QUOTING, PARAPHRASING AND

SUMMARIZING
APA STYLE OF WRITING

Post RN Semester IV
Course faculty: Ms. Kanwal Zehra
PARAPHRASING

 Restate the relevant information

 Different structure to the original

 Different vocabulary

 Retains the same meaning

 Keeps some phrases from the original that are in common use.
EXAMPLE

Compare
There has been much debate about the reasons for the Industrial Revolution
happening in eighteenth-century Britain, rather than in France or Germany.

with
Why the Industrial Revolution occurred in Britain in the eighteenth century, instead of
on the continent, has been the subject of considerable discussion.
TECHNIQUES FOR PARAPHRASING

Changing vocabulary by using synonyms:

argues > claims
eighteenth century > 1700s
wages > labour costs
economise > saving
TECHNIQUES FOR PARAPHRASING

Changing word class:

explanation (n.) > explain (v.)
mechanical (adj.) > mechanise (v.)
profitable (adj.) > profitability (n.)
Changing word order:
. . . the best explanation for the British location of the Industrial Revolution is found by
studying demand factors.
> A focus on demand may help explain the UK origin of the Industrial Revolution.
FIND SYNONYMS FOR THE WORDS
UNDERLINED. REWRITE THE PARAGRAPH
USING THESE.

It is widely agreed that men and women think and act in different ways. Women

appear to have better memories, better social skills and are more competent at

multi-tasking. Men, in contrast, seem to focus better on issues and have superior

motor and spatial skills, although clearly many people are exceptions to these

patterns.
CHANGE THE WORD CLASS OF THE
UNDERLINED WORDS. REWRITE THE
PARAGRAPH USING THE CHANGES.

These differences have been explained as behaviour adopted thousands of years

ago, when the men went hunting while the women stayed at home and cared for

their children. But another approach is to see the behaviour as a result of the way

our brains function.

CHANGE THE WORD ORDER OF THESE
SENTENCES, REWRITE THE PARAGRAPH SO
THAT THE MEANING STAYS THE SAME.

Recent research into brain functioning by Ragini Verma’s team at the University of

Pennsylvania has used brain scans to compare 428 men and 521 women. They tracked the

pathways of water molecules around the brain area, and found fascinating differences.
COMBINE ALL THREE TECHNIQUES TO
PARAPHRASE THE FINAL PARAGRAPH.

The top half of the brain is called the cerebrum, and it is divided into a left and a

right half. The left hemisphere is thought to be the home of logic and the right is the

centre of intuition. Dr Verma found that with women most of the pathways went

between the two halves, while with men they stayed inside the hemispheres. She

believes that these results explain the gender differences in abilities, such as

women’s social competence compared to men’s more intense focus on a limited

area.
SUMMARIZING

 Includes only the main ideas of someone else’s writing, restated in your own

words.

 Much shorter than the original text.

EXAMPLE

 Original

The most common improvement strategy is upgrading management. Modern

mythology promises that organizations will work splendidly if well managed. Managers
are supposed to have the big picture and look out for their organization's overall health
and productivity. Unfortunately, they have not always been equal to the task, even
when armed with computers, information systems, flowcharts, quality programs, and a
panoply of other tools and techniques. They go forth with this rational arsenal to try
and tame our wild and primitive workplaces. Yet in the end, irrational forces too often
prevail.
Source: Bolman and Deal (2013)
SUMMARIZED

Bolman and Deal (2013) recognize that renewing management is the most common

strategy for an organization's improvement; however, managers are not always

able to find solutions and there are often uncontrollable forces that influence the

outcome.
SUMMARIZE THE FOLLOWING
PARAGRAPH.

Filmmaker George Lucas has changed the film industry in many ways. He has
written, directed, and produced some of the best-loved movies of our time. He has
also made major contributions to modern film technology. At first, Lucas did not
plan to become a filmmaker. His first dream was to become a race car driver. After a
bad accident, however, he decided to go to college. ln college, Lucas studied movie-
making and made a number of student films. Lucas's third feature film, Star Wars,
changed everything. A seemingly simple story of good versus evil, Star Wars
became a huge international hit (Oshima & Hogue, 2007).
LONG AND SHORT QUOTATIONS

 Short quotations (fewer than 40 words)

 Long quotations (block quotations; 40 words or more)

SHORT QUOTATIONS RATIONALES

 The period marking the end of a sentence should follow the citation, not precede
it.
 The citation should be outside the quotation marks, not within them.
 The question mark that ends the quotation should appear within the quotation
marks.
Example:
Effective teams can be difficult to describe because “high performance along
one domain does not translate to high performance along another” (Ervin et al.,
2018, p. 470).
LONG QUOTATION

 Block quotation with parenthetical citation:

Researchers have studied how people talk to themselves:

Inner speech is a paradoxical phenomenon. It is an experience that is central to

many people’s everyday lives, and yet it presents considerable challenges to any
effort to study it scientifically. Nevertheless, a wide range of methodologies and
approaches have combined to shed light on the subjective experience of inner
speech and its cognitive and neural underpinnings. (Alderson-Day & Fernyhough,
2015, p. 957)
LONG QUOTATION

Block quotation with narrative citation:

Flores et al. (2018) described how they addressed potential researcher bias when
working with an intersectional community of transgender people of color:

Everyone on the research team belonged to a stigmatized group but also held
privileged identities. Throughout the research process, we attended to the ways in
which our privileged and oppressed identities may have influenced the research
process, findings, and presentation of results. (p. 311)