COLLEGES OF PANIQUI FOUNDATION, INC.

Burgos St. Pob. Norte, Paniqui, Tarlac

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Module 3 (4 weeks)

Lesson overview:

This module discusses the topics that will help you develop the ability to formulate research problems
by providing discussions and activities such as designing a research project related to daily life; writing a
research title; provides the justifications/reasons for conducting the research; states research question; indicates
scope and delimitation of research; cites benefits and beneficiaries of research and presentation of a well-
written statement of the problem.

At the end of this end of this module, you will be able to:

a. distinguish a good research topic from a bad one.

b. characterize a researchable topic.
c. narrow down a general topic into a smaller one; and
d. choose a good research topic.

e. formulate correct research questions;

f. write the introduction of research topic according to accepted standards
g. indicate the scope and delimitation of research proposal
h. cite the benefits and beneficiaries of research
i. Identify the terms that will be used in a study and define the terms operationally.

References:

Book: Qualitative Research

Author: Jeannette Castuera-Fabian

Book: Practical Research

Author: Esther Baraceros

Prepared by:
Marilou D. Bautista
Subject Teacher

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 Approved by:
Mrs. Eros B. Estrada
SHS Principal

Criteria In Selecting, Citing And Synthesizing Related Literature

Writing the Review of Related Literature and Studies

 The RRL should be done as early as the conceptualization of the research topic.
 This section shall be organized thematically; therefore, the subheadings will be based on the
themes/topics.
 All the literature and studies included in the review shall have been published or written ate least 10
years before the conduct of the current study
 The minimum number of literature and studies to be reviewed for Senior High School shall be pegged at
minimum of 15.
 The author-date method of citation requires that the surname of the author and the year of publication be
inserted in the text at the appropriate point.
 Do not forget the bibliographical data of the reviewed literature and studies that include the author, the
title, the name of the publication and the date and place of the publication.
 The use of connecting words like “on the other hand, agrees, substantiates, upholds, corroborates, backs
up, supports, confirms, emphasizes, nevertheless, similarly, however, refutes, contests, contradicts,
validates further, insists, stresses, underlines, highlights, underscores, etc. These terms may be used to
establish continuity and underscore the similarities and differences.
 You may also do a synthesis of the reviewed literature and studies.

What is a Literature Review?

A literature review provides an overview of what has been written about a specific topic. The review of literature
includes practically all the information and data which are authoritative and relevant to the topic of the study as in the
case of research and similar undertakings.

Why do a Literature Review?

Literature reviews may be great way to help you come up with enriching your research idea. There are also
means of ensuring that your idea/s has not been researched on by someone else. Hence, there is a need to conduct a
literature review.

Kinds of Literature Review

1. Traditional. Also referred to as narrative literature review, it provides a quick overview of current studies. It
helps explain why your study is important in the context of the literature and can also help you identify areas that
need further research.
2. Integrative. This review synthesizes findings from different approaches.
3. Syntactic. This review synthesizes high quality empirical information to answer a given research question.
4. Scoping. This review involves a broad research question that explores the current evidence base (Armstrong,
Hall, Doyle & Waters, 2011).

Characteristics of a Good Literature Review

1. Materials must be as recent as possible.

2. Materials must be as objective and unbiased as possible.
3. Materials must be relevant to the study.
4. Materials must not be too few but not too many.

Types of Sources

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 1. Primary sources – Findings are communicated by the authors directly to the readers. Most materials under this
type are journals which were usually published monthly, quarterly or bi-annually.
2. Secondary sources – publications in which authors describe the work of others (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2008).
Textbook is a familiar example of this type. Other examples used are encyclopedias, research reviews, and
yearbooks.

CITING RELATED LITERATURE USING STANDARD STYLE

Varied Sources that can be used for doing an RRL

1. Books. A collection of books that provides information about a certain topic.

2. Magazines. A popular work published periodically (weekly, monthly, etc.)
3. Newspaper. A periodical publication containing news, events, interview, and opinion article.
4. Computer. A collection of electronic materials that provides information about a certain topic
5. Journal. A scholarly work published periodically containing highly classified research.
6. Film. A motion picture or movie. It can be fictional, documentary or even YouTube videos.

Categories of Sources

1. Documents. Includes written or printed materials that have been produced in some form or another such as
annual reports, books, artwork, cartoons circulars records, diaries, notebooks etc.
2. Numerical records. They may be considered as a separate type of source in and of themselves or as a
subcategory of documents.
3. Oral statements. These may include stories, myths, tales, legends chants, songs, and other forms of oral
expression. These materials leave a record for future generations.
4. Relics. These are formal types of historical sources

Referencing Styles

 APA is an author/date-based style. This means emphasis is placed on the author and the date of a piece of work
to uniquely identify it.
 MLA is most often applied in the arts and humanities, particularly in the USA.
 HARVARD is very similar to APA. It is the most well used referencing style in the UK and Australia, and it is
encouraged for use with the humanities.
 CHICAGO AND TURABIAN are separate styles but very familiar. They are also widely used for history and
economics.

Ways of Citing Related Literature

1. By author or writer.
Example: According to Felipe (2015)
2. By topic
Example: It as ben found out that………………. (Felipe, 2015)
3. By Chronology – according to the year, the literatures were written, usually from earliest to the latest.

The APA style has been the most preferred style in citing literature and studies and in completing the list references.
Following is a set of guidelines as they have recommended:

1. List is a single alphabetical list all references cited.

2. Follow this format in listing references: Author’s surname, the title, year of publication, publishing company (or
internet source). Indent the second and succeeding lines for two or more lines of a citation.
3. To cite an electronic document, follow this time:
Name of author(s), year of date of the publication, title of the document, title of website, date you accessed the
site. Example:

Frederiksen, Linda and Sue F. Phelps. Literature reviews for education and nursing graduate students (2014).
Retrieved from https://press.rebus.community/litearturereviewsedunursing/chapter/chapte-7-
syntheszing-sources.com. September 16, 2018

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 4. Include all the name of all the authors except when the authors numbers 8 or more. Write the names of the author
as they appear in the source document. Do not rearrange.
5. Only the first word of the titles and subtitles of journal articles, book parts and book titles are capitalized.
Example for number 4 & 5:

Mimmie Caludine Ngum Chi Watts, Pranee Liamputtong and Celia Mcmichael (2015). Early motherhood: a
qualitative study exploring the experiences of African Australian tennage mothers in greater
Melbourne, Australia (2015). Retrieved fom https://www.researchgate.net. on September 16, 2018.

6. Journal titles are given maximum capitalization and italicized when typed.

ETHICAL STANDARDS IN WRITING

Ethical Issues in Citing Related Literature Studies

The main ethical issue in writing related literature and studies not giving appropriate credit when using other
people’s word or idea. This is referred to as Plagiarism. Plagiarism is the act of taking another person’s words or ideas
and presenting them as your own. It can also involve failing to give credit for words or ideas that you use. It is an act of
fraud. If you are using at least four (4) word from an author, simply cite your sources and simply acknowledge that
certain materials have been borrowed and provide your readers with the information necessary to find the source.

SYNTHESIZING INFORMATION FROM RELEVANT LITERATURE

A Synthesis is a discussion that draws on one or more sources. Your ability to infer relationships, among sources
such as essays, articles, fiction and also non-written sources such as lectures, interviews, and observations will be helpful
in synthesizing information taken from your review of literature. Synthesis refers to the bringing together of materials
from different sources, and the creation of an integrated whole.

Techniques for Writing a Synthesis

1. Summary. It is a simplest way of organizing a synthesis. Here, you write one after the other the most
relevant information and sources you gathered.
2. Example or Illustration. It is a reference to a particularly illuminating example or illustration that you have
been included in your review.
3. Two (or more) Reasons – this approach can be an effective method by simply stating your thesis, then give
reasons why it is true. Your reasons need to be supported by evidence from your data and sources.
4. Comparison and Contrast. These techniques will lead to examining two subjects or data in terms of one
another. Comparison considers similarities while contrast highlights differences.