CITATION

WHAT IS A CITATION AND CITATION STYLE?

• A citation is a way of giving credit to individuals for their creative and

intellectual works that you utilized to support your research. It can also
be used to locate particular sources and combat plagiarism. Typically, a
citation can include the author's name, date, location of the publishing
company, journal title, or DOI (Digital Object Identifier).
• A citation style dictates the information necessary for a citation and
how the information is ordered, as well as punctuation and other
formatting.
HOW TO DO I CHOOSE A CITATION STYLE?

• There are many different ways of citing resources from your research.
The citation style sometimes depends on the academic discipline
involved. For example:
• APA (American Psychological Association) is used by Education,
Psychology, and Sciences
• MLA (Modern Language Association) style is used by the Humanities

• Chicago/Turabian style is generally used by Business, History, and the

Fine Arts
WHAT IS CHICAGO STYLE? WHY USE IT?

▪ The Chicago Manual of Style, also often called “Turabian Style”

▪ Chicago Style established in 1906
▪ Turabian created in 1937 when Kate L. Turabian assembled a guideline for students at the
University of Chicago
▪ Style provides guidelines for publication in some of the social sciences and natural & physical
sciences, but most commonly in the humanities—literature, history, and the arts
▪ Style lends consistency and makes texts more readable by those who assess or publish them
CHICAGO STYLE

▪ Chicago has two recommended styles or subtypes.

• Notes-Bibliography System
• Author-Date System
▪ The most common is Notes-Bibliography and this style uses either footnotes
or endnotes
• Footnotes, the most common, are printed at the bottom of the page
• Endnotes are a collected list at the end of the paper
• This style also includes a Bibliography page at the end of the paper that lists all references
in a format similar to the footnotes found within the paper
DOCUMENTING BOOKS

Model for Bibliography:

Author 1’s Last Name, First Name, Author 2’s First Name Last Name, and Author 3’s First Name Last
Name. Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. City: Publisher, Date of Publication.

Model for Note:

Note Number. Author 1’s First Name Last Name, Author 2’s First Name Last Name, and Author 3’s First
Name Last Name, Title of Book: Subtitle of Book (City: Publisher, Date of Publication), p#.

Example of Note:
3. Ash Williams and Raymond Knowby, The Powers of That Book (Wilmington, North Carolina: Necronohaus
Books, 1987), 22-25.
DOCUMENTING JOURNALS

Model for Bibliography:

Author 1’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Title of Periodical volume, number (Date of Publication):
XX-XX.

Model for Note:

Note Number. Author 1’s First Name Last Name, “Title of Article,” Title of Periodical volume, number (Date
of Publication): XX-XX.

Sample of Note:
1. Robert Koch Jr., “Building Connections Through Reflective Writing,” Academic Exchange Quarterly 10, no. 3
(2006): 208-213.
 DOCUMENTING ONLINE JOURNALS

Model for Bibliography:

Author’s Last name, Author’s First Name. “Title of Article,” Title of Journal
Volume, Number (Date of Publication): p##-##. doi: xx.xxxx/xxx.xxx.x.xxx.

• For articles with no DOI, include a stable URL.

Model for Note:

Note Number. Author’s First Name Last Name, “Title of Article: Subtitle,” Title of Periodical Volume, Number (Date of Publication): ##, doi:
xx.xxxx/xxx.xxx.x.xxx.

Sample of Note:
1. Minnie Mouse, “My Disney Success Beginning in 1950,” Life of Disney Quarterly 10, no. 7 (2001): 35, doi: 13.1112/thisismadeup.54362.
WHY SOURCE INTEGRATION?

▪ Quotations, paraphrases, and summaries

• provide support for claims or add credibility to your writing
• refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing
• give examples of several points of view on a subject
• call attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree with
• highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or passage by quoting the original
• distance yourself from the original by quoting it in order to cue readers that the
words are not your own
• expand the breadth or depth of your writing
CHOOSING TEXT TO INTEGRATE

1. Read the entire text, noting the key points and main
ideas.
2. Summarize in your own words what the single main idea
of the essay is.
3. Paraphrase important supporting points that come up in
the essay.
4. Consider any words, phrases, or brief passages that you
believe should be quoted directly.
USING FOOTNOTES IN TEXT

▪ When using Chicago footnotes, whenever a source is used in a paper, a footnote is inserted
to credit the source.
▪ Footnotes are shown in text as superscript numbers that relate to a numbered source at the
bottom of the page.
▪ The source at the bottom of the page includes much, if not all, of the original bibliographic
source information
▪ A simple rule:Who, What, Where,When, Which (pages)
• Authors’ First and Last Names, “Title” Title of Periodical, Owner, or Publisher (Date of Publication):
XX-XX (( page range))
 WHAT IS MLA
• MLA stands for the Modern Language Association. It is the principal
professional organization of language and literature scholars.
• As it focuses on language and literature, MLA is primarily the citation style
of the humanities.
 WHY DOCUMENT SOURCES IN MLA
FORMAT?
• To give credit where credit is due: avoid plagiarism
• To establish your credibility
• To ensure consistency within a discipline: readers know what to expect
• To give readers access to the sources you cite
HOW DOCUMENTATION
WORKS
• In-text citations refer to a full citation on a Works Cited page
• Works Cited pages give readers bibliographic information to locate sources
themselves
 MLA (8TH ED) CORE
ELEMENTS
1.Author 6.Number
2.Title of Source 7.Publisher
3.Title of Container 8.Publication Date
4.Other Contributors 9.Location
5.Version
 AUTHOR
• Previously, coauthors were only omitted if there were four or more authors
for a source.
• However, this now happens with three authors or more—where only the
first author is given followed by “et al.” This is for in-text citations only.

Works Cited:
Burdick, Anne, et al. Digital_Humanities. MIT P, 2012.

In Text Citation:
(Burdick et al. 42)
 CONTAINERS

• Containers are just a fancy way of saying whatever is

holding your source— whether that is a website, an
anthology, a journal, a book, etc.

Example:
Baron, Naomi S. “Redefining Reading: The Impact of Digital
Communication Media.” The Michigan Review, vol. 128,
no.1, Jan. 2013, pp. 193-200.
 OTHER CONTRIBUTORS
• This means anyone else who aided in the creation of the source
• This is where you put “translators” and “editors.”
• Editors, translators, edited by, review of, etc. are no longer abbreviated.

Example:
Chartier, Roger. TheOrderofBooks:Readers,Authors, andLibraries in Europe betweenthe
Fourteenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Translated by Lydia G. Cochrane, Stanford UP,
1994.
 NUMBER
• Number (or volume in some cases) is pretty straight forward, but it has
changed from the previous edition.
• Instead of putting “64.1,” for example, you’d write out “vol. 64, no. 1.”

Example:
Baron, Naomi S. “Redefining Reading: The Impact of Digital Communication
Media.” The Michigan Review, vol. 128, no.1, Jan. 2013, pp. 193-200.
 PUBLISHER
• Publisher simply means whatever company published the source being used.
• The main difference from before is that the city of publication is no longer
given.

Example:
Lessig, Lawrence. Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid Economy.
Penguin Press, 2008.
PUBLICATION DATE
• When a source does not have a date on it (like many online sources), it is
now okay to just give the date accessed.
• n.d. is no longer used. If a fact from the source is found from some external
place, then it is put in [square brackets]. Otherwise, the n.d. is omitted.

Example:
Hollmichel, Stefanie. “The Reading Brain: Differences between Digital and Print.”
Atlantic, 25 Apr. 2015, somanybooksblog.com/2015/04/25/the-reading-brain-
differences-between-digital-and-print/.
 LOCATION
• Location is just where to find the source—whether that’s a URL or a page
number.
• Unlike previous MLA, we are back to including the URL
• For page numbers, in the works cited entry, p. or pp. comes before the page
range. This however is not carried over into the in-text citation.
Example:
Baron, Naomi S. “Redefining Reading: The Impact of Digital Communication
Media.” The Michigan Review, vol. 128, no.1, Jan. 2013, pp. 193-200.
 CONTAINERS (CONT.)
• Some entries will have a “container one” and a “container two.” An example of this
would be a journal article that is in a journal and is found in a database. The journal
is container one, and the database it’s found in is container two.
• Container two comes AFTER the location in container one.
• When citing, the title of the container is generally italicized and is followed by a
comma. For example, for articles in journals, the journal is the container that holds
the article. Baron, Naomi S. "Redefining Reading: The Impact of Digital
Communications Media." PMLA, vol.
 IN-TEXT PARENTHETICAL
CITATIONS
• Use them to:
• Quote directly
• Summarize material
• Paraphrase material
• Quick Tip: Plagiarism is using someone’s words or ideas without giving the
source proper credit.
FORMATTING AN IN-TEXT PARENTHETICAL
CITATION

• There are two common ways of writing an in-text citation:

• Integrate the author’s name into the sentence itself
• Include the author’s name in a parenthetical citation at the end of the passage in which
you quote, summarize, or paraphrase the work.

In Text Citation examples:

In Run Rabbit Run, Rolo Tamasi argues that “patience is not a
virtue, but a curse” (185).
For some, “patience is not a virtue, but a curse” (Tamasi 185).