LISTS REFERENCES

Lesson 3
what do see at the last section of books
or journals?
 ANSWER

reference lists or bibliography

• This list provides the essential information for a reader to
locate any source cited in the research work.
 TWO COMMON FORMAT IN LISTING
REFERENCES

• APA (American Psychological Association)

• MLA (Modern Language Association)

• differences between APA and MLA styles fall in these
entries: date, author‘s name, capitalization, and source page
(references and works cited, respectively)
• A bibliography is often used in books and refers to all sources used
whether referenced or not in the process of writing the work. On the
one hand, a references or works cited is where researchers
acknowledge other researchers and bodies of literature that are
actually cited and helped them write their research paper.
• References is used in APA Style while Works Cited is used in MLA

Style.
 BASIC RULES

1.Reference list starts on a new page. Type the word “References”

centered at the top of the page.
2.Double-space all reference list entries.
3.Use hanging indent form. The first line of each reference is set flush
left and subsequent lines and indented ½ inch.
4.Arrange alphabetically, not by format of publication: book, journal,
etc.
5.The author should be the first element, even for web pages. If no
author is present, use the editor‘s name. If no editor is present, start
with the book title or article title.
6. List author‘s last name, followed by a comma then initials for
first and middle name. Do not spell out author‘s first or middle name.
7. Use "&" instead of "and" when listing multiple authors of a single
work.
8. For a journal article with more than seven authors, list the first seven
authors and three periods, and then list the last author.
9. The date is always the second element and is contained in
parentheses.
10. Book and periodical titles should be in italics. Volume numbers
of periodicals should be in italics.
11. If a journal has both a volume and an issue number, write the
volume number followed by the issue number in parenthesis.
There is no space between the volume number and the open
parenthesis.
12. Article titles are plain text. No quotes or italics.
13. Capitalize only the first word of the title and the subtitle for books,
book chapters, and article titles.
14. Capitalize the first letter of each word in a periodical title except
articles (a, an, the)
15. Each element (author, date, title, etc.) of a citation is separated by a
period and one space.
 BASIC FORMAT: BOOK CITATION

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also

for subtitle. Location: Publisher.

Example:
Yin, R. (2009). Case study: Design and methods. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage.
 BASIC FORMAT: JOURNAL ARTICLE (PRINT)

• One Author

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title
of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages.

Example:
Mott, F. W. (1916). Thea effects of high explosives upon the central
nervous system. The Lancet, 1, 331-338.
 BASIC FORMAT: JOURNAL ARTICLE (ONLINE)

• Without DOI
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article.
Title of Online Periodical, volume number(issue number if available),
pages if available. Retrieved fromhttp://www.some address.com/full/url/

Example:
• Longaretti, L., & Wilson, J. (2006). The impact of perceptions on
conflict management. Educational Research Quarterly, 29(4), 3-15.
Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database.
 BASIC FORMAT: JOURNAL ARTICLE (ONLINE)

• With DOI
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of
Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. http://dx.doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyyy

Example:
• Gaudio, J. L., & Snowdon, C. T. (2008). Spatial cues more salient than color
cues in cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) reversal learning. Journal of
Comparative Psychology, 122, 441–444. doi: 10.1037/0735- 7036.122.4.441
 EXAMPLE OF A RESOURCE PAGE: APA STYLE
References
Anderson, J. (2003, October) Superego. Journal of Psychology, 41.
Retrieved November 10, 2003, from EBS cohost
Binns, T. B. (2001). The bald eagle. Chicago, II: Rourke Publishers.
Donaldson, S. (1995). Protecting the troops from hemingway: an
episode in censorship. The Hemingway Review, 15, 87-93.
Green, J. (2007, September). The Rove presidency. The atlantic.com.
Retrieved
from http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2007/09/the-
rove-presidency/6132/.