Learning from Others

and Reviewing the

Literature
In the end this lesson, learners will
• Select relevant literature for their study
• Cite the related literature using standard style
• Synthesize information from relevant literature
• Follow ethical standards in writing related literature
• Write a coherent literature review or Chapter 2
“Review of Related Literature and Studies
 *what has not been done
Literature Review *what needs to be done

• A critical analysis of existing research in your field

• Highlights both the strengths and weaknesses of existing research
• It is a process and an outcome
Research
Critical engagement Gap
Appears in the
with relevant final draft of
research on your your research
field paper
Reasons for Conducting Literature
Review
• Provides a context for the research
• With your research gap, it justifies the research problem
• Explores ways that others have solved similar research
questions/problems
• Enable the researcher to learn from the previous theory on
the subject
Sources of Information
• Primary Sources: original thinking, reports, etc. experience by the
author or writer.
Examples: diaries, interviews, letters, research articles, case studies, clinical
reports

• Secondary Sources: restatement of the original sources of

information; involves describing, analyzing or explaining the primary
source.
Examples: journals, books, newspaper, magazine, online articles
Literature Review
Process
Select Identify the key term
a Topic
Locate,
Select Locate literature and studies in the library or on the internet
and
Choose
Evaluate the literature following this criteria:
Analyze, -author’s expertise and credibility, publisher, accuracy, currency,
Evaluate, coverage and point of view
and
Interpret Ways on organizing the Literature Review:
1. Chronological of Events
Organize 2. By publication
the 3. Thematic or Conceptual categories
Literature 4. Methodological
Write a
Literature
Use the statement of the problem as the guide to structure the
Review
sequence of topics or perhaps the title (key variables)
Writing Literature Review
• Thematic Literature Review: grouping and discussing sources in terms
of themes, theoretical concepts and topics.
• Defining theories, constructs, categories or themes that are important in your
study
• The sequence of the concepts or themes should be from broad to specific.

• After thematic literature review, write a Synthesis: integration of the

different literature/studies into a new whole or conclusion.
Identification of research gap is also written in the synthesis.
Example of writing a Synthesis:
Many studies claim that student motivation among tertiary students
increases when the tasks are meaningful (Bandura, 1997; Craft , 2005).
Moreover, meaningful work contributes to a student’s confidence (Seifert,
2004) and persistence of a task (Bandura, 1997).
Given the importance of meaningful learning in increasing student
motivation and task persistence (Rogers, 2000; Seifert, 2004), it is
important to provide relevant and practical teaching to college students.
However, Notes (2004) said that the learning process is more enjoyable
when the task is important to the learning. Thus, college students take
both the learning process and the outcome of into consideration.
Though, many researchers enumerated the benefits of meaningful work
to students in general, existing literature does not explore the benefits of
meaningful works to secondary level or to the senior high school students
specifically.
Ethical Standard in Writing
Literature Review
• Plagiarism: the use of another person’s ideas, processes, results or
words without giving appropriate credit.

• Blatant Plagiarism: an act of a researcher or writer to deceive the readers

into believing that he or she is totally the originator of the content.

• Technical Plagiarism: a researcher or writer fails to follow accepted method

of using and revealing sources.
 How to Avoid Plagiarism
• Citing a Source: showing within the research output the words, ideas, etc.
took from others
• Citations: consist of standard elements, and contain all the information necessary to
identify and track down publication:
• Author’s name
• Title of the books, articles, journals
• Date of Publication
• Page Numbers
• Volume and Issue numbers (for articles)

• Forms of Citation:
• In-Text Citation: requires the writer to cite the details of the reference used in a certain
part of his/her essay/article/research output.
• Reference Citation: refers to the complete bibliographic entries of all references used
by the writer
 Standard Styles in Citing Related
Literature
• American Psychological Association (APA): is frequently used in the
discipline of business, economics, hotel and restaurant management,
psychology, education, and other fields under the social science

• Modern Language Association (MLA): is used in arts, humanities and

literature

• Chicago/Turabian Style: non-academic periodicals (newspapers and

magazines), reference books
Writing Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
and Studies
• Identify themes, concepts, categories or topics in your study (you may refer to
your title, or statement of the problem) and discuss each identified themes,
concepts, categories or topics.
• Arrange the themes/concepts from general to specific.
• After describing/discussing each theme/concept, write a synthesis of related
literature and studies.
• In writing synthesis, look for research gap. Research gap justifies your research
problem.
• End your Chapter 2 with the identified research gap/problem which will be
addressed by your study
• Use APA Referencing Style 6th Edition.
• Take note: Your Literature Review must have at least 10 sources.
Do the following:
• Instructions: Using the abstract of the study on the next slide, please
do:
1. a summary with In-text Citation (5 points)
2. a paraphrase with In-Text Citation (5 points)
3. quote and provide in-text citation (5 points)
4. reference list (5 points)

Article (PDF Available) in Computers in Human Behavior 59(C):374-379 · June

2016 with 123,763 Reads
DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.036
Researcher: Tugberk Kaya & Huseyin Bicen
Retrieved from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295010160_The_effects_of_social_media_on_students'_behavior
s_Facebook_as_a_case_study
 The Effects of Facebook on Students’ Behaviors
Social networks are one of the most used communication methods of
today's world. Their use in different fields has been examined in several
research studies. This study aims to examine the effects of social media on
student's behaviors which will mainly focus on Facebook. Whether there is a
positive relationship between confidence, social media participation and social
media related behaviors will also be assed with regard to using Facebook. In
order to collect the primary data, a general scanning model was used to
observe attitudes of high school students. The participants chosen were 362
high school students from level 9 to 12. The findings highlight that Facebook is
used for communication entertainment and sharing news, pictures and songs.
In addition, their Facebook profile picture is alone and students were aware
that swearing is considered a form of misconduct, which is a good sign. The
study also indicates that students were aware of protecting their social identity
as their Facebook shares are not public. Furthermore, they respect privacy as
they do not use their friend's Facebook account.