Referencing

Plagiarism & Paraphrase

What is
plagiarism?
• Original Source:

• “If the existence of a signing ape was unsettling for

linguists, it was also startling news for animal
behaviorists” (Davis, 2006, p. 26).

• The existence of a signing ape unsettled linguists and startled animal

behaviorists (Davis, 2006).

r i s m ?
a g i a
r as e or Pl
Parap h
• Original Source:

• “If the existence of a signing ape was unsettling for

linguists, it was also startling news for animal
behaviorists” (Davis, 2006, p. 26).

• Plagiarism: Unacceptable Borrowing Of Phrases:

• The existence of a signing ape unsettled linguists and startled animal
behaviorists (Davis, 2006).
• Original Source:

• “If the existence of a signing ape was unsettling for

linguists, it was also startling news for animal
behaviorists” (Davis, 2006, p. 26).

• If the presence of a sign-language-using chimp was

disturbing for scientists studying language, it was also
surprising to scientists studying animal behavior (Davis,
2006).

r i s m ?
a g i a
r as e or Pl
Parap h
• Original Source:

• “If the existence of a signing ape was unsettling for

linguists, it was also startling news for animal
behaviorists” (Davis, 2006, p. 26).

• Plagiarism: Unacceptable Borrowing Of

Structure:
• If the presence of a sign-language-using chimp was
disturbing for scientists studying language, it was also
surprising to scientists studying animal behavior (Davis,
2006).
 Original Source:

“If the existence of a signing ape was unsettling for

linguists, it was also startling news for animal
behaviorists” (Davis, 2006, p. 26).

ar ap h r as e
P
• Two Acceptable Paraphrases:
• When they learned of an ape’s ability to use sign language, both
linguists and animal behaviorists were taken by surprise (Davis,
2006).
• According to Davis (2006), linguists and animal behaviorists were
unprepared for the news that a chimp could communicate with its
trainers through sign language.

 In both of these, the ideas are the same, but they are in the writer’s
own words and phrases.
 Notice that even though these are paraphrases (written in the
author’s own words), they still must credit the original author by
citing the source (Davis, 2006)
 In-text Citations

• Within the body of your paper, cite

the sources of your information whether you
are directly quoting it (i.e. if it is in the original
author’s words) or not (i.e. if you are using an
idea from the source, but not the same words)
• Citing a source means (among other things)
that you have read it!
 In-text Citations:
Direct Quotations
• When you use the words of another author, you
need to indicate that they are not your words by
using quotation marks, and including the page from
which the quotation was taken.
 In-text Citations:
Direct Quotations
• When you use the words of another author, you
need to indicate that they are not your words by
using quotation marks, and including the page from
which the quotation was taken.
• If the authors are not part of your sentence, it looks
like this:

• Note that when the quotation is at the end of the

sentence the punctuation (period ) goes after the
citation.
 In-text Citations:
Direct Quotations
• If the authors are not part of your sentence, it looks
like this:

• Note that when the quotation is at the end of the

sentence the punctuation (period ) goes after the
citation.
 In-text Citations: Direct Quotations
• If the quotation is 40 or more words, the entire quotation
should be:
– indented
– with NO quotation marks
– double spaced (like the rest of your paper)
– Cite the source of the quotation, and page after the final
punctuation mark of the quotation.
 In-text Citations:
Paraphrases
• In-text citations always use the author-date method (Brown, 1999).

• When the author is part of your sentence:

Smith (2000) found that….

• When the author is not part of your sentence:

A study examining the effects of attention (Jones, 2003)

revealed that….

• (NOTE: Always use the past tense when referring to earlier

research.)
Never separate the year of publication from the author(s).
 In-text Citations
• One work by multiple authors
– First time you cite it, if it is part of the sentence:

if it is not part of the

sentence:

– After that:
 In-text Citations
• When you haven’t read the original
• For example, a study described in your
textbook…
 In-text Citations
• If there are six or more authors, use the first
author’s last name, followed by et al. even on
the first occurrence

• NOT: (Smith, Jones, Green, Grey, McDonald &

McCloud, 2000)
• BUT: (Smith et al., 2000)
 In-text citations:
Multiple citations
• List studies alphabetically by author
• Separate with a semicolon
 In-text citations:
Groups as authors
• First citation:

• Thereafter:
In-text citations: Wh
o?

When no author is listed

• Use the first few words of the reference list
entry (usually the title) and the year, with
quotation marks around the title of an article, a
chapter or a web page. Use italics for a journal
or book name, brochure or report title:
Reference List

• Includes full
references for
all of the
sources cited in
your paper
Reference List
Formatting
• Start on a new page
• Title centered
“References” (not in
bold)
• Double-space
• Indent all but the
first line (hanging
indent)
Reference List
Order
• List in alphabetical
order, starting with
the first author’s last
name
• If there are two
references for the
same first author,
alphabetize by the
second author’s
name (etc.)
• NEVER change the
order of the authors
within each citation
 Reference List:
Books
Referencing a print book:
Author, A.A. (1967). Title of book. Location:
Publisher
Referencing a chapter in a book:
Author, A. A., & Author, B.B. (1995). Title of
chapter. In A. Editorsname, B. Editorsname, &
C. Editorsname (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx-
xxx). Location: Publisher
 Examples
• Referencing a (print) book

• Referencing a chapter from a book

 DOI Resolver
• http://www.doi.org/
 References:
Electronic Book Sources

• Referencing an electronic version of a print

book
 References:
Journal Article
• General form:
Author, A.A., Author, B.B., & Author, C.C. (year). Title of article.
Name of journal, xx, pp-pp. doi: xx.xxxxxxxxxx

Include the digital object identifier (DOI) in the reference if

there is one provided
• If there is no DOI and you have read the original print copy of
the paper (not obtained through an electronic source), no DOI
is required.
• If you obtained the article electronically (for example through
a database) and there is no DOI, include the homepage URL
for the journal in this format:

Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxxxx

Where’s the DOI?
On landing page for book/article
 References:
Journal Article Examples

• Journal article with a DOI

• This format is fine whether you have read the

electronic version or the print version. You no
longer need to include the URL or date of
retrieval if you DO include the DOI. N EW !
 Referencing other electronic sources:
Examples NEW!
• Podcast

• Video/DVD

• Blog post