RESEARCH 201
1. Finding relevant materials
LITERATURE
-Is the process of compiling, classifying,
and evaluating what other researchers have
written on a certain topic.
-serves with the following purposes:
•It helps in placing the work beingreviewed in
its context.
•It describes the relationship of each work to
the research being undertaken.
•It identifies new ways to interpret and shed
light on various gaps based on previous
researches.
•It helps in solving conflicts among seemingly
contradictory previous studies.
•It identifies the areas that are subject to a
prior study to prevent duplication of efforts.
•It points to another research undertaken.
TYPES OF READING
• Elementary reading
-This is the most common kind of reading. It
consist merely of the recognition of letters and
basic sounds and literal comprehension of
sentences.​
• Systematic skimming/reading
-The reader must establish a system through
which he or she can maximize time in
searching for pertinent or relevant literature.​
• Analytical reading
-The reader asks questions to understand the
article such as:​
⦾ What is the book or article all about?​
⦾ What is being said in detail and how?​
⦾ What of it?​
The reader takes time to understand every
detail of the piece.
• Comparative reading
-This is the highest level of reading which
requires the reader to place​what he or she is
currently reading in relation to other materials
he or she has previously read. ​
-This type of reading helps the reader identify
the similarities and differences between two or
more articles in terms of their variables and
propositions. ​
STEPS in Reviewing Literature
-It is the researcher’s priority to enrich his or
her work by reading literatures containing
important data related to the research problem
in order to fully comprehend the variables
being studied.
2. Selecting credible sources
-References come in different sorts and
shapes. The researcher should keep in mind
that critical evaluation of sources is crucial to
the credibility of one’s research.
-When evaluating the credibility of sources, it is
important to ask the following (Perfecto,
Paterno. & Pison, 2011.):
⦾ Who published it?
⦾ Who wrote it?
⦾ For whom is it written?
⦾ Is the information current?
⦾ Does the author provide his or her sources?
⦾ What type of publication is it?
⦾ How is it reviewed?
⦾ Is there any bias?
2.1 Hierarchy of sources
-The following is the arrangement of the
different types of library sources from the least
authoritative (general), down to the most
authoritative (specialized):
1. General encyclopedia
2. General Interest magazines and
newspapers
3. Specialized magazines
4. Reference materials
5. Government documents
6. Vertical files
7. Theses/dissertations
8. Scholarly books
9. Academic journals
3. Actual reading
-After the preselection process, the researcher
must thoroughly critique the contents of the
materials.
-Some of examples of questions to ask are as
follows:
a. What variables are mentioned?
b. What are the Characteristics or descriptions
of the variables?
c. What relationship exists between the
variables based on the information
given?
d. How can the information provided in this
material be of use to my research?
4. Note taking
-One of the characteristics of a good
researcher is being systematic. The researcher
must establish a system of note-taking to save
time and effort. He or she must take notes,
putting only the important data in his or her
own words.
STRATEGIES in Reviewing Literature
> Previewing
-It is the process of reading to get the general
idea of the things to look for in the text.
Systematic skimming is done here.
> Highlighting
It is done by marking the text to identify key
details and to note the relationship among
ideas.
-In using highlighting symbols, one should take
note of the following:
A. The important ideas are underlined.
B. Words, phrases, or images that need
further analysis should be boxed.
C. Question marks are written beside
confusing passages, unfamiliar
references, or words that need to be
defined.
D. Related words, ideas, or images are
encircled. Lines can be drawn to show
their connection
E. Incidents that occur in sequence are
numbered.
F. Key portions of the text should be set
off with a vertical line in the margin.
G. Stars are placed beside particularly
important ideas.
> Annotating
-This pertains to the recording of the reader’s
reaction as marginal notes
-It is important to distinguish essential versus
nonessential ideas and details in the text.
Details that lead to the main idea are essential,
while details that are not become nonessential.
-Always note that the main idea in the
paragraph is important to know, as supporting
details play a part in carefully understanding
the details.
> Actual reading
-The following are guidelines on how to
annotate while and after reading (New
Hampshire School Administrative Unit #53,
n.d.):
While Reading:
a. Ask Questions
b. React to what you read
c. Give an opinion
d. Locate important passages
e. Make Connections
f. Define new words
g. Track Themes
After Reading:
a. Give a title to the chapters or article sections
b. Summarize the material read
c. Respond to the reading itself
d. Make a prediction
DIFFERENT STYLES OF WRITING
-In research writing, there are many
different style guides that are allowed by
researchers.
The three most common styles followed at
present are the following:
•Modern Language Association (MLA) Style
-The MLA style evolved from a three-page
style sheet created in 1931 for PMLA, the
journal of the Modern Language Association of
America. The style further developed as the
association published a booklet about it in
1951 and a handbook in 1977. Eventually,
MLA style became a universally accepted
guide for writing and publishing papers on
language, literature, liberal arts, and other
fields of Humanities.
•American Psychological Association (APA)
Style
-The APA developed its own uniform style of
formatting written works. Originally, the
resulting style book was provided to their
associates as a guide for composing scientific
publications, articles, handbooks, journals, and
the like for the organization. It was in 1929
when the original APA style guidelines were
featured in a magazine write-up. The APA style
is commonly used in the Social Sciences,
Philosophy, Education, and Economics.
Because of the practicality it brings and the
relatively popular usage, many institutions
prescribe the use of APA style as the standard
for writing research papers.
•Chicago or Turabian Style
-The University of Chicago Press manages the
standards and rules for the Chicago Style. The
University of Chicago Press produced the
original Chicago Style Manual in 1906.
-The Turabian Style and Chicago Style are of
the same style because they have identical but
slightly refined rules. The two styles are nearly
similar that professors often refer to them in
combination. Turabian Style permits the use of
footnotes for citing sources, which splits it from
other styles on writing formal papers. While
Chicago Style typically less formal papers and
not designed for publication.
RESEARCH FORMAT
RESEARCH FRAMEWORK
-It as a “set of ideas that provide support to
something”.
-In research, it serves as the building
blocks for the foundation of research.
Types of research framework:
Theoretical Framework
-describes the theories relevant to the
research problem and the position the
researcher takes in the study.
Elements of a Theoretical Framework
●Relevant Theories
These are theories that are partially or fully
relevant to the present study and are
discussed to provide a basis for the variables
being tested. The following parts should be
mentioned:
1. Name/s of the author/s
2. Title/s of their theory/ies
3. Theoretical statement or principles
4. Explanation of theoritcal statement
5. Relationship of the theory to the present
study
●Review of Related Literature
These are published materials (books,
encyclopedias, published journals, newspaper,
magazines, etc) that compare the study with
existing knowledge on the research topic.
●Review of Related Studies
These include the theses or dissertations on
research topics carrying the same variables. In
writing a review of a related study, the
following data must be indicated:
1. The name of the author, the date, and the
setting of the study.
2. The title
3. The salient findings, which are the most
important "ingredientsh to include since the
discussion of the variables and their
relationship/s will be based on them.
●Paradigm of the sutdy
It is a diagrammatic presentation of the study
used to visually summarize the whole study.
FORMULATING THE THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL
Theories:
1. Examine your thesis title and research
problem
2. Brainstorm about what is considered as the
key variables in the research
3. Review related literature and studies
4. List the constructs and variables
5. Review key theories
6. Discuss the assumptions or propositions
Conceptual Framework
-Derived from a combination of theories or
parts of theories
Ipo (INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT) Model
RELATED LITERATURE
also called “Conceptual Literature”
-Clarifies the different variables being studied.
-It removes vagueness surrounding the central
concepts of the research. Therefore, it is very
important to identify your variables before
writing your review of literature.
-The related literature examines facts and
principles from other resources that are related
to the present study.
-As the literature is gathered, the different
major variables, as well as the sub-variables,
are clarified and the delimitation of the study is
established.
-The indicators for each variables are identified
and objectively established.
Types of Variables:
1. Major Variable
-The central idea of the entire literature.
2. Sub-Variables
-Helps specify which particular aspect of the
major is being referred to.
3. Indicators
-Specific information that describes the
sub-variables.
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF A LITERATURE
REVIEW
- Literature Review serves as an in-depth
summary of the literatures related to the study.
It does not only restate facts but rather critique
and highlight their relevance to the research.
Several elements should be observed in
writing this section:
✔ Overview of the subject or topic, issues or
theories to be considered
✔ Division of work such as those that support
a particular position, those against, and those
that offer other ideas
✔ Explanation of the comparison of the
gathered literature
✔ Conclusion and the best arguments
STAGES IN WRITING THE LITERATURE
REVIEW
1. Problem Formulation. The researcher must
determine the research problem before the
review of literature is conducted to fully
understand the variables considered in the
study.
2. Literature Search. Any reading material that
is related to the study must include a
discussion and explanation of at least one
of the variables.
3. Date Evaluation. The indicators that are
synthesized from various relevant sources
must further build the researcher’s
confidence as the variables of his or her study
are made clear.
4. Analysis and interpretation. Breaking the
entire reading article into smaller parts will help
the researcher correctly interpret the
information in the reviewed materials.
FORMAT OF A LITERATURE REVIEW
The Introduction
The literature review is not merely a
restatement of facts. Thus, the
organization of thought should be duly
considered when writing:
a)The general problem and variable should be
defined.
b)Every important data should be highlighted
to effectively discuss the problem or the
variables such as theory, methodology,
evidences, conclusions and even gaps.
are pertinent and relevant.
c)The criteria in selecting the literature should
be considered to assess which resources
The Body
Your body should contain the following:
a) Chosen approaches, conclusion of authors,
specific objectives, and the
link should be included.
b) Studies and Literature should be
summarized. In choosing the literature,
the following should be considered:
i.Credibility. This refers to the author’s
credentials and the empirical basis of the
article
or literature.
ii.Objectivity. This refers to the rationality of
every data or facts cited.
iii.Persuasiveness. This refers to the degree of
credibility of the data.
iv. Value. This refers to the degree of the
contribution of the literature to clarify variables
The Conclusion
a) Major Contributions of the studies or articles
should be summarized.
b)Current developments and new information
should be evaluated.
c)The review should be concluded by relating
the gathered data to the central
theme or problem.
SAMPLE STRUCTURES IN ORGANIZING
THE CONTENTS OF YOUR RRL
Thematic
-involves organizing and synthesizing the
existing literature based on recurring themes
or topics rather than a chronological or
methodological sequence.
When do you opt for a thematic structure?
• Broad Research Questions
• Interdisciplinary Research
• Emerging Research Areas
• Complex Issues
Chronological
The main focus in a chronological literature
review is to trace the development of studies,
debates or theories in your subject area, and
to identify how a central ‘problem’ or
question(s) has been dealt with over a period
of time. Doing so will help you to present and
explain the need for your research at this point
in time of the research evolution, and how it
extends the studies and debates to date.
When do you opt for a Chronological
structure?
• If your study provides an overview of the
sequential development of a certain topic, or
aspect of the topic at hand. This overview
allows a broader understanding of the field.
Methodological
-This framework focuses on how the author(s)
or the person(s) administering a study applied
similar methods as another study. As a result,
the types of literature in a literature review
materials
When do you opt for a Methodological
structure?
•Can be helpful when evaluating the strengths
and limitations of different approaches
especially comparing methods.
RELATED STUDIES
-It serves as the basis of the analysis of results
because it allows the researchers to compare
and contrast his or her findings with those of
past studies.
-It provides an insight into the methods through
which the validity of the results is to be
established. It also serves as the basis of the
interpretation of results by allowing the
researcher to compare and contrast the
findings of previous studies.
-Studies are considered related to one another
if they have the following similarities:
• They use the same major variables,
sub-variables, concepts or construct.
• They have the same subject.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In writing a review of a related study, the
following data must indicated:
1.Name of the author, the date, and the
setting of the study
2.The title
3.The salient findings, which are the most
important “ingredient” to include since the
discussion of the variables and their
relationship/s will be based on them

By JC Rebollido