CHAPTER 4: REVIEW OF

RELATED LITERATURE
B Y: H A Z E L M A R I A N N E L . M A R I A N O
 LITERATURE REVIEW:
DEFINITION
R E V I E W O F R E L AT E D L I T E R AT U R E
 LITERATURE REVIEW

• An examination on what has already

been written about the topic.
• A collection of published research about
the topic by scholars and researchers.
• A way to examine what has already
been done in regard to the research
problem.
 LITERATURE REVIEW

• A summary and synthesis of research

driven by a guiding concept.
• Provides a background for your problem
and a rationale for your research.
• It is not a research paper.
 LITERATURE REVIEW

• It is the effective evaluation of selected

documents on a research topic. A
review may form an essential part of
the research process or may constitute
a research project in itself.
WHY RESEARCHERS DO A
LITERATURE REVIEW?
R E V I E W O F R E L AT E D L I T E R AT U R E
 WHY RESEARCHERS REVIEW?

• To get a guidance on a topic

• To establish a solid background on the

topic

• To see what areas of research exist

 WHY RESEARCHERS REVIEW?

• To investigate researchable hypotheses.

• To collect authoritative data on the

topic

• To find new avenues for research

direction.
 HOW TO CITE RELATED
LITERATURE?
R E V I E W O F R E L AT E D L I T E R AT U R E
 STANDARD TEXT CITATION
FORMATS
• APA Style gives prominence to the date
of publication. In-text citations use the
author’s last name and the date,
separated by a comma
 STANDARD TEXT CITATION
FORMATS
• Two authors. Always use both names
every time they are referred to in the
text. Use the ampersand (&) to connect
the names in the parentheses, but spell
out “and” in the running text.
 STANDARD TEXT CITATION
FORMATS
• Example:
(Parker & Mokhesi – Parker, 1998)
Parker and Mokhesi – Parker (1998) in
examining institutional design…
 STANDARD TEXT CITATION
FORMATS
• Three to five authors. Cite all the
authors in text the first time a reference
occurs; in subsequent citations, include
only the first author followed by et al.
 STANDARD TEXT CITATION
FORMATS
• Example:
(Author A, Author B, Author C & Author
D, 2001)
Author A et al., (2001) claimed…
 STANDARD TEXT CITATION
FORMATS
• Six or more authors. Cite in text only
the surname of the first author followed
by et al. and the year for the first and
subsequent citations.
 STANDARD TEXT CITATION
FORMATS
• Example:
(Mariano et al., 2001)
Mariano et al., (2001) stated…
 STANDARD TEXT CITATION
FORMATS
• Group or corporate authors. Use the
name of the body in the citation.

Example: (World Bank, 2008)

 STANDARD TEXT CITATION
FORMATS
• Unknown author. Use the first few
words of the title as the reference in the
text.

Example:
(“Structuring Lawmaking”, 2004)
 STANDARD TEXT CITATION
FORMATS
• Author is listed as “Anonymous”.
Use it as if it were the author’s name.

Example: (Anonymous, 2012)

 STANDARD TEXT CITATION
FORMATS
• When paraphrasing. APA style does
not require page numbers in the in –
text citation. However, authors are
encouraged to include page numbers if
it will help the reader locate the
relevant information in longer texts.
 STANDARD TEXT CITATION
FORMATS
• If the reference is to an exact
quotation. The author, year and page
number must be included. The page
number can be given in parentheses at
the end of the exact quotation or
incorporated into the in-text citation.
 STANDARD TEXT CITATION
FORMATS
• Newman (1994) concluded “sibling
conflict is common that its occurrence
is taken for granted” (p. 123).
• Such findings have prompted one
researcher to conclude, “Sibling conflict
is common that its occurrence is taken
for granted” (Newman, 1994, p. 123).
 STANDARD TEXT CITATION
FORMATS
• For exact quotations from sources
without page numbers. Use
paragraph numbers if available. If the
paragraphs are not numbered, but
there are headings, use the heading
name and count the number of
paragraphs after the heading to the
paragraph containing the quotation.
 STANDARD TEXT CITATION
FORMATS
Example:
(Smith, 2003, para. 1)
(Greene, 2003, Discussion, para. 4)
 STANDARD TEXT CITATION
FORMATS
• For citations taken from secondary
sources. Include the secondary source
in the reference list and mention the
original work in the text.
 STANDARD TEXT CITATION
FORMATS
• Example:
Goldman and Goodman’s study (as cited
in Linerbarger, 2001) found…
FOUR MAIN FUNCTIONS OF
LITERATURE REVIEW
R E V I E W O F R E L AT E D L I T E R AT U R E
 FOUR MAIN FUNCTIONS

• It demonstrates the underlying

assumptions behind the general
research questions.

• It demonstrates that the researcher is

knowledgeable about related research
and theory.
 FOUR MAIN FUNCTIONS

• It shows that the researcher has

identified some gaps in existing work
on the topic, or has singled out some
element of existing work that s/he
would like to develop or build on.
• It helps the researcher refine and
redefine the research questions.
MAIN PROCESSES INVOLVED IN
LITERATURE REVIEW
R E V I E W O F R E L AT E D L I T E R AT U R E
 PROCESSES INVOLVED

• Find out what is known in the topic.

• Critically evaluate what is known.

• Examine similar work that addresses

the issues being addressed.
 PROCESSES INVOLVED

• Identify gaps in what is known and

show how the research conducted fill
those gaps.

• Identify elements to build on.

• Explain why the research is worth

doing.
WRITING THE LITERATURE
REVIEW
R E V I E W O F R E L AT E D L I T E R AT U R E
 WRITING THE REVIEW

• The text of the review should be

brief and to the point. To ensure
brevity and conciseness, you have to
summarize or paraphrase important
points. Avoid direct quotation of the
author’s ideas or the results of the
studies you reviewed.
 WRITING THE REVIEW

• Have a plan on how you are to

present the review. Prepare an
outline before finally writing the review.
This will ensure coherence and unity of
ideas to be presented.
 WRITING THE REVIEW

• Emphasize relatedness. Keep the

reader aware of the manner in which
the literature you are discussing is
related to your problem. Try to point out
precisely what that relationship is.
 WRITING THE REVIEW

• Review the literature; don’t

reproduce it. Refrain from copying
verbatim what authors say. Critically
review and discuss the literature in
relation to your research work.
WAYS OF PRESENTING THE
LITERATURE REVIEW
R E V I E W O F R E L AT E D L I T E R AT U R E
 CHRONOLOGICAL APPROACH

• Literature and studies are presented

according to the year when they were
written.

• Outline: Introduction, Recent Literature

and Studies, Least Recent Literature
and Studies, Synthesis of the Review
 THEMATIC APPROACH

• Literature and studies with the same

findings or themes are grouped
together.

• Outline: Introduction, Literature and

Studies on Variable 1, Literature and
Studies on Variable 2, Synthesis of the
Review.
 COUNTRY OF ORIGIN APPROACH

• Literature and studies are categorized

by the country where they came from.
In most higher institutions in the
Philippines, this is popularly used.

• Outline: Introduction, Foreign Literature

and Studies, Local Literature and
Studies, Synthesis of the Review.
 PRESENTING THE REVIEW

• It is in the introduction, where you have

to make your reader aware of how you
are going to present the reviewed
literature and studies.

• It is in the synthesis of the review,

where you have to specify the
uniqueness of your study.
 GOOD VS BAD
LITERATURE REVIEW
R E V I E W O F R E L AT E D L I T E R AT U R E
 GOOD LITERATURE REVIEW

• is a synthesis of available research

• is a critical evaluation
• has appropriate breadth and depth
• has clarity and conciseness
• uses rigorous and consistent methods
 GOOD LITERATURE REVIEW

• an annotated bibliography
• confined description
• narrow and shallow
• confusing and longwinded
• constructed in an arbitrary way