See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/297042126

Optimal Placement and Sizing of Fault Current Limiter in Presence of

Distributed Generation in Sub-transmission Networks

Conference Paper · January 2016

CITATION READS

1 300

2 authors:

Mohammad Fathi Javad Sadeh

Ferdowsi University Of Mashhad Ferdowsi University Of Mashhad
5 PUBLICATIONS   1 CITATION    82 PUBLICATIONS   796 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Neuro Data Processing Using EA View project

‫ ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﻣﺼﺮف اﻧﺮژی در ﻣﺮاﮐﺰ داده ی اﺑﺮی ﺑﺎ ﺗﺤﮑﯿﻢ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮت ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦ ﻫﺎی ﻣﺠﺎزی ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﻟﮕﻮرﯾﺘﻢ ﮐﻠﻮﻧﯽ ﻣﻮرﭼﻪ ﻫﺎ‬View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Mohammad Fathi on 14 July 2017.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 The 10th Power Systems Protection & Control Conference
PSPC, January 19, 20th 2016, Tehran, Iran
School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Tehran
 The 10th Power Systems Protection & Control Conference
PSPC, January 19, 20th 2016, Tehran, Iran
School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Tehran
Optimal Placement and Sizing of Fault Current
Limiter in Presence of Distributed Generation in
Sub-transmission Networks
Mohammad Fathi
Department of Electrical Engineering
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,
Mashhad, Iran
Fathisheikhahmad.mohammad@stu.um.ac.ir
Abstract— Using fault current limiters (FCLs) in power system
is very promising solution in suppressing short circuit current
and leads use of protective equipments with low capacities in
the network. In a loop power system, the effectiveness of
suppressing short circuit current in the network depends on the
number, sizes and places of FCL installations. This paper
proposes a method for finding optimal number, places and sizes
of FCL simultaneously to decrease short circuit currents under
allowable values of protective devices. Sensitivity analysis is
done to reduce the search space for optimal placement and
optimal sizing of FCL. Optimal number, size of impedance and
optimal location of FCL are selected to solve the most protective
problems due to usage of distributed generation in the network.
Finally, the cost of fault current limiting in the network will be
reduced and the best exploitation of FCL will be happened.
Keywords— Fault current limiter (FCL); distributed generation
(DG); optimal placement; optimal sizing;
I. INTRODUCTION
Due to the increasing penetration of distributed generation and
demand of electric energy in today's interconnected sub-
transmission networks, the presence of more than one source of
distributed generation on interconnected sub-transmission
networks will be essential. Therefore the short circuit levels are
highly increased in interconnected sub-transmission networks.
It is likely exceeded from allowable values of circuit breakers
and other protective equipments. It can cause mal-function of
the protection system of interconnected sub-transmission
networks.
To deal with this short circuit level, the change and upgrade of
protective devices of the network and disconnecting of DGs in
the event of fault have been proposed [1].
Restoration the original relays coordination in the ring sub-
transmission networks and using the resistive and inductive FCL
for limiting of DG's fault current expressed in [1]. Therefore
relays settings are unchanged and disconnection of DG from
network in the occurrence of fault is prevented.
Javad Sadeh
Department of Electrical Engineering
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,
Mashhad, Iran
Sadeh@um.ac.ir
Alternative solution to remove or minimize in share of
distributed generation source at short circuit current and the lack
of change in the network in steady state is proposed in [2].
Setting and optimal coordination of overcurrent relays in
presence of inductive fault current limiter and the inductive FCL
ability in overcome on the mis-coordination of relays are shown
in [3].
Particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to
determine the optimal number, location and size of FCL in
distribution networks in [4].
In [5], it is shown that by choosing the optimal location and size
of the fault current limiter, problems associated with the
connection of distributed generation on the coordination of
overcurrent protection and substation equipment can be fully
resolved.
In this paper, for reducing the searching space for FCL
placement sensitivity analysis is done for network and the output
of it known as candidate places for FCL installation. The
objective function of FCL placement and sizing problem is
formulated as the function of FCL's impedance and genetic
algorithm is applied to minimize this objective function. The
main point of the proposed method compared to previous
methods, is to solve the problem of locating and sizing of FCL
simultaneously. This means the best location for FCL is chosen
when this location could force the number of mis-coordinated
directional overcurrent relays to be zero and lead to minimum
size of FCL. This method is evaluated on the IEEE 30-bus
network and the obtained results are confirmed the effectiveness
of the proposed method.
II. PROBLEM STATEMENT
A. THE EFFECTS OF DG's CONNECTION ON
PROTECTION SYSTEM OF THE NETWORK
When DG is connected to the network, because the protective
design of network is for non DG condition, this connection
causes several problems for protective system of
interconnected sub-transmission network. The most basic
 The 10th Power Systems Protection & Control Conference
PSPC, January 19, 20th 2016, Tehran, Iran
School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Tehran

problem that caused from DG connection to network is the
increasing the short circuit level which could be exceeded
from allowable values of circuit breakers in the network. This
could be dangerous for electrical equipments and causes the
heavy economic losses for the network. Therefore, after DG
connected to the network the protection equipment must be
changed with the other equipments that have higher rated
values or create a change in the protection system without
changing in protection equipments.
In this paper FCL is added to the network to decrease fault
current and remove DG's negative effects on protective system
of interconnected sub-transmission network.
B. REDUCING SEARCH SPACE (SENSITIVITY
ANALYSIS)
With fulfilment of sensitivity analysis the number of lines that
create most changes in improvement of protection system
operation be fined. These lines will be candidated places for
FCL installation. In this stage, for decreasing the searching
space in FCL placement, one FCL with predetermined
impedance (maximum value of FCL's impedance) is put in all
lines of network, after that the differences between the number
of mis-coordinated directional overcurrent relays after
installation of FCL in this line and before installation of FCL in
this line is computed. The lines that have negative differences
can be found and known as the output of sensitivity analysis.
The installation candidate of FCL are selected in these lines.
This analysis helps to decrease the searching space in FCL
In equation (3), CTI is coordination time interval. Equation (3),
shows that the both primary and backup relays for having the
coordination the difference between backup and primary relay's
operation time should be equal or larger than CTI.
The CTI value is between 0.2 to 0.5 seconds. In this paper CTI
is assumed to be 0.4 seconds. Protective equipments in
interconnected sub-transmission networks mainly are
overcurrent relays with inverse time characteristic that the
relationship between the operation time of the relay with time
multiplier setting (TMS) is as equation (4):
𝑇𝑀𝑆 (4)
𝑇 = 13.5 ×
𝐼𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖
( )−1
𝐼𝑝𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑢𝑝
Where 𝑇𝑀𝑆 is the time multiplier setting of the overcurrent
relay and 𝐼𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 is the fault current passing through the relay
and 𝐼𝑝𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑢𝑝 is the pickup current of the relay.
D. PROPOSED METHOD FOR FAULT CURRENT
LIMITER PLACEMENT AND SIZING
In this paper fault current limiter placement and sizing are
stated as optimization problem that the objective is minimizing
the impedance of fault current limiter. In the proposed
optimization problem, the objective function of FCL sizing and
placement problem as described in (5). The constraints of FCL
sizing and placement problem can be expressed as (3), (6) and
(7).
𝑁𝐹𝐶𝐿

placement. For sensitivity analysis in the sub-transmission 𝑓 = | ∑ 𝑍𝐹𝐶𝐿𝑖 | + 𝑤 × 𝑁𝑉𝐶 (5)

network, the number of mis-coordinated directional overcurrent 𝑖=1
relays after adding DG's to the network is assumed to be N0 and 𝑍𝐹𝐶𝐿𝑖 = 𝑅𝐹𝐶𝐿𝑖 + 𝑗 × 𝑋𝐹𝐶𝐿𝑖 (6)
after adding FCL with maximum impedance to the i'th line in
the network is assumed to be Ni. For i'th line in the sub- Where 𝑁𝐹𝐶𝐿 is the number of fault current limiter in the network.
transmission network the parameter ∆i is computed in this 𝑍𝐹𝐶𝐿𝑖 is the impedance of i'th FCL, 𝑤 is the weight coefficient
situation. that assume to be 1000, 𝑅𝐹𝐶𝐿𝑖 is the resistance of i'th FCL, 𝑋𝐹𝐶𝐿𝑖 is
∆𝑖= 𝑁𝑖 − 𝑁0 (1) the reactance of i'th FCL and 𝑁𝑉𝐶 is the number of violated
For any line if ∆i is negative this line chooses as outgoing of constraints. The bounds for resistance and reactance of FCL are
sensitivity analysis. expressed in equation (6) and (7) respectively.
C. DIRECTIONAL OVERCURRENT RELAYS 𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐹𝐶𝐿 ≤ 𝑅
𝑖
≤ 𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐹𝐶𝐿 𝑖
(7)
𝐹𝐶𝐿𝑖
COORDINATIONS
Coordination of overcurrent relays expressed as an optimization 𝑋𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐹𝐶𝐿𝑖 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 𝑋𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐹𝐶𝐿𝑖
(8)
𝐹𝐶𝐿𝑖
problem with the objective of minimizing the sum of the
operation time of directional overcurrent relays (equation (2)) Where 𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐹𝐶𝐿𝑖 and 𝑅𝐹𝐶𝐿𝑖 are the minimum and maximum fault
and satisfy equation (3), could be mentioned as follows. current limiter resistances, 𝑋𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐹𝐶𝐿𝑖 and 𝑋𝐹𝐶𝐿𝑖 are the minimum
𝑁 (2) and maximum fault current limiter resistances. The short
𝑚𝑖𝑛 ∑ 𝑇𝑖 circuit current constraint for any circuit breaker is expressed
𝑖=1 based on equation (9).
Where Ti is the operation time of the i'th relay. 𝑠𝑐,𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐼𝑠𝑐
𝑗 ≤ 𝐼𝑗
(9)
𝑇Bi − TPj ≥ 𝐶𝑇𝐼 (3)
Where 𝐼𝑠𝑐
𝑗 is short circuit current passing through j'th circuit
Equation (3) states that the constraints of the problem of 𝑠𝑐,𝑚𝑎𝑥
breaker in the network and 𝐼𝑗 is the allowable short circuit
coordination. In this equation T Bi is the operation time of i'th
current in j'th circuit breaker in the network. Equation (5)
backup relay and Tpj is the operation time of the j'th primary
introduces the fitness in FCL placement and sizing optimization
relay.
 The 10th Power Systems Protection & Control Conference
PSPC, January 19, 20th 2016, Tehran, Iran
School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Tehran

problem and equations (3), (7), (8) and (9) are the constraints for
FCL's placement and sizing optimization problem.

III. SOLVING METHOD FOR FCL'S

PLACEMENT AND SIZING OPTIMIZATION
PROBLEM
The genetic algorithm is used to solve the FCL's sizing and
placement optimization problem. This means that to solve the
FCL's sizing and placement problem, initially, sensitivity
analysis is done for network. Afterwards, the number and
impedance of FCL is suggested randomly. The initial
chromosome for GA is proposed as:
𝑅𝐹𝐶𝐿 𝑋𝐹𝐶𝐿 𝑘 𝑡
𝑅𝐹𝐶𝐿 is the resistive part of FCL's impedance and 𝑋𝐹𝐶𝐿 is the
inductive part of FCL's impedance. k is the code for FCL's
location based on sensitivity analysis, actual k is the random
number from 1 to the number of lines that obtained from
sensitivity analysis. The t is the code for FCL's type that t=0 is
for resistive type, t=1 is for inductive and t=2 is for impedance
type FCL. 𝑁𝐹𝐶𝐿 and t are selected randomly, t is selected
𝑚𝑎𝑥
between 0 to 2 and 𝑁𝐹𝐶𝐿 is selected between 1 to 𝑁𝐹𝐶𝐿 , the
𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑁𝐹𝐶𝐿 is the considered constraint for FCL number. First 𝑁𝐹𝐶𝐿
is selected randomly and the number of 𝑁𝐹𝐶𝐿 initial chromosome
is created and for any initial chromosome t is selected randomly. Fig (1): The schematic of genetic algorithm that proposed for
Based on t value the other parts of initial chromosome are FCL placement and sizing optimization problem.
measured. If t=0 then 𝑋𝐹𝐶𝐿 = 0, 𝑅𝐹𝐶𝐿 is selected randomly
between its minimum and maximum bound. If t=1 then 𝑅𝐹𝐶𝐿 = IV. INVESTIGATION AND SIMULATION
0, 𝑋𝐹𝐶𝐿 is selected randomly between its minimum and
maximum bound. If t=2, then 𝑅𝐹𝐶𝐿 and 𝑋𝐹𝐶𝐿 are selected 33kV sub-transmission network that have 30 bus and 86
randomly between their minimum and maximum bounds. directional overcurrent relays and circuit breakers is chosen for
Secondly, after initial chromosome sizing is done, t is removed investigation and simulation of the proposed method. Fig (2)
from GA's chromosome and the final chromosome that shows this network.
considered for GA algorithm is proposed as: A. THE CONNECTION EFFECTS OF DG ON
𝑅𝐹𝐶𝐿 𝑋𝐹𝐶𝐿 𝑘 PROTECTIVE SYSTEM OF NETWORK
. The number of 𝑁𝐹𝐶𝐿 strings is create and the population is With presence of distributed generation in sub-transmission
created as composition of this random strings. Third, the genetic
network the fault current level will changed in the network. 3
algorithm's stages include selection, crossover and mutation is
DGs with 10MVA capacitance and 0.9 lag's power factor is
done on this population's member and this population's member
added to the network. DG 1 is installed in bus 5, DG 2 is
randomly located in each of the lines that results from sensitivity
installed in bus 19 and DG 3 is installed in bus 24. The presence
analysis in the network (based on k value). Fitness value
computed for any position that FCLs is placed in the network of this DGs in sub-transmission networks cause 46 of 314
and based on GA new population is generated and this process constraints is violated this means that DGs increase the short
will resume. Fourth, this genetic algorithm when finishes that circuit current level of the network compared to the short circuit
current level without DGs in the sub-transmission network.
the number of violated constraints be equal to zero (𝑁𝑉𝐶 = 0)
and the stoppage condition is satisfied. The algorithm that This violation must be compensated in the network so the fault
explains this stages is shown in Fig (1). current limiter is used to restore this violation of constraints and
current constraint of circuit breakers.
 The 10th Power Systems Protection & Control Conference
PSPC, January 19, 20th 2016, Tehran, Iran
School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Tehran

Circ Allowa ble Circ Allowa ble Circ Allowa ble Circ Allow
uit values uit values uit values uit a ble
brea × 6.621𝑘𝐴 brea × 6.621𝑘𝐴 brea × 6.621𝑘𝐴 brea values
ker ker ker ker × 6.621𝑘𝐴
No. No. No. No.
1 1 23 0.472 45 0.516 67 0.17
2 1 24 0.1656 46 0.818 68 0.21
5
3 1.07 25 0.12 47 0.818 69 0.10
2
4 1.215 26 0.945 48 0.213 70 0.10
9
5 0.222 27 0.945 49 0.902 71 0.8
6 1.28 28 0.873 50 0.776 72 0.8
7 1.207 29 0.873 51 0.718 73 0.97
8 0.523 30 0.847 52 0.418 74
0.901
9 0.235 31 0.314 53 0.143 75 0.74
3
10 1.02 32 0.34 54 0.108 76 0.26
11 1.087 33 0.99 55 0.324 77 0.32
12 1.022 34 0.765 56 0.642 78 0.20
2
13 0.781 35 0.392 57 0 79 0

14 0.512 36 0.315 58 0.945 80 0.75

1
15 0.191 37 0.117 59 0.519 81 0.68
7
16 0.824 38 0.5444 60 0.6374 6 82 0.04
5
17 0.436 39 0.7943 61 0.135 83 0.05
5
18 0.65 40 0.7755 62 0.3378 84 0.08

19 0.558 41 0.111 63 0.171 85 0.56

4
20 0.6 42 0.582 64 0.489 86 0.24
1
21 0.153 43 1.015 65 0.4103 - -

22 0.19 44 1.17 66 0.121 - -

Fig (2): The 30 bus sub-transmission network with 86
overcurrent relays and 86 breakers and 43 lines [6].
The allowable value for cut ranges of circuit breaker in the
network is presented in table (1).
Table (1): Allowable value for cut ranges of circuit breaker
B. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
The sensitive analysis implies to this state. This analysis
decreasing the searching space for FCL placement greatly. The
base impedance that is the maximum value for FCL's resistance
 The 10th Power Systems Protection & Control Conference
PSPC, January 19, 20th 2016, Tehran, Iran
School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Tehran

and reactance value be considered 2 𝑝𝑢 and the minimum value C. OPTIMAL PLACEMENT AND SIZING OF FCL
for FCL's resistance and reactance is considered 0.01 𝑝𝑢, Table After Sensitive analysis for compensation of DG's negative
(2) shows the results of sensitive analysis for 30 bus network. effects on protective system of sub-transmission network, fault
Table (2): The results of sensitive resolution current limiter placement and sizing is very necessary. With
using of presented GA algorithm in Fig (1) with mutation rate
Line ∆𝑖 Line ∆𝑖 Line ∆𝑖 of 0.015 and crossover rate of 0.87, the results of FCL Placement
𝑚𝑎𝑥
No. No. No. and sizing with 𝑁𝐹𝐶𝐿 = 7, are presented in table (4):
1 <0 16 <0 31 ≥0
Table 4): The results of FCL placement and sizing
2 ≥0 17 ≥0 32 ≥0
3 <0 18 <0 33 <0 The position of The position The position FCL's
4 ≥0 19 ≥0 34 ≥0 Resistive FCL of Inductive of Magnitude
FCL Impedance (pu)
5 <0 20 <0 35 <0
Type FCL
6 <0 21 <0 36 <0
7 <0 22 ≥0 37 ≥0 𝑍FCL 𝑍FCL = 𝑍FCL =
8 <0 23 <0 38 ≥0 = 0.3459 0.5159× 𝑗 𝑝𝑢 0.3809+j×
9 <0 24 <0 39 <0 𝑝𝑢 In Line 0.3722𝑝𝑢 in
In Line between bus Line
10 <0 25 <0 40 <0
between bus 4 6 and bus 9, between
11 <0 26 ≥0 41 ≥0
and bus 6, bus 2 and bus 5,
12 <0 27 <0 42 ≥0
𝑍FCL = 𝑍FCL =
13 <0 28 <0 43 <0 0.3239+j×
0.4689 𝑝𝑢 in
14 ≥0 29 <0 - - Line between 0.5034 𝑝𝑢 in
2.6597
15 ≥0 30 <0 - - bus 25 and bus Line
between
26,
The arrangement of this result is presented in table (3): bus 4 and bus
12,
𝑍FCL =
Table (3): The outgoing of Sensitive Analysis 0.353+j×
0.4892 𝑝𝑢 in
Line Buses Line Buses Between. Line
No. Between. No. between
1 1 and 2 21 14 and 15 bus 10 and bus
3 1 and 3 23 15 and 18 21,
5 3 and 4 24 18 and 19
6 2 and 5 25 19 and 20 Fig (3) shows the fitness value variations of GA Iterations.
7 2 and 6 27 10 and 17
8 4 and 6 28 10 and 21
9 5 and 7 29 10 and 21
10 6 and 7 30 10 and 22
11 6 and 8 33 22 and 24
12 6 and 9 35 24 and 25
13 6 and 10 36 25 and 26
16 4 and 12 39 27 and 29
18 12 and 40 27 and 30
14
20 12 and 43 6 and 8
16
 The 10th Power Systems Protection & Control Conference
PSPC, January 19, 20th 2016, Tehran, Iran
School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Tehran

simultaneously. Sensitivity analysis that reduce the searching

space for FCL placement is applied. The presented method
based on GA algorithm is implied to find optimal size and place
of FCL with minimum impedance of fault current limiter.
Simulation results confirmed the robustness of this proposed
method in finding the optimum FCL's size and location.

References
[1] W. Elkhatam, S. Sidou and Tarlochan, "Restoration of Directional
Overcurrent Relay Coordination in Distributed Generation Systems
Utilizing Fault Current Limiter", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,
Vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 576-585. 2008.
[2] G. Tang, and M. R. Iravani, "Application of a Fault Current Limiter to
Minimize Distributed Generation impact on Coordinated Relay
Protection", International Conference on Power Systems Transients
(IPST’05), Montreal, Canada, pp. 19-23. 2005.J. Clerk Maxwell, A
Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon,
1892, pp.68-73.
[3] R. Benabid, M. Zellagui, A. Chaghi and M. Boundur, "Application of
Firefly Algorithm for Optimal Directional Overcurrent Relays
Coordination in the Presence of IFCL", International Journal of Intelligent
Fig (3): Fitness value variations of GA Systems and Applications (IJISA), Vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 44-54,
2014.
The compensation of several coordination constraints by [4] H. Bahramian, H. A. Farsani and E. A. Farsani, "A Novel Method for
using of this optimal sizing and optimal placement of FCL in Optimum Fault Current Limiter Placement Using Particle Swarm
Optimization Algorithm", International Transactions on Electrical Energy
the sub-transmission network is presented in table (5). Systems, 2014.
[5] S.A.A. Shahriari, A.Y. Varjani and M.R. Haghifam, ”Cost Reduction of
Table (5): The compensation of several coordination constraints Distribution Network Protection In Presence of Distributed Generation
by using of FCL application in the network Using Optimized Fault Current Limiter Allocation”, International Journal
of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 43, no. 1,pp.14531459, Dec
2012.
Time Value Time Value (sec).
differences differences [6] H. Sharifian, H.A. Abyaneh, H. Salman, R. Mohammadi and F. Razavi,
(sec). ”Determination of the minimum break point set using expert system and
between between genetic algorithm”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 25, no. 3,
backup and backup and pp. 1284-1295, 2010.
primary relay primary relay [7] B. Abdi, M .Abroshan, M.H. Aslinezhad and A. Alimardani, ”
after DG's after FCL Coordination Return of Protective Devices in Distribution Systems in
Presence of Distributed Generation”, Energy Procedia, Vol. 12, pp.263–
installation. installation. 270 , june 2011.
𝑡7 − 𝑡16 −0.3135 𝑡7 − 𝑡16 0.5269 [8] X. Liu, H. Chen, Y. Tao, and C. Huqian, "Short-Circuit Current Limiting
for Ring Distributed Power System Integrated with Multiple Sources", In
𝑡66 − 𝑡62 0.0212 𝑡66 − 𝑡62 0.7035
PES General Meeting Conference & Exposition, IEEE, pp. 1-5, 2014.
𝑡37 − 𝑡40 0.315 𝑡37 − 𝑡40 0.7732 [9] A. Golzarfar, A. R. Sedighi and A. Asadi, "Optimal Placement and Sizing
𝑡50 − 𝑡11 0.2273 𝑡50 − 𝑡11 0.5642 of Fault Current Limiter in a Real Network: a CaseStudy", IJE
Transactions, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 402-409, March 2015.
𝑡69 − 𝑡58 0.0289 𝑡69 − 𝑡58 0.4043 [10] K. Hongesombut, Y. Mitaniand K. Tsuji, "Optimal Location Assignment
and Design of Superconducting Fault Current Limiters Applied to Loop
Power Systems", IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, vol.
V. CONCLUSIONS 13, no. 2, June 2003.
In this paper for compensation of DG's negative effects on [11] S.A. Aziz, D. Ibrahim and E.E.D.A.E. Zahab, "Directional Overcurrent
Relay Coordination Restoration by Minimum Fault Current Limiter
protective systems of interconnected sub-transmission Impedance", Journal of Energy and Power Engineering, vol. 8, no. 6,
networks, fault current limiter is used. For optimal exploitation pp.1132-1141, 2014.
of FCL in protective systems with using of number of mis- [12] Y. Zhao, Y. Li, T.K. Saha and O. Krause, "Mitigation of Distributed
coordinated directional overcurrent relays in operation of Generation Impact on Protective Devices in a Distribution Network by
Superconducting Fault Current Limiter",Energy and Power Engineering,
protective system, optimal placement and sizing of FCL is done Vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 258-263, 2013.

View publication stats