REVIEW OF

RELATED
LITERATURE AND
STUDIES
 Hello! I’m...
Divine Grace Macapagal
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 Table of contents

01. 02.
Characteristics of Literature
Introduction to Review of Review
Related Literature and Studies

03. 04.
Thematic Literature Review Technical Writing Guidelines
 01.
Introduction to
Review of Related
Literature and
Studies
What is meant by the
term literature?

refers to a collection of published

information/materials on a particular
area of research or topic, such as
books and journal articles of
academic value.
 What is meant by the
term review?
A literature review includes a
critical evaluation of the
material; this is why it is
called a literature review
rather than a literature
report.
RELATED LITERATURE

RELATED STUDIES
 Related Literature

is a comprehensive summary of previous research

on a topic. The literature review surveys scholarly
articles, books, and other sources relevant to a
particular area of research. 

Related literature is composed of discussions of facts

and principles to which the present study is related 
 Related Studies

related studies are studies, inquiries or

investigations already conducted to which the
present proposed study is related or has
similarity.
Importance, Purposes, and Functions of Related Literature and Studies

1. Reviewed literature and studies serve as a foundation of

the proposed study.
2. They help the investigator understand his topic for
research better.
3. They ensure that there will be no duplication of other
studies.
4. They help and guide the researcher in locating more
sources of related information.
 Importance, Purposes, and Functions of Related Literature and Studies

5. They help and guide the researcher in making his research design especially
in:
a. the formulation of specific questions to be researched on;
b. the formulation of assumptions and hypotheses if there should be any;
c. the formulation of conceptual framework;
d. the selection and application of the methods of research;
e. the selection and application of sampling techniques;
f. the selection and/or preparation and validation of research instruments for
gathering data;
g. the selection and application of statistical procedures;
h. The analysis, organization, presentation, and interpretation of data;
i. The making of the summary of implications for the whole study;
j. The formulation of the summary of findings, conclusions, and
Importance, Purposes, and Functions of Related Literature and Studies

6. They help and guide the researcher in making comparison

between his findings of other researchers on similar studies
with the end in view of formulating generalization or
principles which are the contributions of the study to fund
of knowledge.
 02.
Characteristics of
literature reviews
Characteristics of literature reviews

• 10 years back only.

• Thematic in presentation.
• The researcher “weaves” a story from his readings about the
topic.
• The researcher may make an outline to follow in order that
the thematic presentation is logical and sensible.
• Cross referencing is advised to avoid repetitions of ideas and
authors.
• References for literature and studies are properly/correctly
cited.
• Thesis shall have 15-25 references and dissertations shall
have 30-60 references.
The Thematic Literature Review
This method of data organization is based on grouping different
literature sources by their topic and theoretical concept in order by
their relevance and importance.
It also requires you to include the explanation of why certain sources
are linked to each other, which is usually done with a relevant title
in every category. There is no one specific rule for choosing the
right sequence. However, it would be wise to place the categories in
a sequence starting from the most significant (broad) ones to those
that are more specific to keep it clear and understandable.
Good writing in a literature review
The following information is an example of good
writing in a literature review because:

• it integrates the research of various authors

• it shows similarities and differences of ideas
• it shows wide reading
• it shows analysis and critical evaluation of what the
student has read.
During the past decade, many researchers have shown
interest in motivation. Their findings are
reported here. Smith (2009) developed a model
investigation conducted on (the next paragraph
describes Smith's model)... Jones 2010 asserts
that... (the following paragraph says what Jones
asserted)... Hoey (2008) makes a clear
distinction between... (the following paragraph
states what Hoey says)
 03
Literature Review
Structure
 Literature Review Structure

Body

Introduction Conclusion
 Introduction - profile of the study
• Define or identify the general topic to provide the context for
reviewing the literature
• Outline why the topic is important
• Identify overall trends in what has been published about the
topic
• Identify conflicts in theory, methodology, evidence, and
conclusions
• Identify gaps in research and scholarship
• Explain the criteria to be used in analyzing and comparing the
literature
• Describe the organization of the review (the sequence)
• If necessary, state why certain literature is or is not included
(scope)
Body - summative, comparative, and evaluative
discussion of literature reviewed
• organize the review into paragraphs that present themes
and identify trends relevant to your topic
• each paragraph should deal with a different theme - you
need to synthesize several of your readings into each
paragraph in such a way that there is a clear connection
between the sources
• don't try to list all the materials you have identified in your
literature search
Conclusion
• summarize the main agreements and disagreements
in the literature
• summarize the general conclusions that have been
drawn
• establish where your own research fits in the context
of the existing literature
 04
Technical Writing
Guidelines
Technical Writing
Guidelines
TYPESCRIPT STANDARDS

1. Paper
• White paper
• High quality preferably 20 bound
• 8.5 by 11 inches in size
2. Margins
• Top, bottom and right side – 1 inch
• Left side – 1.5 inch
3. Font
• New roman or new courier with 12 font size
Technical Writing
Guidelines
PAGING
1. USE Arabic numbers. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and
so on.
2. Put in the upper right corner.
3. Hide numbers in the chapter page.
4. Prefatory pages are not included(title page,
letter of transmittal, table of contents,
abstract. They are numbered as I, ii, iii, iv,
v and so on.
Title page is included but number I is hidden.
Technical Writing Guidelines

TONE
1. The words used – words are direct and technical for the topic studied,
but defined for better understanding of the reader.
2. There no adjectives used, except that which is based on supporting
data gathered in the conduct of the study:
Example : Majority of the boys are tall with 95% of them having
heights ranging from 6 feet to 6 feet and 7 inches.
3. Use 3rd person, may be singular or plural.
Example: The researcher, the group
Technical Writing Guidelines
TONE

4. Sentences are direct to the point and in the active form.

Example:
Teachers conducted a pilot study addressing the validity of the TAKS
exam.
Similarly, teachers (subject) clearly took the action (conducted) in this
sentence.

Not like this…..

The study on nursing and turnover was conducted by Rogers (2016)
Technical Writing Guidelines
TONE

5. Avoid using words like maybe, perhaps, hopefully. Your

study was conducted correctly and scientifically so that
the results are valid and reliable.
6. Avoid sweeping statements. Adjectives are always based
on data.
7. A research report is a technical report, do not use I, we,
my and ours.
Technical Writing Guidelines
TONE

8. Writing of the research paper considers the following:

a. Use complete sentence that focuses on one thought.

b. Sentences are direct to the point. Avoid empty words.
Example: Cortez (2009) in her study found out
that……………….
c. It directly, Cortez (2009) found out that…
• Do not use contractions like can’t for cannot,
didn’t for did not or generally accepted shortcuts
for certain words like exam instead of
examination or ref instead of refrigerator and
math instead of Mathematics. Use the complete
form of the words.
• The abstract and Chapter 1 and 2 are in the past
tense. Discussions of tables in Chapter 3 are in the
present tense.
Technical Writing Guidelines
TONE

f. Capitalize nouns that are followed by numbers or

letters that denote a specific place in a number
series.
Example: Table 1, Figure 3
g. Related literature and studies should be carefully
chosen to those that really have bearing or are
related to the study.
 Technical Writing Guidelines
TONE

9. Use of number

a. Numbers below ten are spelled out except

when it is used as a value of certain
characteristics.
Example: 6 years, Grade 1, 4 feet, 3 inches 8
calories and 5 watts.

b. Numbers at the beginning of the sentences are

spelled out.

c. Values of means and percentages are

expressed up to two decimal places.
Technical Writing Guidelines
TONE

10. Use of citations – a researcher with credibility

and integrity acknowledges ideas taken from
somebody else. Proper acknowledgement may be
given as follows:
a. ……. according to Licup (2004), organizational
culture…….
b. Cuaresma (2003) said that emotional quotient……
Technical Writing Guidelines
TONE

11. References
a. acknowledge the person and the complete information
from where the ideas were taken.
b. The APA style is used but modified to suit the school
requirements.
c. Authors are arranged alphabetically in continuous list.
d. Single space within each reference and double space
between references.
Technical Writing Guidelines
TONE

Sample format:

Last Name, First Name. Year of Publication. Title.

8 spaces publication. Publishing company. Place of publication.

Double space

Last Name, First name………

Tompkins, Gail.2008. Literacy for the 21st Century. (3rd Ed.).

New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
Technical Writing Guidelines

Example

Tompkins, Gail.2008. Literacy for the 21st Century. (3rd

Ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.

Galang, Teresita T.,et al. 2007. Pagbasa at Pagsulat

tungo sa Pananaliksik. Rex Bookstore: Manila Philippines.
Technical Writing Guidelines
12. Internet references from blogs and Wikipedia are not allowed.
• In acknowledging internet sources, use the author’s name and follow same
format.
• At the end of the citation write the website from where it was taken , “retrieved
from…… (write the website), date of retrieval.
• If without authors. Cite the organization or group that published the article and
add at the end the website.
• If there is no organization use the tittle of the article, follow same format of
references, and add website at the end. Internet.

Philippine Statistics Authority. (2017). One in Every Ten Filipinos Aged 6

to 24 Years is an Out of School Child and Youth. Retrieved from https://
psa.gov.ph/content/one-every-ten-filipinos-aged-6-24years-
out-school-child-and-youth. Retrieved on August 25, 2020.
 Technical Writing Guidelines
13. Internet sources are incorporated in the list of references,
alphabetically arranged.
14. For aesthetic sense, justify the manuscript so that right
side ends in a straight lines.
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!
“ This is a quote. Words full of wisdom
that someone important said and can
make the reader get inspired

”
—Someone Famous
 Analysis and synthesis

Mercury
Mercury is the closest planet to
the Sun and the smallest one in
the Solar System—it’s only a bit
larger than the Moon
Venus
Venus has a beautiful name and is
the second planet from the Sun.
It’s hot and it has a poisonous
atmosphere
 Example of analysis and synthesis

Venus Jupiter
Venus has a beautiful Jupiter is a gas giant and
name and is the second the biggest planet in the
planet from the Sun Solar System

Mars Saturn
Despite being red, Mars is Saturn is composed
actually a cold place. It’s mostly of hydrogen
full of iron oxide dust and helium
A picture always reinforces
the concept
Images reveal large amounts of data, so
remember: use an image instead of a long
text. Your audience will appreciate it
 A timeline always works well

01. 02. 03. 04.

Jupiter Venus Mercury Neptune

It’s the biggest It’s the second It’s the closest It’s the farthest
planet of them all planet from the Sun planet to the Sun planet from the Sun
AWESOME
WORDS
 150,000
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
 Thanks!
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