the citation (e.g.
author’s name, article name, website name, film
name).
b. You do not need to give paragraph numbers or page
numbers based on your Web browser’s print preview
function.
c. Unless you must list the Web site name in the signal
phrase in order to get the reader to the to the
appropriate entry, do not include URL’s in-text. Only
provide only provide partial URL’s such as when the
name of the site includes for example, a domain name
like CNN.com or Forbes.com as opposed to writing
http://www.cnn.com or http://www.forbes.com
 Citing sources…..

Example:
1.Burke, Kenneth. Language as
Symbolic Action: Essays on Life,
Literature, and Method. Berkerly: U of
California P, 1966. Print.
2. (Stolley, K. 10 May 2006): Works
Cited section for the Web.
3. Stolley, Karl, et al. “MLA Formatting
and Style Guide. “The OWL at Purdue.
10 May 2006. Purdue University Writing
Lab. 12 May 2006.
 Citing sources…..

3. Chicago Style
= The Chicago Style (CMS) is often used in the
disciplines of humanities, arts and social sciences.
= Those that are in the literature, history and the
arts, the Notes bibliography system is used.
= The Chicago Style provides the writers a
system for footnote or endnote citation through
bibliographic pages (Clements, J., Angeli, E.,
Schiller, K., Gooch, S. C., Pinkert, L., ant:d Brizee,
A., 03 April 2013).
= It also offers writers an outlet for commenting
on those cited sources
 Citing Sources……

Basic in-text citations format:

• Author (Date)/Fong (1995); or, to give a
concrete example:
• 1. Exposition, according to Fortez, et al
(1995), is one of the four basic forms of
communication, the three others are:
narration, description, and argumentation.
• Or
• 2. (Author, date)/(Fong, 1995)
• Exposition means explanation, simply an
exposing of information of ideas (Fortez, et
al., 19950.
 ACTIVITY

1. Make a Five Level Outline for

your chapter of Related
Literature.
2. Go to the library and look for
relevant materials for your
research topics.
3. Take notes using summary,
verbatim and paraphrase.
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