VOLCANOES

Kaye Makilan

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SIGN S OF IMPENDING
VOLCANIC ERUPTION
Kaye Makilan

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An increase in
the frequency
and intensity of
felt earthquakes

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Noticeable
steaming or
fumarolic activity
and new or
enlarged areas of
hot ground.
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Subtle swelling
of the ground
surface.

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Small changes
in heat flow.

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Changes in the
composition or
relative
abundances of
fumarolic gases.
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VOLCANIC ERUPTION
RELATED HAZARDS

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 LAHAR
• A lahar is a hot or cold mixture of
water and rock fragments that
flow quickly down the slopes of a
volcano.

• They move up to 40 miles per hour

through valleys and stream
channels, extending more than 50
miles from the volcano

• can be extremely destructive and

are more deadly than lava flows.
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 ASH FALL
• Ash falls are arguably the most
disruptive volcanic hazard because
of their ability to affect large areas
and to impact a wide range of
assets, even at relatively small
thicknesses

• Volcanic ash is a mixture of rock, mineral,

and glass particles expelled from a volcano
during a volcanic eruption. The particles are
very small—less than 2 millimeters in
diameter. They tend to be pitted and full of
holes, which gives them a low density

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 PYROCLASTIC
FLOW
• are the most deadly of all volcanic
hazards and are produced as a result of
certain explosive eruptions

• can flow downhill away from an

eruption at speeds of up to 450
mph—and temperatures are as hot as
1000 degrees C

• Can reach 10-15km or even 100km

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 BALLISTIC
PROJECTILE
• are fragments of solid (blocks) or
fluid (bombs) material ejected
during the range of magmatic or
phreatic (steam) explosive
eruptions. They are centimeters
to tens of meters in diameter and
follow near-parabolic trajectories
separate from the main eruption
column.

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 VOLCANIC
GLASSES
• is the amorphous
(uncrystallized)
product of rapidly
cooling magma. Like
all types of glass

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LAVA FLOW
•A cascade of lava
down a slope or cliff.

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