Faculty of Language Studies

Harvard Referencing Style

EL122 – Writing Research
Ms. Layla Saeed
 Outline

Referencing

How to create a reference list

In-text citations

Direct quotation
 Outline

Book
• (Single, 2, 3, multiple authors, different editions).
• Edited book/chapter in an edited book/ebook.

Journal Article
• Journal article (print/online with page numbers
• Online journal article with no page numbers

Web Page
• Web page with/without the author
• Web page with no date of publication

Other sources
• (YouTube video/ Video or DVD/ TV program)
 Referencing

• Academic writing relies on more than just the ideas and experience of one author. It also
uses the ideas and research of other sources: books, articles, websites, etc.
• Referencing is used to tell the reader where ideas from other sources have been used in an
assignment.

• There are many reasons why it is important to reference sources correctly:

• It shows the reader that you can find and use sources to create a solid argument.
• It properly credits the originators of ideas, theories, and research findings.
• It shows the reader how your argument relates to the big picture.
 How to Create a Reference List

• A reference list contains details of all sources cited in text.

• A reference list is arranged alphabetically by author.
• If an item has no author, it is cited by title, and included in the alphabetical list using the
first significant word of the title.
• A reference list is generally placed at the end of a work.
• Commas are used to separate each item of the reference/citation.
• If you have more than one item with the same author, list the items chronologically,
starting with the earliest publication.
• For electronic sources, use angle brackets (<>) to isolate the web address/URL from the
rest of the reference.
How to Create a Reference List

References
 In-text Citations

• In-text citations usually require the name of the author(s) and the year of publication in
parentheses;
e.g. (Jones 2017)

• If the author's name is included within the sentence, only the date (and page reference if
appropriate) is included in parentheses
• It is best placed directly after the author's name.
e.g. Taylor (2015) claimed that…

• A page number is included if you have a direct quote, paraphrase a passage or you want to
direct the reader to a specific page or pages.
• When including a page number, place a comma after the year and use the abbreviations p.
(for a single page reference) and pp. (for multiple pages);
e.g. (Smith 2016, p. 105) or (Harris 2013, pp. 131-132)
 In-text Citations

• Place the in-text citation at the end of a sentence, before the concluding punctuation;
e.g. ... ‘anxiety about the cultural effects of globalization’ (Smith 2016, p. 105).
• Or, if the citation refers to only part of a sentence, place it at the end of the clause or phrase
to which it relates;
e.g. This was not the case prior to 1974 (James 2001), however ....

• If there is no date provided for a source, the abbreviation n.d. may be used;
e.g. (Jones n.d.) or (Brown n.d., pp. 49-50)

• Separate multiple citations by a semi-colon;

e.g. (Brown n.d., pp. 49-50; Smith 2016, p. 105)
 Direct Quotation and Examples

• A direct quotation reproduces word-for-word material directly quoted from another

author’s work, or from your own previously-published work.
• If the quotation is fewer than 30 words, incorporate it into a paragraph and enclose the
quotation in single quotation marks.
• Use double quotation marks for a quote within a quote (see examples below).
eg. (short quotation):
Perlman writes that 'the need or striving for a sense of control is generally
considered to be healthy' (2005, p. 41).
 Direct Quotation and Examples

• If the quotation comprises 30 or more words, display it in an indented, freestanding block

of text (set in a smaller type), without quotation marks.
• At the end of a block quotation, cite the quoted source and the page number in parentheses,
after the final punctuation mark.
eg. (long quotation):
Francois Weil has charted the ways in which genealogy began as a “private quest for
pedigree” amongst status-seeking settlers in colonial America until the late eighteenth century,
becoming increasingly egalitarian and more widely practiced among the middle class and free
African Americans from the antebellum era. (Evans & Clarke 2017, p. 169)

• For a direct quotation, provide the author, year, and specific page number(s) for that
source.
• For material without page numbers, give the paragraph number. Include complete
bibliographic details in the reference list.
 Books

• Single author
• Two authors
• Three authors
• Multiple authors
• Different editions
• Edited book
• Edited chapter in an edited book
• ebook.
 Single Author

Elements of Citation:
Author of book - family name, initials Year of publication, Title of book - italicized, Edition -
edn, Publisher, Place of publication.
• Note: There is no punctuation between the author initials and the year.
• Commas are used to separate the other citation elements and a full stop is placed at the end
of the citation.
In text:
• Sophisticated searching techniques are important in finding information (Berkman 1994,
p.25)
• or Berkman (1994, p. 25) claimed that …
• or Berkman (1994, pp. 30-35) agrees that …

Reference List:
Berkman, RI 1994, Find It fast: how to uncover expert information on any subject,
HarperPerennial, New York.
 Two Authors

Elements of Citation:
Authors of book - family name, initials & family name, initials Year of publication, Title of
book - italicized, Edition - edn, Publisher, Place of publication.

In-text:
• from an engineering perspective (Cengel & Boles 1994)
• or Cengel and Boles (1994) found …
• Use an ampersand (&) if citing the authors' names within parentheses; use 'and' when the
authors' names are incorporated within the text.
• Cite the names in the order in which they appear on the title page.

Reference List:
Cengel, YA & Boles, MA 1994, Thermodynamics: an engineering approach, 2nd edn,
McGraw Hill, London.
• Use an ampersand in the reference list.
 Three Authors

Elements of Citation:
Authors of book - family name, initials, family name, initials & family name, initials Year
of publication, Title of book - italicized, Edition - edn, Publisher, Place of publication.

In-text:
• as previously demonstrated (Reid, Parsons & Green 1989).
• or Reid, Parsons and Green (1989), as previously mentioned, ...
• Use an ampersand (&) if citing the authors' names within parentheses; use 'and' when the
• authors' names are incorporated within the text.
• Cite the names in the order in which they appear on the title page.

Reference List:
Reid, DH, Parsons, MB & Green, CW 1989, Staff management in human services:
behavioral research and application, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield.
• Use an ampersand in the reference list.
 Multiple Authors

Elements of Citation:
Authors of book - family name, initials (Place a comma after each authors initials except
the second last and last author. Last author is preceded by an &) Year of publication, Title of
book - italicized, Edition - edn, Publisher, Place of publication.

In-text:
• neck pain caused by whiplash (Jull et al. 2008).
• or Jull et al. (2008) have argued …
• Show only the first-listed author, followed by ‘et al.’

Reference List:
Jull, G, Sterling, M, Fallah, D, Treleaven, J & O'Leary, S 2008, Whiplash headache and neck
pain: research-based directions for physical therapies, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.
• List all of the authors' names in the reference list.
 Different Editions

Elements of Citation:
Author(s) of book – family name, initials Year of publication, Title of book – italicized,
Edition - edn, Publisher, Place of publication.

In-text:
• … the meaning of educational research (Pring 2004)

Reference List:
Pring, R 2004, Philosophy of educational research, 2nd edn, Continuum, London.
• The edition statement is placed after the title of the work. This is not necessary for a first
edition.
 Edited Book

Elements of Citation:
Author(s) of book – family name, initials Year of publication, Title of book – italicized,
Edition - edn, Publisher, Place of publication.

In-text:
• … optics defined (Pike & Sarkar 1986)
• Or … some findings (Sjostrand 1993)

Reference List:
Pike, ER & Sarkar, S (eds) 1986, Frontiers in quantum optics, Adam Hilger, Bristol.
Sjostrand, S (ed.) 1993, Institutional change: theory and empirical findings, M.E.
Sharpe, Armonk, N.Y.
• Use the abbreviations ed. (for a single editor) or eds (for multiple editors)
 Chapter in an Edited Book

Elements of Citation:
Author(s) of chapter – family name and initials Year of publication, ‘Title of chapter – in
single quotation marks’, in Editor(s) – family name and initials (eds), Title of book –
italicized, Edition, Publisher, Place of publication, Page numbers.

In-text:
• Bernstein (1995) explained intelligent traffic flows.

Reference List:
Bernstein, D 1995, ‘Transportation planning’, in WF Chen (ed.), The civil engineering
handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 231-261.
Include the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) if available, or the URL if accessed via a free
website.
• The editor's name should appear with the initials first followed by the last name.
 eBook

Elements of Citation:
Author(s) of book – family name, initials Year of publication, Title of book – italicized,
Edition - edn, Publisher, Place of publication, viewed date, DOI or URL, (the provider).

In-text:
• The number of molecules … (Kamal 2010)

Reference List:
Kamal, AA 2010, 1000 solved problems in modern physics, Springer Berlin Heidelberg,
Berlin, viewed 3 April 2014, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-04333-8, (SpringerLink)
• Include the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) if available, or the URL if accessed via a free
website.
• Add the name of the provider of the electronic version in parentheses at the end.
 Journal Article

• Journal article (print/online with page numbers)

• Online journal article with no page numbers

 Print/Online Journal Article with Page Numbers

Elements of Citation:
Author(s) of journal article – family name and initials Year of publication, ‘Title of journal
article – in single quotation marks’, Title of Journal – italicized, Volume, Issue or number,
Page number(s).
Note:
Minimal capitalization is recommended for the titles of articles; maximal capitalization is
conventionally used for journal titles. See examples below.

In-text:
Huffman (1996) expanded on the theory … or
… uses for whey protein (Huffman 1996).

Reference List:
Huffman, LM 1996, ‘Processing why protein for use as a food ingredient’, Food Technology,
vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 49-52.
 Print/Online Journal Article without Page Numbers

Elements of Citation:
Author(s) of journal article – family name and initials Year of publication, ‘Title of journal
article – in single quotation marks’, Title of Journal – italicized, Volume, Issue or number,
viewed date, <URL>.

In-text:
… the discipline of art history (Donahue-Wallace & Chanda 2005).

Reference List:
Donahue-Wallace, K & Chanda, J 2005, 'A case study in integrating the best practices of
face-to-face art history and online teaching', Interactive Multimedia Electronic Journal of
Computer-Enhanced Learning, vol. 7, no. 1, viewed 30 January 2009,
<http://imej.wfu.edu/articles/2005/1/01/index.asp>.
 Webpage

• Web page with the author

• Web page without the author

• Web page with no date of publication

 Web Page with the Author

Elements of Citation:
Author(s) of page – (person or organization) Year (page created or revised), Title of page -
italicized, Publisher, sponsor or host of the webpage, Place of publication of the webpage,
viewed date, <URL>.

In-text:
… this agreement (Albanese 2009)

Reference List:
Beard, M 2011, The fall of the Roman Republic, BBC, viewed 14 December 2020,
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/fallofromanrepublic_article_01.shtml>.
 Web Page without the Author

Elements of Citation:
Title of web page italicize Year page created or revised, Publisher, sponsor or host of the web
page (if available), Place of the publication (if available), viewed date - Day Month Year,
<URL>

In-text:
(Behavior modification 2007)
• Use title instead of author name.

Reference List:
More sugar, more problems 2020, Northwestern Medicine, Chicago, viewed 14 December
2020, <https://www.nm.org/healthbeat/healthy-tips/nutrition/more-sugar-more-problems>.
 Other Sources

• YouTube video

• Video or DVD

• TV program
 YouTube Video

Elements of Citation:
Author(s) Year, Title - italicized, type of medium, Day and Month (if applicable), Publisher (if
applicable), Place of publication (if applicable), viewed date, <URL>.

In-text:
(Virgin StartUp 2015)

Reference List:
Virgin StartUp 2015, Sir Richard Branson: how to start a business, online video, 17 March,
YouTube, viewed 3 December 2015, <https://youtu.be/SlPd1i5cGHE>.
 Video or DVD

Elements of Citation:
Author/Producer/Director Year, Title, type of medium, Publisher, Place

In-text:
(Smith 2009)

Reference List:
Smith, S 2009, Excellence in teaching: lesson planning, DVD, Sunburst Media, Plainview,
NY.
 TV Programs

Elements of Citation:
Title of television program - italicized Year of recording, Format, Day and month broadcast,
Name of broadcaster, Place of broadcast.

In-text:
(Bryant 2001)

Reference List:
The Bryant medical hour 2001, television broadcast, 12 September, Public Broadcasting
Service, Sydney, Australia. Written by B. Bryant.
• Any special credits and other information that might be useful can be noted after the
citation.
 Exercises

1.Title of Article: “Conrad's Critique of Imperialism in Heart of Darkness.”

Author: Hunt Hawkins
Source: PMLA, Vol. 94, No. 2
Date of Publication: (Mar., 1979)
Page numbers: 286-299.

2. Title of Book: Lord of the Flies: Modern Critical Interpretations

Author: Harold Bloom
Publisher: Chelsea House
Date of Publication: 1988
Place of Publication: New York
 Exercises

3. Title of Chapter: Reading as mapping

Author: Christina Ljungberg
Title of Book: The Routledge Handbook of Literature and Space
Editor: Robert T. Tally Jr
Publisher: Routledge
Date of Publication: 2017
Place of Publication: New York
Page numbers: 95-105
 Answer

1. Hawkins, H 1979, ‘Conrad's Critique of Imperialism in Heart of Darkness’, PMLA, vol.

94, no. 2, pp. 286-299.

2. Bloom, B 1988, Lord of the flies: modern critical interpretations, Chelsea House, New
York.

3. Ljungberg, C 2017, ‘Reading as mapping’, in RT Tally Jr (ed.), The routledge handbook

of literature and space, Routledge, New York, pp. 95-105.
 Summary

Referencing

How to create a reference list

In-text citations

Direct quotation
 Summary

Book
• (Single, 2, 3, multiple authors, different editions).
• Edited book/chapter in an edited book/ebook.

Journal Article
• Journal article (print/online with page numbers
• Online journal article with no page numbers

Web Page
• Web page with/without the author
• Web page with no date of publication

Other sources
• (YouTube video/ Video or DVD/ TV program)