WRITING REFERENCES

LECTURE NOTES
ED 101: STUDY AND COMMUNICATION SKILLS
JULY/AUGUST 2019
RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL

LECTURER: MRS. ESTHER KANDUZA

Email: esther.kanduza@zaou.ac.zm
Mobile Phone: 0969200431/0955893951
 WRITING REFERENCES

Sources:

1. Study and Communication skills Modules

2. Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association, 6th edition, 2010.
3. Online Writing Lab (OWL).
4. APA materials from the internet
 WHAT IS APA?

• APA style – a set of specific rules (or

conventions) as stipulated by the American
Psychological Association.
 ELEMENTS OF THE APA

• These include, punctuation, standards, margin

depth, line spacing and heading format.
 WHAT ARE REFERENCES?

• Books and other materials written by other people

which are used in scholarly works are called
references.
• References come from materials: print and
electronic media.
• Print media: includes articles, books, technical
reports, proceedings of meetings, symposia, doctoral
dissertations, unpublished manuscripts, publications
of limited circulation, reviews and interviews.
 WHAT ARE REFERENCES?

• A List of references appears at the end of your

paper/essay.
• A list of references has the full details of the
publication you have used (cited) in your
essay, paper or report.
• ZAOU prefers that our students, in particular,
use the American Psychological Association
(APA) style of writing and referencing.
 PURPOSE OF THE REFERENCES LIST

1. Acknowledge and identify the source of

information.
2. Enable the reader to retrieve the original
author’s work, when needed.
 CITING REFERENCES

• Finally, remember that the whole purpose of

citing sources is to give readers the
information they need to locate the various
sources you have used in your paper.
 CITING REFERENCES (Cont.)

• Sometimes, a reader might simply want to

read the whole source to learn more about the
subject. Other times, a reader might want to
find more about the context of the quote—
perhaps to check that it really applies in the
context in which you have used it.
• In other cases, a reader might want to verify
that the writer actually said whatever it is you
quoted them as saying.
 CITING REFERENCES (Cont.)

• In all of these situations, the reader should be

able to find the original piece of writing based
on the information you have provided.
• If the information is incomplete—if, for
example, you omit crucial elements or put
them in the wrong order—you have done your
reader a disservice.
 THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A REFERENCE LIST
AND A BIBLIOGRAPHY
• A reference list contains only those works you
have cited in the text.
• A bibliography refers to all works consulted in
writing your assignment, essay paper or
research report.
 THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A REFERENCE LIST
AND A BIBLIOGRAPHY (Cont.)
• Reference list is about what you have actually
used (cited) in your assignment.
• Bibliography is everything you have read for
your assignment, even if you have not
mentioned anything in your assignment. It is
the overall list where you got your knowledge
from, whereas reference list contains what
you quoted or paraphrased.
 THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A REFERENCE LIST
AND A BIBLIOGRAPHY (Cont.)
• Include in references entry only those sources
that you cited in your paper and only those
that you actually consulted.
• Correct and relevant use of citations is a
fundamental tool in academic writing.
• Use APA for listing references as required
here at ZAOU.
 REFERENCE LIST

• The reference list contains only those works

that have been cited in the text.
• Each reference cited in the text must appear in
the reference list, and similarly each entry in
the reference must be cited in the text.
• Personal communications are not included in
the references list.
 REFERENCE LIST (Cont.)

• If you are using secondary sources but cited

both primary and secondary sources in the text,
only the work you actually consulted should be
included in the reference list.
• References should be listed alphabetically,
starting with the surname.
• Get the publishing details from the original
publication itself, not from a secondary source.
(Also see pp. 6-7 Western Sydney University)
 LISTING YOUR REFERENCES

• Page layout – start the reference list on a new

page at the end of your essay or research
report.
• Centre the word “References” at the top of
the page .

See example on page 5 – References (Western

Sydney University, 2015,2017).
 LISTING YOUR REFERENCES (Cont.)

• Double space between and within references.

For titles in reference lists, capitalize only the
first word, the first word after a colon or a
dash, and proper nouns. Titles of books and
periodicals should be italicized.
• Use the “author, publication” date method for
in-text references. Use the first word of the
title to alphabetize if your source does not
have an author.
 STYLES FOR WRITING REFERENCES

• There are different styles for writing references

which includes: Harvard, Kate Trubian and APA. The
Zambian Open University opted to use APA style.
• When writing references you should follow the
conventions (rules) to enter elements in references.
• Elements are parts of citation.
• APA is known as parenthetical referencing style in
that it includes extra information for further
explanation of ideas and views.
 ELEMENTS

The parts of each reference are called elements

and include:
• author,
• year of publishing,
• title of article, book, chapter etc.
• publisher,
 ELEMENTS (Cont.)

• commas,
• full stops,
• colons,
• Town of publication,
• volumes,
• issues, editors and editions.
• The order in which elements occur is
important and should be adhered to.
 QUESTIONS TO ASK YOURSELF

• Ask yourself such questions: What type of document am I

dealing with( book, journal, chapter in the book, edited
book)
• Who is the author / editor of the document?
• When was it published?
• What is the title of this document?
• Where was it published? (if a book)
• Who published it?
• If it is a journal check for volume, number and pages
Then include the relevant punctuations.
 ELEMENTS OF A REFERENCE TO A PERIODICAL

What is a periodical?
• A periodical is a publication that comes out at
a particular time. The regularity differs.
• Periodicals are journals, magazines,
newspapers and monographs.
• Pay particular attention to how periodicals are
cited. Examples are in the next slides.
• They differ based on the number of authors .
 ITALICS AND CAPITALISATION

• See Western Sydney University Resource p.4

 JOURNAL ARTICLE BY A SINGLE AUTHOR

• Akinpelu, J. (1984). Post literacy and vocational

training: Rural development and income generation
in Africa. International Review of Education, 30,
315-328.
Compare the above to the following and state the
differences and similarities.
• Ndongko, T.M., & Agu, A.A. (1985). The impact of
communication on the River State, Nigeria.
International Review of Education, 31, (2), 205-222.
 JOURNAL ARTICLE IN PRESS and MAGAZINE

Journal Article in the press

Corson, D.L., & Williamson, E.M.(in press).

Unlearning learned helplessness. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology.

In the text you can cite as (Corson & Williamson,

in press).
 JOURNAL ARTICLE IN PRESS and MAGAZINE

2. Magazine
• Gardner, H. (1981, December). Do babies sing
a universal song? Psychology Today, pp.70-76.
 NEWSPAPER ARTICLE, Letter to the editor

• O’Neill, G.W.(1982, January). In support of

DSM III. (Letter to the editor). APA Monitor,
p.4.
 MONOGRAGH

• See page 45 of the module ED101, and

practice how to enter the elements of a
monograph.
 ELEMENTS OF REFERENCE TO BOOKS

Elements of a reference to an entire book.

One author:
• Mtopa, A.M. (1989). Labour laws of Zambia.
Lusaka: Kenneth Kaunda Foundation.

What elements are included in this reference?

 ELEMENTS OF REFERENCE TO BOOKS

Elements of a reference to a book with an

edition number:
Struck, W., Jr., & White, E.B. (1979). The guide to
everything and then some more stuff. (3rd ed.). New
York, N. Y.: Macmillan.
 ELEMENTS OF REFERENCE TO BOOKS

A reference to a book with an edition number:

Gregory, G., & Parry, T. (2006). Designing brain-
compatible learning (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA:
Corwin.

Example 11 p. 46 of the module

 ELEMENTS OF REFERENCE TO BOOKS

Elements of a chapter to an edited book

Bown, L., & Tomori, S.H.D. (Eds.). (1979). A
handbook of adult education in West Africa.
New York: Hutchinson.

Example 12 p. 46 of the module

 ELEMENTS OF REFERENCE TO BOOKS

Elements of reference to a chapter in an edited

book
Bergquist, J. M. (1992). German Americans. In
J.D. Buenker & L.A. Ratner (Eds.),
Multiculturalism in United States: A comparative
guide to acculturation and ethnicity (pp. 53-76).
New York, NY: Greenwood.
 ELEMENTS OF REFERENCE TO BOOKS

• Often an editor will collect articles by various

authors and publish them together in a book
form. Alternatively, an editor will sometimes
outline a topic and ask different specialists to
write a section on each subtopic.
 ELEMENTS OF REFERENCE TO BOOKS

• Whatever the origin, a book that is written by

diverse authors is called an edited book, and
the individual sections are referred to as
chapters.
 ELEMENTS OF REFERENCE TO BOOKS

Activities on pages 43 and 47

Jumbled articles and books
 IN-TEXT CITATION

• When appropriate, and when it can be done

smoothly, sources may be cited directly within
the paper.
• Focuses on various details about referring to
the authors of your sources within your essay,
which can be difficult to do efficiently if the
source has more than one author or has an
unclear author (e.g. an organization).
 IN-TEXT CITATION (Cont.)

Importance of in-text citation

• Acknowledging the original source of information
you have used. If you do not do so then you are
plagiarising.
• Other readers will be able to locate the information
you have used, in case they also want to use the
original source.
• Citing should be done for both the quotes you have
used and paraphrases, findings, ideas or beliefs.
 IN-TEXT CITATION (Cont.)

General forms of in-text citations

• APA style requires the author-date system of
citation.
• Indicate in the text the surname of the author
or authors and year of publication.
• Two approaches to citations: placed either at
end of sentence or within the sentence.
 IN-TEXT CITATION (Cont.)

• Use the last author’s name – date format when

citing references in text.
• For example, Mwansa (1990); a recent study
(Mwansa, 1990) shows…
• Thus the author's last name and year of
publication for the source should appear in the
text.
• A complete list/entry should be at the end of the
essay/paper.
 IN-TEXT CITATION (Cont.)

• Work by two authors – name both authors in

the signal phrase or in parentheses each time
you cite the work.
• Use the word “and” between authors’ names
within the text and use the ampersand (&) in
the parentheses.
 IN-TEXT CITATION (Cont.)

• When using APA format, follow the author-

date method of in-text citation. This means
that the author's last name and the year of
publication for the source should appear in
the text, for example: (Jones, 1998), and a
complete reference should appear in the
reference list at the end of the paper.
 IN-TEXT CITATION (Cont.)

All sources that are cited in the text must appear

in the reference list at the end of the paper.
 IN-TEXT CITATION (Cont.)

• If you have three to five authors, the first time

you use them in the text cite all of them.
Subsequent listing should have the lead author
first and then “et al.” (and others) in the signal
phrase or in parentheses. Do not italicize et al.
• For example:
(Smith, Jones, Andrews, Baker, & Charles, 2001);
next citation, (Smith et al., 2001).
 IN-TEXT CITATION (cont.)

• Six or more authors – cite the lead authors’

name followed by et al. in the signal phrase or
parentheses.
• Corporate authors (organizations,
associations, government agencies).
Organizations or government agencies - Spell
out each time they appear for the first time in
the text citation. And abbreviate them
thereafter.
 IN-TEXT CITATION (Cont.)

• For example, United Nations (UN) and

abbreviated there after. Thus, according to
the United Nations [UN] 2010 (First citation).
Second citation (UN, 2010).
 IN-TEXT CITATION (cont.)

• No author – Unknown author – If the work has no

author, cite the source by its title in the signal
phrase or use the first few words in the parentheses.
• If the author is indicated as “anonymous” cite in the
text the word anonymous For example
(Anonymous, 1998).
• Titles of books and reports are italicized, titles of
articles, chapters, and web pages are in quotation
marks.
 IN-TEXT CITATION (cont.)

• Legal materials should be treated as works

without an author. Thus court cases, statutes
and legislation should be cited using the first
few words of reference and the year.
• Legal periodicals cite references in footnotes
• APA journals put references, including
references to legal materials in the reference
list.
 IN-TEXT CITATION (cont.)

Examples - Legal materials:

Court cases:
• Casey v Pennsylvania-America Water Co., 12
Pa. D. & C.4th 168 (C.P. Washington County
1991)

Statutes:
• Name of Act, Volume Source xxx (year).
 IN-TEXT CITATION (cont.)

• Otherwise, for the rest use APA format

• Law students should further consult the latest
edition of the Bluebook: A Uniform System of
Citation. This is the main source for the legal
citation style.
 IN-TEXT CITATION (cont.)

• Personal Communication: For interviews,

letters, e-mails, and other communication, cite
the communicators name, the fact that it was
personal communication and the date of the
communication.
• Example: M. Daka, personal communication, 6
December 2011.
• Personal communication is not to be included in
the reference list.
 IN-TEXT CITATION (cont.)

• Citing Indirect Sources – If you use a source

that is cited in another source, name the
original source in your signal phrase.
• List the secondary source in your reference list
and include secondary source in the
parentheses ( secondary source should be in
parentheses.
• Example: Mwanza argued that… (as cited in
Mulenga, 2009, p.20).
 IN-TEXT CITATION (cont.)

• NB: when citing material in parentheses, set

off citation with a comma. Also try to locate
the original and cite the original source.
 CITING SECONDARY SOURCES ( additional
information)
• Suppose you want to cite a source that you read about,
but you did not read the paper itself. The
• original paper (the one that you read about, but didn't
read yourself) is the primary source.
• The paper in which you read about that source is called
a secondary source.

• Try to read original sources. Why? Secondary sources

never represent the primary source completely, and
they may even misrepresent it.
 CITING SECONDARY SOURCES ( additional
information)
• If the primary source is not available, but you still
want to refer to it, then give both the primary
and secondary citations in the text, but cite only
the secondary source in the References.

• Suppose that you want to refer in the text to a

1989 study by Nguyen and Lee, which you read
about in a 1996 study by Becker and Seligman.
Use one of the following citation formats:
 CITING SECONDARY SOURCES ( additional
information)
• Nguyen and Lee (as cited in Becker & Seligman,
1996) found the opposite effect in children.
• An opposite effect was found in infants
(Nguyen & Lee, as cited in Becker & Seligman,
1996).
• Note: For either example, list only Becker and
Seligman (the source that you read) in the
references.
 IN-TEXT CITATION (cont.)

• Reprints - cite original publication date and

reprint date.
• Citing page numbers - after quotations For
example; Phiri observed that “women are
worse off than men in their poverty situation”
(p. 10). Or it was “observed that women are
worse off than men in their poverty situation”
(Phiri, p. 10).
 IN-TEXT CITATION (cont.)

• If citation is repeated in the same paragraph, then

omit the year.
• Citing multiple works by the same author, arrange
dates in order. If works by the same author were
done in the same year use letters to differentiate
multiple publications. Thus, (Phiri, 1988, 1989a,
1989b).
• Do not write: According to Phiri (2010) she states
that “…..”. Write “according to Phiri (2010), women
are worse off……..” (p. 10).
 IN-TEXT CITATION (cont.)

• Quotations: “ Materials reproduced word for

word from another author’s work or other
communication” (Burton, 2002, p. 107).
• Author, year of publication and specific page
number are given at the end of citation as
shown in the above quote.
• When paraphrased , no page number is
needed.
 IN-TEXT CITATION (cont.)

• Short quotations – less than 40 words

• These can be incorporated into the text,
enclosed in double quotation marks.
• Longer quotations – More than 40 words,
these are indented from the left (five spaces
or ½’’) and double spaced as a block quote
without quotation marks.
• See examples in the APA.
 REFERENCE WRITING USING ELECTRONIC
SYSTEM (See also UNIT 7)
Objectives:
At the end of this lesson you should be able to:
1. Retrieve reference materials from the
internet.
2. Write references using the APA electronic
style.
 REFERENCE WRITING USING ELECTRONIC
SYSTEM
Writing references from the electronic sources
• Earlier presentation guided you on how to
write references from print media.
• This presentation is an extension of the
knowledge and skills learnt so that you are
able to get and write references from
electronic sources.
 REFERENCE WRITING USING ELECTRONIC
SYSTEM
• Using electronic media is quickly becoming an
important source of information (From the
radio, television, CD ROMS and internet, ).
• Internet – International Network of
Computers.
• Computer gets connected to the browser.
• Information on the internet is through the
world wide web (www).
 REFERENCE WRITING USING ELECTRONIC
SYSTEM
• A computer is connected to the net using the
browsers: Nescape and internet explorer.
• These enable you to browse through the
documents.
• We use the world wide web (www) to
navigate and find information.
• Internet address – has a uniform resource
locater (URL) See page 50 in your module.
 REFERENCE WRITING USING ELECTRONIC
SYSTEM (cont.)
• Information available online, sometimes is in
original print (adobe’s PDF format).
• APA has also some basic elements to be
included.
• The difference is that at the end of the
reference, a retrieval statement is included
which indicates when and where you retrieved
the information and the name of the data base.
 REFERENCE WRITING USING ELECTRONIC
SYSTEM (cont.)
Search engines
• Looking for information entails searching for it
from the site using a search engine.
• Some of the search engines include:
• Google, yahoo, megallan, alta vista and ask
jeeves
See page 51 of your module
 REFERENCE WRITING USING ELECTRONIC
SYSTEM (cont.)
Evaluating Search Results
• Anyone can register .com, .net, .org domain
names.
• Not a great way to tell whether a source is
“credible”.
• .edu and .gov can only be used by educational
institutions and government institutions.
• Still not necessarily reliable.
 REFERENCE WRITING USING ELECTRONIC
SYSTEM (cont.)
Wikipedia articles
• Often one of the first results listed.
• Can be useful for getting an overview,
generating new ideas and pointing to other
sources.
• Scholars however do not respect this source.
So do not cite it.
 REFERENCE WRITING USING ELECTRONIC
SYSTEM (cont.)
Reference list:
• Follow similar guidelines as for printed articles
• Include all information the host line made
available, including an issue number in
parentheses.
 REFERENCE WRITING USING ELECTRONIC
SYSTEM (cont.)
• Effective August 2011, APA formatting for DOIs
(Digital Object Identifiers) has changed.
• Online materials can potentially modify URLs.
DOIs provide stable, long-lasting links for online
articles.
• Many publishers will provide DOI for articles on
the first page of the document.
• Note: Not all publishers are using DOI. So use of
the URL is acceptable.
 REFERENCE WRITING USING ELECTRONIC
SYSTEM (cont.)
Articles from online periodical – a publication that
is published in regular intervals for an indefinite
period of time.
• Examples include
• A Journal – a scholarly refereed publication
usually aimed at members of a professional
organization.
• Newspapers, conference proceedings,
newsletter.
 REFERENCE WRITING USING ELECTRONIC
SYSTEM (cont.)
• Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of
publication). Title of article. Title of Online
Periodical, volume number(issue number if
available). Retrieved from
http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
• Author, A.A. (Year of publication). Title of
work: Subtitle. Retrieved from
http://www.xxxxxx
 REFERENCE WRITING USING ELECTRONIC
SYSTEM (cont.)
• Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the
living Web. A list apart: For people who make
websites, 149. Retrieved from
http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving
 REFERENCE WRITING USING ELECTRONIC
SYSTEM (cont.)
Articles with a DOI or without a DOI
• Only journals, especially scholarly/research
and some books are given a DOI. Magazines,
newsletters and other online documents do
not have a DOI.
• If a DOI is not available use the periodical
home page web address (URL).
 REFERENCE WRITING USING ELECTRONIC
SYSTEM (cont.)
Article with a DOI
• Steps to follow
1. Check the first page of the article which
normally is in small prints near the journal
logo, copyright, or near author email address
2. If not an article, go to database
record/abstract (it may also be labeled DOI)
 REFERENCE WRITING USING ELECTRONIC
SYSTEM (cont.)
• If DOI does not appear on either article or in
the database do a search. You may use the
authors name or title of the article.
 JOURNAL ARTICLE WITH DOI (Additional
information)
• DOI stands for: Digital Identification Object
• Information obtained electronically or online,
DOI is used to identify the location of the
information.
• DOI is a stable location unlike the URL.
 JOURNAL ARTICLE WITH DOI (Additional
information)
• Paivo, A. (1975). Perceptual comparisons
through the mind’s eye. Memory & Cognition,
3, 635-647. doi:10. 1037/0278-
6133.24.2.225

• When a DOI is available, no further retrieval

information is needed to locate the content.
JOURNAL ARTICLE WITHOUT DOI (additional information)

• Becker, L. J., & Seligman, C. (1981). Welcome

to the energy crisis. Journal of Social Issues,
37(2), 1-7.
JOURNAL ARTICLE WITHOUT DOI (additional information)

• Hamfi, A.G. (1981). The funny nature of dogs.

E-journal of Applied Psychology, 2(2), 38- 40,.
Retrieved from
http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/fdo
 REFERENCE WRITING USING ELECTRONIC
SYSTEM (cont.)
• Article From an Online Periodical with DOI
Assigned
• Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of
publication). Title of article. Title of Journal,
volume number, page range.
doi:0000000/000000000000
 REFERENCE WRITING USING ELECTRONIC
SYSTEM (cont.)
• Newspaper Article
• Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of
article. Title of Newspaper. Retrieved from
http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
• Parker-Pope, T. (2008, May 6). Psychiatry
handbook linked to drug industry. The New
York Times. Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com
 REFERENCE WRITING USING ELECTRONIC
SYSTEM (cont.)
• Electronic Books
• May include books found on personal websites,
databases, or even in audio form. The format that
follows can be used if the book is only provided
in a digital format or is difficult to find in print.
• If the work is not directly available online or
must be purchased, use "Available from," rather
than "Retrieved from," and point readers to
where they can find it.
 REFERENCE WRITING USING ELECTRONIC
SYSTEM (cont.)
• For books available in print form and
electronic form, include the publishing date in
parentheses after the author's name.
 REFERENCE WRITING USING ELECTRONIC
SYSTEM (cont.)
• De Huff, E. W. (n.d.). Taytay’s tales: Traditional
Pueblo Indian tales. Retrieved from
http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/dehuff/t
aytay/
taytay.html
• Davis, J. (n.d.). Familiar birdsongs of the
Northwest. Available from
http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=1-
9780931686108-0
 REFERENCE WRITING USING ELECTRONIC
SYSTEM (Cont.)
• Chapter/Section of a Web document or Online Book
Chapter
• Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of
article. In Title of book or larger document (chapter or
section number). Retrieved from
http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
• Engelshcall, R. S. (1997). Module mod_rewrite: URL
Rewriting Engine. In Apache HTTP Server Version 1.3
Documentation (Apache modules). Retrieved from
http://httpd.apache.org/docs/1.3/mod/mod_rewrite.html
 REFERENCE WRITING USING ELECTRONIC
SYSTEM (Cont.)
• Peckinpaugh, J. (2003). Change in the Nineties.
In J. S. Bough and G. B. DuBois (Eds.), A
century of growth in America. Retrieved from
GoldStar database.
• NOTE: Use a chapter or section identifier and
provide a URL that links directly to the chapter
section, not the home page of the Web site.
 REFERENCE WRITING USING ELECTRONIC
SYSTEM (Cont.)
Article From an Online Periodical with no DOI Assigned
• Online scholarly journal articles without a DOI require the URL of
the journal home page.
• One goal of citations is to provide your readers with enough
information to find the article; providing the journal home page
aids readers in this process.
• Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article.
Title of Journal, volume number. Retrieved from
http://www.journalhomepage.com/full/url/
• Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human
rights. Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 8. Retrieved from
http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html
 REFERENCE WRITING USING ELECTRONIC
SYSTEM (Cont.)
• Article From a Database
• Please note: According to APA, it is not
necessary to include database information in
citations because databases change over time.
 REFERENCE WRITING USING ELECTRONIC
SYSTEM (Cont.)
• Referencing a print article obtained from an online database,
e.g. from a database in the library, provide correct print
citation information.
• This should be formatted just like a "normal" print citation
would be for that type of work. When such information is
made available, others are able to retrieve the print version
if they do not have access to the database from which you
retrieved the article.
• Include the item number or accession number in parentheses
at the end, but the APA manual says that this is not required.
 REFERENCE WRITING USING ELECTRONIC
SYSTEM (Cont.)
• Articles that are easily located, there is no
need to provide database information. Only
provide for those that cannot be located.
• Smyth, A. M., Parker, A. L., & Pease, D. L.
(2002). A study of enjoyment of peas. Journal
of Abnormal Eating, 8(3), 120-125.
 3 ACADEMIC INTEGRITY

• We expect you to meet high standards of

academic integrity.
• Therefore you are required to acknowledge
ideas and findings of other authors. Do not
present them as your own work.
 ACADEMIC INTEGRITY (cont.)

• Academic integrity is undermined in two ways:

1. Plagiarism
2. Collusion

Plagiarism – “using someone else’s ideas or

published words in your own work without
acknowledging their source” (Burton, 2002, p
.9).
 ACADEMIC INTEGRITY (cont.)

• Examples of plagiarism:
1. When you copy work from another author
and consider it yours. In academic circles this
is a very serious offence
2. Lifting passages – cutting and pasting etc.
 ACADEMIC INTEGRITY (cont.)

• Collusion
• “When you collaborate with others to produce
written material that is not your own,
individual work” (Burton, 2002, p .11).

• NB – Lecturers will guide you on font and size.

APA recommends Times New Roman in 12pt
 ACTIVITY
Jumbled exercises
• In groups do the exercise on page 47.

END