Chapter 8

Works Credited in the Text

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th
Edition
Giving Credit to different sources

• Acknowledge how others contributed to your work.

• In-text citation in general
• Paraphrases and direct quotations
Appropriate Level of Citation

• Cite only those works that you have read and ideas that you have
incorporated into your writing.
• A table or figure adapted also need citation.
• Cite one or two of the most representative sources for each key point.
• Avoid undercitation and overcitation.
• When the author’s name appears in the narrative, the year can be
omitted in repeated citations.
Example of an Appropriate Level of Citation
Correspondence Between Reference List and
Text

• Each work in the text must appear in the reference list.

• Each work in the reference list must be cited in the text.
• Author-date citation is applied in APA style.

Task 1
Correspondence Between Reference List and
Text contd.
Primary and Secondary Sources
• A primary source reports original content; a secondary source refers
to content first reported in another source.
Primary and Secondary Sources
• Use secondary sources sparingly. Like original work is out of print,
unavailable or available only in a language you do not understand.
• Identify the primary source and write “as cited in” the secondary
source that you used.
• Example
(Rabbitt, 1982, as cited in Lyon et al., 2014)
• If the year of the primary source is unknown, omit it from the in-text
citation.
Allport’s diary (as cited in Nicholson, 2003)
Task 2
In-Text Citations

• Two formats:
1. Parenthetical
2. Narrative
Parenthetical Citation

EXAMPLES
1. Falsely balanced news coverage can distort the public’s perception
of expert consensus on an issue (Koehler, 2016).
2. (see Koehler, 2016, for more detail)
3. (e.g., falsely balanced news coverage; Koehler, 2016)
Narrative Citation

EXAMPLES
1. Koehler (2016) noted the dangers of falsely balanced news
coverage.
2. In 2016, Koehler noted the dangers of falsely balanced news
coverage.

Task 3
Citing Multiple Works

• List entries in alphabetical order both parenthetical in-text citations

and reference list
EXAMPLE:
(Adams et al., 2019; Shumway & Shulman, 2015; Westinghouse, 2017)

Task 4
Citing Multiple Works contd.
• Arrange two or more works by the same authors by year of
publication. Place citations with no date first, followed by works with
dates in chronological order; in-press citations appear last. Give the
authors’ surnames once; for each subsequent work, give only the date.
• EXAMPLES
(Department of Veterans Affairs, n.d., 2017a, 2017b, 2019)
Zhou (n.d., 2000, 2016, in press)
(Carraway et al., 2013, 2014, 2019)
Citing Multiple Works contd.
• If multiple sources are cited within the narrative of a sentence, they
can appear in any order.
• EXAMPLE
Suliman (2018), Gutiérrez (2012, 2017), and Medina and Reyes (2019)
examined . . .
Omitting the year in Repeated Narrative
Citations
Number of Authors to Include in In-Text
Citations
Author type Parenthetical citation Narrative citation

One author (Luna, 2020) Luna (2020)

Two authors (Salas & D’Agostino, 2020) Salas and D’Agostino (2020)

Three or more authors (Martin et al., 2020) Martin et al. (2020)

Group author with abbreviation (National Institute of Mental Health National Institute of Mental Health
First citation [NIMH], 2020) (NIMH, 2020)
Subsequent citations (NIMH, 2020) NIMH (2020)

Group author without abbreviation (Stanford University, 2020) Stanford University (2020)
Avoiding Ambiguity in In-Text Citations

• Kapoor, Bloom, Montez, Warner, and Hill (2017)

• Kapoor, Bloom, Zucker, Tang, Köroğlu, L’Enfant, Kim, and Daly
(2017)
These two works can be cited as:
• Kapoor, Bloom, Montez, et al. (2017)
• Kapoor, Bloom, Zucker, et al. (2017)
Avoiding Ambiguity in In-Text Citations
contd.

• (Judge & Kammeyer-Mueller, 2012a)

• Judge and Kammeyer-Mueller (2012b)
• (Sifuentes, n.d.-a, n.d.-b)
Authors With the Same Surname

• Use standard author-date format

(J. M. Taylor & Neimeyer, 2015; T. Taylor, 2014)
Principles of Paraphrasing
• Although it is not required to provide a page or paragraph number in
the citation for a paraphrase, you may include one in addition to the
author and year when it would help interested readers locate the
relevant passage within a long or complex work.

Webster-Stratton (2016) described a case example of a 4-year-old girl

who showed an insecure attachment to her mother; in working with the
family dyad, the therapist focused on increasing the mother’s empathy
for her child (pp. 152–153).
Principles of Paraphrasing contd.

• Cite the work being paraphrased on first mention.

• The citation may be either parenthetical or narrative.
• If the paraphrase continues into a new paragraph, reintroduce the
citation.
• If the paraphrase incorporates multiple sources or switches among
sources, repeat the citation so the source is clear.
Principles of Direct Quotation
• Use direct quotations rather than paraphrasing when reproducing an
exact definition, when an author has said something memorably or
succinctly or when you want to respond to exact wording.
• Always provide author, year and page number of the quotation.
• p. to indicate single page.
• pp. for multiple pages.
• Short quotation: fewer than 40 words, incorporating into the text.
• Block quotation: 40 words or more, starting from a new line, indent
0.5 in. from the left margin, double space.
Principles of Direct Quotation contd.

• Use square brackets [ ] to add words to the original material.

• Use ellipsis ( … ) to indicate omission of words within a quotation.

Task 5
 Chapter 9
Reference List

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th

Edition
What is a Reference List?

The reference list at the end of the paper provides

information necessary to identify and retrieve each
work cited in the text.
Reference Elements
• Author: Who is responsible for this work?
• Date: When was this work published?
• Title: What is this work called?
• Source: Where Can I retrieve this work?
Definition of Author
An author may be
• an individual,
• multiple people,
• a group (institution, government agency, organization or
• a combination of people and groups
Guidelines to format the author element.

• Invert all individual authors’ names, providing the surname

first, followed by a comma and the initials: Author, A. A.
• Use a comma to separate an author’s initials from
additional author names, even when there are only two
authors; use an ampersand (&) before the final author’s
name: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B.
• Use one space between initials.
Format of the Title Element
• For works that are part of a greater whole (e.g., journal articles, edited
book chapters), do not italicize the title or use quotation marks, and
capitalize it using sentence case.
The virtue gap in humor: Exploring benevolent and corrective
humor.
• For works that stand alone (e.g., books, reports, webpages and
websites), italicize the title, and capitalize it using sentence case.
Adoption-specific therapy: A guide to helping adopted children and
their families thrive.
Periodical Sources
• When a periodical (i.e., journal, magazine, newspaper, newsletter, or
blog) is the source, provide the periodical title, volume number, issue
number, and page range or article number (see Chapter 10, Examples
1–6, 9–12, 15, and 16).
Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 5(2), 101–118.

Capitalize the title of a periodical using title case, italicize it, and place a
comma (not italicized) after it.
Reference List: Journal Article
• Author or authors. The surname is followed by first initials.
• Year of publication of the article (in round brackets).
• Article title (in sentence case).
• Journal title (in title case & italics).
• Volume number (in italics).
• Issue number (in parenthesis, but not italicized).
• Page range of article.
• DOI (presented as a hyperlink, for example https://doi.org/xxxxx).
• The first line of each reference list entry is flushed left. Every
subsequent line is indented 5-7 spaces, using hanging indent.
Example
Woolley, T., & Raasch, B. (2005). Predictors of sunburn in north
Queensland recreational boat users. Health Promotion
Journal of Australia, 16(1), 26-31.
Reference List: Books

A basic reference list entry for a book in APA must include:

• Author or authors. The surname is followed by first initials.
• Year of publication of the book (in round brackets).
• Book title (in sentence case & italics).
• Edition (in round brackets), if other than first edition.
• Publisher.
• DOI (where a book has a DOI this must be included, even if you are
referring to a print book).
Contd.
Craven, I. (Ed.). (2001). Australian cinema in the 1990s. Frank Cass.

Note: When there is more than one editor, add (Eds.) in brackets after
the last editor’s name and follow the same formatting shown in the
examples for book.
Website Sources
• Provide the website name (in title case without italics) in the source
element.
• Include a period after the website name, followed by the URL.

World Health Organization. (2018, March). Questions and answers on

immunization and vaccine safety. https://www.who.int/features/qa/84/en/