Review of Related Literature and Studies

It is necessary for you to review information, facts, data available, or theories that have some relationship with your hypothesis which
you posed on your stated problem or research question.

What is Literature Review?

- A literature review is an integrated analysis and synthesis of scholarly articles related to the topics or issues of your study.
- Books, journal, magazine, novel, poetry, yearbook, encyclopedia
- The purpose of writing literature review is to let your reader have a full understanding of your study.

Related Studies

The review of related studies is equally important to the review of related literature. Published and Unpublished research studies such as
thesis, dissertation, and research proceedings are sources of materials that are included in this section. Related studies are segregated into foreign
and local studies.

What/Where and How to Find Information

1. List down important variables that is needed in your study and theories that can generate your hypothesis.
2. Relationship between variables and investigative questions stated.
3. The population you want to include in your study.
4. Know how to write citations.
5. Review and synthesis those findings that support or reject your hypothesis or research or questions.
6. Use online computers to search information.
7. Synthesize the reviewed literature.

Functions of Review of Related Literature and Studies

1. To provide justification.
2. To identify the gaps, problems and needs.
3. To provide rationale of the study as well as the reasons of conducting the study.
4. To have basis that will be used to support findings of the study.

Characteristics of the Materials Cited

Sarno (2010) enumerated the different characteristics of the literature and studies to be cited in the present study:

1. The materials must be as recent as possible, may be 5 years back.

2. Materials must be as objective and unbiased as possible.
3. Materials must be relevant to study.
4. Coherence principle must be observed in writing literature review.

Citation Style Guide

Reference is an important part of the research paper. It must be consistent and easy to read across different papers.

There are predefined styles stating how to set them out – these are called citation styles. Different subjects prefer to use different styles.
Referencing is a method used to demonstrate to the readers that you have conducted a thorough and appropriate literature search, and reading.

1) APA (American Psychological Association)

- Author/date-based style
- Used in USA
2) MLA (Modern Language Association)
- Applied in Arts and Humanities
3) Harvard
- Very similar to APA
- Used in UK and Australia
- Used in Humanities
4) Vancouver
- Used in Media and Scientific Papers
5) Chicago and Turabian
- Used for History and Economics

1. APA (American Psychological Association).

- Originated in a 1929 article published in Psychological Bullet in that laid out the basic guidelines.
- This means emphasis is placed on the author and the date pf a piece of work to uniquely identify it.

Why is APA Format important in Social Sciences especially for research?

- By using APA Format, Researchers and students are able to communicate information about their ideas and experiments in a consistent
format.

In-text Citation

The University of Waikato (in Hamilton, New Zealand) released handout on how to use APA reference format.

Direct quotation- use quotation marks around the quote and include page numbers.

Samovar and Porter (1997) point out that “language involves attaching meaning to symbols”
(p. 188). Alternatively, “Language involves attaching meaning to symbols” (Samovar & Porter, 1997, p.188)
Indirect quotation/paraphrasing- no quotation marks

Attaching meaning to symbols is considered to be then origin of written language (Samovar & Porter, 1997).

Bibliography and Sources of information

Bibliography- A part of a book or a research paper wherein we List of all the published work used in research project (books, chapters, journal
articles, government reports, thesis, etc.)

Appendices- used to detail any document/artifact relevant to the research but not detailed in the body of the research.

- Supplementary (extra information) material usually attached at the end of a piece of writing.
- Placed after the bibliography.

Examples are pictures, images, graphs, charts, maps, diagrams, biographies, etc. (Separate like Appendix A, Appendix B, Appendix C)

NEW SLIDE

Sources of information

• Primary Sources- containing firsthand information or those that have not been edited such as transcripts and translations. (Autobiography,
Letters, Archival Data, Memoir/Diaries, Research Data, Video, Photo, Oral History)
1. It provides raw data (source of data) that have not yet been subjective to interpretations.
2. Written by someone who witnessed the situation event.
3. It is more on narrative form of writing without bias.
4. It is assumed to be more credible and accurate information.
5. It makes the researcher trustworthy, reliable, and credible.
6. Inaccessible.
7. Easy to interpret and understand the context of the text.
• Secondary Sources- those that have been checked for accuracy and proofread by other parties. (websites, presentations, lectures, journal
articles, newspaper, indexes, databases, etc.)
1. It is ready-made interpretations of data.
2. Written by someone who had no direct involvement and not a witness of the situation/event.
3. It is more on argumentative form of writing.
4. It is assumed to be less credible and reliable.
5. It makes the researcher untrustworthy, not reliable and credible.
6. Accessible.
7. Hard to interpret and understand the context of the text.

Citations/References

The following are the three (3) terms used to express appreciation for people’s ownership of borrowed ideas (Sharp 2012).

1. Acknowledgement- beginning portion of the work that identifies individuals who have contributed something to produce the paper.
2. References/Bibliography- a complete list of all reading materials including books, journals, periodicals, etc.
3. Citation/In-text Citation- references within the main body of the text, specifically in Review of Related Literature.
Example of in-text citation:
Growing up to be a teenager is not only difficult (Smith, 2014), but also complicated.

Purpose of Citation

1. To give importance and respect to other people for what they know about the field.
2. To give authority, validity, and credibility to other people’s claims, conclusions, and arguments.
3. To prove your broad and extensive reading of authentic and relevant materials about your topic.
4. To help readers find/contact the sources of ideas easily.
5. To permit readers to check the accuracy of your work.
6. To save yourself from plagiarism.

Styles of Citation

1. Integral Citation- referring to the author whose ideas appear in your work.
- You do this by using active verbs like claim, assert, state, etc. to report the author’s ideas.
• These are part of the sentence grammar (they may be subjects, objects, or part of the prepositional phrases etc.)
• Only the date is enclosed in parentheses.
• They can come various positions in the sentence.
• They can imply the writer’s stance on source of information.

Example:
One study by Manalo (2015) reveals…
According to Abad et.al (2015) context is…
A.P.A
The latest work by (Lee, 2015) asserts…

One study by (Manalo 70)

According to (Abad et.al.: 54)
The latest work by (Lee 123) M.L.A

2. Non-integral Citation- reflects the author’s personal inclinations to a certain extent.

• These are not part of the sentence grammar (they are not subjects, objects, complements, etc.)
• They are fully enclosed in parentheses.
 • They come at the end of clauses or at the end of sentences.
Example:
a. The Code of Ethics for Intercultural Competence give four ways by which people from different cultural background can
harmoniously relate themselves with one another. (Dela Cruz, 2015)
b. Knowledge is one component of not only Systematic Functional Grammar but Intercultural competence as well. It is the
driving force beyond any successful collaborative activities to develop interpersonal relationships and communicative
competence. (Smith, 2015)

Non-integral citations are Integral citations are part

not part of the sentence of the sentence (they are
(they are not integrated integrated into the
into the sentence). sentence).

Population growth effects Weeks (2013) shows that

are dependent on societal population growth
structures. (Weeks, 2013) effects are dependent on
societal structures.

Patterns of Citation

1. Summary. The citation in this case is a shortened version of the original text that is expressed in your own language.
2. Paraphrase. You explain what the text means to you using your own words.
3. Short Direct Quotation. Only a part of the author’s sentence, the whole sentence, or several sentences, not exceeding 40 words, is what
you can quote or repeat in writing through this citation pattern.

Example:
Context is influenced by these four factors: “language, culture, institutions, and ideologies.” (Aranda, 2015, p.8)
4. Long Direct Quotation. This citation pattern makes you copy the author’s exact words numbering from 40 up to 100 words. Under the
APA, the limit is eight lines. Placed at the center of the page with no identification, the copied lines look like they compose a stanza or a
poem.

Example:
The latest study by (Hizon, 2015) reveals the social nature of language. Stressing this nature of language, he says:

Language features result from the way people use language to meet their social needs. In their interaction, they use
language to describe, compare, agree, explain, disagree, and so on. Each language function requires a certain set of language features like
nouns for naming, adjectives for comparing, verbs for agreeing, prepositions for directing, and conjunctions for connecting ideas. (p. 38)

5. Tense of the verbs for reporting. Active verbs are effective words to use in reporting authors’ ideas. Present their ideas in any of these
tenses: present, simple past, or present perfect tense. The APA system, however, prefers the use of present perfect tense.
Examples:
Present tense – Marcos explains…
Past tense - Marcos explained…
Present perfect tense - Marcos has explained…

Research Ethics

Plagiarism

- It is most recognized and one of the most serious violations of the contract between the reader and the writer.
- It is using someone else’s work or ideas and passing them off as your own.
- Traditionally defined as taking of words, images, ideas, etc. from an author and presenting them as one’s own.

Plagiarism can take many forms.

There are two major types in scholarly writing:

• Plagiarism of ideas and

• Plagiarism of text.

Responsible authorship practices are an important part of research.

Theoretical Framework in a study is based on an existing theory (e.g., a theory of motivation). The conceptual framework, on the other hand, is
something you can develop yourself based on this theory and the researcher’s understanding of how the variables in the study connect with one
another. (Regoniel, 2015)