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Bansal Math 1
Bansal Math 1
MATHEMATICS
TARGET IIT JEE 2007
XI (P, Q, R, S)
COMPOUND ANGLES
Trigonometry Phase - /
»i : - .
I
CONTENTS
KEY-CONCEPTS
EXERCISE-I
EXERCISE -II
EXERCISE-III
ANSWER KEY
KEY CONCEPTS
BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES :
2 2
(a) sin 9 + c o s 9 = 1 ; -l<sin9<l; -l<cos9<l V 9eR
(b) sec2 9 - tan2 9 = 1 ; | sec 0 | > 1 V 9 e R
(c) cosec2 9 - cot2 9 = 1 ; |cosec9|>l V 9 e R
IMPORTANT T' RATIOS :
V3-1 __ 5n
(c) sin 15° or sin —r=- = cos 75 0 or cos —
12 2V2 12
V3+1 . _.0 . 5 7X
cos 15° or cos — —r=~ = sm 75° or sin —
12 2V2 12
• 100 _ V
18 = 5 - 1
71
•
(e) sm — or sin &
P
cos ICO
36 or cos —
71
= V J + l
10 4 5 4
C + D C D
(a) sinC + sinD = 2sin C + P
cos——— (b) sinC - sinD = 2 cos sin—
2
D C + D C - D
(c) cosC + cosD = 2 cos C + D
cos (d) cosC-cosD = - 2 s i n sm
9 9
(a) sin 2A = 2 sinA cosA ; sin9 = 2 s i n - c o s -
(b) cos 2 A = cos2A - sin2A = 2cos2A - 1 = 1 - 2 sin2A;
. l-cos2A
2 cos2A = 1 + cos 2A, 2sin2A = 1 - cos 2A ; tan2A =
l + cos2A
9 9
2 cos2— = 1 + cos 9 , 2 sin2— = 1 - cos9.
2 2
2? t T
an A ^ tanf
(c)
w
tan2A= ?2 ; tan9= , ~ri
1 - tan A 1 - tan T
2tanA
(d)
W
sin2A = , cos2A= 1 - t a a [ A (e) sin3A = 3 sinA-4 sin3A
1 + tan A 1 + tan A
3 tan A - tan 3 A
(f)
w
cos 3A = 4 cos3A - 3 cosA (g) tan 3A , „ ,
1 - 3 tan'A
8. THREE ANGLES :
tanA + tanB + tanC - tanA tanB tanC
(a) tan (A+B+C) =
1 - tanA tanB - tanB tanC - tanC tanA
N O T E IF : (i) A+B+C = n then tanA+tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC
(ii) A+B+C = ~ then tanA tanB + tanB tanC + tanC tanA= 1
(b) If A + B + C = 7t then: (i) sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4 sinA sinB sinC
(ii)
ABC
sinA + sinB + sinC = 4 cos — cos — cos —
v
' 2 2 2
(d) If(x,B e [0,-7 j and a + p = a (constant) then the maximum values of the expression
cosa cosp, cosa + cosp, sina + sinP and sina sinp
a
occurs when a = P = —.
(e) If a,p e fn —J
A and a + p = a(constant) then the minimum values of the expression
o
seca + seep, tana + tanp, coseca + cosecp occurs when a = P = —.
(f) IfA, B, C are the angles of a triangle then maximum value of
sinA + sinB + sinC and sinA sinB sinC occurs when A=B = C = 60°
(g) In case a quadratic in sin9 or cos9 is given then the maximum or minimum values can be interpreted
by making a perfect square.
/ \ si•n^n
Bf- (, n-1
sin a + sin (a + P) + sin (a + 2p ) + + sin ^a + n - i p j = sin I a +-—-p
sin ^
n
s i n• P /
/ — ( n-1
cos a + cos (a + P) + cos(a + 2p ) + + cos la + n-1 pi = 1- cos a + ——
sin j V 2
EXERCISE-I
Q.l Prove that cos2a + cos2 (a + P) - 2cos a cos p cos (a + P) = sin2P
Q.2 Prove that cos 2a = 2 sin2P + 4cos (a + P) sin a sin p + cos 2(a + P)
Q.3 Prove that, tan a + 2 tan 2a + 4 tan 4a + 8 cot 8 a - cot a .
Q.4 Prove that : (a) tan 20° . tan 40° . tan 60° . tan 80° = 3
(b) tan9° -tan27° -tan63° + tan81° = 4 . (c) sin 4 ~ + sin 4 ^ + sin 4 ~ + sin 4 ~ = |
16 16 16 16 2
cot7
Q.7 Showthat: (a) y or tan 82 y = (V3 + V2) (V2 + 1) or V2+V3+V4+V6
(b) t a n l 4 2 y =2 +V2-V3-V6 .
m +n
Q.8 If mtan(9-30°) = ntan(6+ 120°), show that cos20 2(m - n)
cosu
Q.9 If cos9= —— , prove that, tan— = ± tan— .
1-ecosu 2 V1 _ e 2
4 5 7
1
Q.10 If cos (a + P) = j ; sin (a - P) = — & a , P lie between 0 & — , then find the value of tan
2a .
Q.ll Prove that if the angles a & P satisfy the relation p) = ~ (M > lnl) then
. tang
(b) Prove that (2V3 + 4) sin 0 + 4 cos 0 lies between - 2(2 + Vs ) & 2(2 + VJ).
Q.14 If a + p = c where a, p > 0 each lying between 0 and 7i/2 and c is a constant, find the maximum or
minimum value of
(a) sin a + sin p (b) sin a sin p
(c) tan a + tan p (d) cosec a + cosec p
Q.15 Let A,., A 2 , , An be the vertices of an n-sided regular polygon such that ;
1
+ —-— . Find the value of n.
A.j A2 ^•i .A] A.^
Q. 16 Prove that: cosec 0 + cosec 20 + cosec 22 0 + + cosec 2 n " 1 0 = cot (0/2) - cot 2 n " ! 0
A i n , _ t a n a + tan y . . s i n 2 a + sin2y
Q.19 IIf( tan QP = — , prove that sin 2B = ; 7-^ •
1 + tana.tany 1 + s i n 2 a . sm2y
% 3n 571 17TC
Q.23
V IfP= cos— + cos— + cos— + + cos and
19 19 19 19
271 47t 6tz 20n
Q= cos—+ cos—+ C
OS—+ + cos-^-? then find P - Q.
- *
Q.24 Without using the surd value for sin 18° or cos 36°, prove that 4 sin 36° cos 18° — V5
^ ^
Q.4 TX- tan
If * — fn + j-
y) = +tani3 (n— +A- * •siny = •sinxI 3 -—„
prove^that
+ sin2 x
.,
v
U 2J v4 2/ 1 + 3 sm x
Q.6 Prove that; cosec x. cosec 2x. sin 4x. cos 6x . cosec 1 Ox =
cos3x cos5x cos7x cos9x
sin2xsin4x
+ s— r:—r~:
in4xsin6x sin6x sin8x
+ sin8xsinl0x
Q.9 (a) If a = prove that, sin a + sin 2a + sin4a = ~ (b) siny . sin-^- . s i n ^ =
3
Q.ll Prove that the value of cos A + cos B + cos C lies between 1 & — where A + B + C = tc.
Q.12 If m2 + m'2 + 2mm'cos9 = l , n2 + n,2 + 2nn'cos9= 1 and
mn + m' n' + (mn' + m' n) cos 9 = 0, then prove that m2 + n2 = cosec2 9.
Q.13 If cos2 9 = m
?
1
& t a n 3 = tan a , prove that cos2/3 a + sin2/3 a = f-^j
sin a a
Q.15 Prove thatfromthe equality + = — f o l l o w s the relation; s i " 3 a + a
= -—
*
Q.16 Prove that the triangle ABC is equilateral iff, cotA+cotB + cotC= S .
cos a s
Q.17 If ( = ' n ( a3 — = m ^ th e n show that m2 + m cos a = 2 .
cos 9 sin 9
1/2
Q. 18 Prove that: 4 sin 27° = (5 + VJ) - (3 - V?) .
Q.21 Show that eliminating x&y from the equations, sinx + siny = a ;
8a b
cosx + cosy = b & tanx + tany = c gives =c
4a'
2 s e c 6 + 3 t a n 6 + 5sin 9 - 7 c o s 0 + 5 l-cos0
Q.22 Show that
2 t a n 8 + 3sec 0 + 5 c o s 9 + 7 s i n 0 + 8 sin 0
. x
, tan —
Q.23 Evaluate : £ 2n
n=12n-1COS• 2 n X
-l
f p+ y-a^| rynh a -
Q.24 If a + (3+y = 7t & tan • tan • tan = 1, then prove that;
I 4 J V 4 I 4 j
1 + cos a + cos P + cos y = 0 .
Q.25 V x e R, find the range of the function, f (x) = cos x (sin x + ^sin 2 x + sin2 a ) ; a e [0, n]
EXERCISE-III
Q.l (a) sec29 = 4xy
, is true if and only if :
(X + y ) 2
Q.2 (a) Let n be an odd integer. If sin n9 = £ b sinr 9, for every value of 9, then:
r= 0
(A) b0 = 1, b, = 3 (B) bQ = 0, bj = n
(C) b0 = - 1, bj = n (D) b0 = 0, bj = n2 - 3n + 3
(b) Let A0 Aj A2 A3 A4 A5 be a regular hexagon inscribed in a circle of unit radius.
Then the product of the lengths of the line segments A0 Aj, A0 A2 & A0 A4 is :
n f n
(A)/2^]=l (B ) / 3, V32. = 1 WfAm.
1 [JEE '99,3]
Q.4
(a) Let f(9) = sin9 (sin9 + sin 3 9). Then f(9)
(A) > 0 only when 9 > 0 (B) < 0 for all real 9
(C) > 0 for all real 9 (D) < 0 only when 9 < 0.
[ JEE 2000 Screening. 1 out of 35 ]
Bansal Classes Trig.-(j>-1 m
A B C A B C
(b) Ei any triangle A B C , prove that, c o t — + cot — + cot — = cot — cot — cot — .
Z* Z* Zi Zi Zi
(C) 12 +
7V3 7V3
(D)3 + 4
4 ir
(h) cos(a - P) = 1 and cos(a + P)= 1 /e, where a, P e [ - n, 7t], numbers of pairs of a, P which satisfy both
the equations is
(A)0 (B)l (C) 2 (D)4
[JEE 2005 (Screening)]
ANSWER SHEET
EXERCISE-I
Q 5. (a) 4 (b) -1 (c) V3 (d) 4 (e) (f) fi Q10. | |
13
Q12- (a> ymax= 11
i ymm = 1
(b) ymax= y ; y min
mm = - \ ,' v(c)49
'
2
Q14. (a) max = 2 sin (c/2), (b) max. = sin (c/2), (c) min = 2 tan (c/2), (d) min = 2 cosec (c/2)
Q 15. n = 7 Q23. 1
EXERCISE -II
1
Q 23. Q-25 - V1 + sin2 a ^ y ^ Vl + sin
si a
sin2x n_I X
2 sin n-1
EXERCISE-III
Q.l (a) B (b) ± Q.2 (a) B, (b) C, (c) C Q.3 A, B, C, D Q.4 (a) C
5
Q.5 (a) Minimum value = 3 ~5; maximum value = 3 5 ,(b) x= — ; y = — Q.6 C
7Z 71
Q.7 B
12 6
Q.8 (a) B, (b)D
MATHEMATICS
TARGETIIT JEE 2007
XI (P, Q, R, S)
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
CONTENTS
EXERCISE-I
EXERCISE-II
EXERCISE-III
EXERCISE-IV
ANSWER KEY
KEY CONCEPTS
The general form of a quadratic equation in x is, ax2 + bx + c = 0 , where a , b , c e R&a^O.
RESULTS :
- b ± /b 2 - 4ac
The solution of the quadratic equation, ax2 + bx + c = 0 is given by x =
2a
The expression b 2 -4ac=D is called the discriminant of the quadratic equation.
2. If a & (3 are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 , then ;
(i) a + p = - b/a ' (ii) a p = c/a (iii) a -B = Vd/a .
NATURE OF ROOTS :
(A) Consider the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, c e R & a ^ O then ;
(i) D > 0 <=> roots are real & distinct (unequal) .
(ii) D = 0 <=> roots are real & coincident (equal) .
(iii) D < 0 <=> roots are imaginary .
(iv) If p + iq is one root ofa quadratic equation, then the other must be the
conjugate p - i q & vice versa . (p, q e R & i = 1) .
(B) Consider the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, c e Q & a # 0 then ;
(i) If D > 0 & is a perfect square , then roots are rational & unequal.
(ii) If a = p + ^/q is one root in this case, (where pis rational & y'q is a surd)
then the other root must be the conjugate of it i.e. P = p - ^/q & vice versa.
4. A quadratic equation whose roots are a & p is (x - a)(x - P) = 0 i.e.
x 2 - ( a + p)x + a,p = 0i.e. x 2 -(sumof roots)x+ product of roots = 0 .
5. Remember that a quadratic equation cannot have three different roots & if it has, it becomes an
identity.
6. Consider the quadratic expression, y = ax2 + bx + c , a ^ 0 & a, b, c e R then ;
(i) The graph between x, y is always a parabola . If a > 0 then the shape of the
parabola is concave upwards & if a < 0 then the shape of the parabola is concave downwards.
(ii) V x e R , y > 0 only if a > 0 & b 2 - 4 a c < 0 (figure 3).
(iii) V x e R , y < 0 only if a < 0 & b2 - 4ac < 0 (figure 6).
Carefully go through the 6 different shapes of the parabola given below .
Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3
y
\
\\ a >0
D = 0 /
/
X
Vy
o
,
O x
Fig. 5 Fig. 6
y• y
0 X 0 X
a < 0 \
/I / aD< 0< 0\ \
/
D=0 '
X
/
Roots are real & distinct Roots are coincident Roots are complex conjugate
9. C O M M O N R O O T S O F 2 Q U A D R A T I C E Q U A T I O N S [ONLY O N E C O M M O N R O O T ] :
Let a be the common root of ax 2 +bx + c = 0 & a'x2 + b'x + c'= 0 .Therefore
a a2 + ba + c = 0 ; a'a 2 + b'a + c' = 0 . By Cramer's Rule 1
be' - b'c a'c-ac' ab'-a'b
ca' - c'a be' - b'c
Therefore, a =
a b ' - a'b a'c - a c '
So the condition for a common root is (ca'-c'a) 2 = (ab'-a'b)(bc'-b'c).
10. The condition that a quadratic function f (x, y) - ax2+2 hxy + by2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c may be resolved
into two linear factors is that ;
a h g
2 2 2
abc + 2 fgh - af - bg - ch = 0 OR h b f = 0.
g f c
11. THEORY OF EQUATIONS :
If a j , a 2 , a 3 , a n are the roots of the equation ;
f(x) = a0x + ajX"" + a,xn"2 + .... + an_,x + an = 0 where a 0 , a,,.... an are all real & a0 * 0 then,
n 1
X OCj a
•, X a2 = + a , X a, a 2 a 3 = - a OC| (X^ .a (-If a
0 0 0 0
a„
Note : (i) If a is a root ofthe equation f(x) = 0, then the polynomial f(x) is exactly divisible by (x - a) or
(x - a) is a factor of f(x) and conversely.
(ii) Every equation of nth degree (n > 1) has exactly n roots & if the equation has more than n roots,
it is an identity.
(iii) If the coefficients of the equation f(x) = 0 are all real and a + ip is its root, then a - ip is also
a root. i.e. imaginary roots occur in conjugate pairs.
(iv) If the coefficients in the equation are all rational & a + ^P is one of its roots, then a - ^P is
also a root where a, p € Q & p is not a perfect square.
(V) If there be any two real numbers 'a' & 'b' such that f(a) & f(b) are of opposite signs, then
f(x) = 0 must have atleast one real root between 'a' and 'b'.
(vi) Every equation f(x) = 0 of degree odd has atleast one real root of a sign opposite to that of its
last term.
EXERCISE-I
Q.l If the roots of the equation [ 1 /(x+p)] + [ 1 /(x+q)] = 1/r are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign,
show that p + q = 2r&that the product of the roots is equal to (-l/2)(p 2 + q2).
Q.2 If x2 - x cos (A + B) + 1 is a factor of the expression,
2x4 + 4x3 sin A sin B - x2 (cos 2A + cos 2B) + 4x cos A cos B - 2 . Then find the other factor.
Q.3 a , (3 are the roots of the equation K(x 2 -x)+x+5 = 0 . If K, & K2 are the two values of K
for which the roots a , (3 are connected by the relation (a/p) + (p/a) = 4/5 . Find the value of
(K(/K2) + (K2/Kj) .
Q.4 If the quadratic equations, x2 + bx + c = 0 and bx2 + cx + 1 = 0 have a common root then prove that
either b + c + l = 0 o r b 2 + c 2 + l = b c + b + c.
2
f P2^ X2 +p(l+q)x + q(q-l) + —
P
= 0 are equal then show that
Q.5 If the roots of the equation Il-q+—
Q.6 p2 =
If one . of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 be the square of the other, prove that
4q root
b3 + a2c + ac2 = 3abc.
Q.8 Let a, b, c be real. If ax2 + bx + c = 0 has two real roots a & P, where a < - 1 & P > 1 then show that
1 + c/a + | b/a | < 0.
6x 2 - 2 2 x + 21 , , .
Q.9 Find the least value of — ; for all real values of x, using the theory of quadratic
5x -18x + 17
equations.
ii Bansal Classes Quadratic Equations [9]
Q.IO Find the least value of (2p2 + 1 )x2 + 2(4p2 - 1 )x + 4(2p2 + 1) for real values of p and x.
Q.ll If a be a root of the equation 4x2 + 2x - 1 = 0 then prove that 4a 3 - 3a is the other root.
Q.12 If the equations x 2 +px + q = 0 & x2 + p'x + q' = 0 have a common root, show that it must
be equal to (pq'-p'q)/(q-q') or (q-q')/(p'-p) •
Q.13 If a,(3 are the roots of ax 2 +bx + c = 0 & a ' , ~ P are the roots of a'x 2 +b'x + c' = 0, showthat
-1 -l
"b b' 2 "b b'"
a , a ' are the roots of —+ — x +x + + — =0
—
a a' c c'
Q.14 If a , P are the roots of x2 - px + 1 = 0 & y, 5 are the roots of x2 + qx + 1 = 0 , show that
( a - y ) ( P - y ) ( a + 5)(P + 8) = q 2 - p 2 .
Q.15 Show that if p , q , r & s are real numbers & pr = 2(q+s), then at least one of the equations
x2 + px + q = 0, x 2 + r x + s = 0 has real roots .
Q.16 If a & b are positive numbers, prove that the equation — + —'— + = 0 has two real roots,
x x-a x+b
one between a/3 & 2a/3 and the other between - 2b/3 & - b/3 .
If the roots of x2 - ax + b = 0 are real & differ by a quantity which is less than c (c > 0), prove that
b lies between (1/4) (a2 - c2) & (l/4)a 2 .
At what values of'a' do all the zeroes of the function,
f (x) = (a - 2) x2 + 2 a x + a + 3 lie on the interval ( - 2,1)?
If one root of the quadratic equation ax2+ bx + c = 0 is equal to the nth power of the other, then
show that (acn)1/(n+l) + (a 1 ^) 1 ^ 1 ) + b = 0 .
V P q4 ? q J - 5 r3 - 5 ^ ' s4 s3-5A
p - 2 ' p-2 q - 2 ' q-2 r-2 r - 2 / and \ s - 2 s - 2 y are collinear if
pqrs = 5(p + q + r + s) + 2 (pqr + qrs + rsp + spq).
Q.21 The quadratic equation x2 + px + q = 0 where p and q are integers has rational roots. Prove that the
roots are all integral.
Q.22 If the quadratic equations x 2 +bx+ca = 0 & x 2 +cx+ab = 0 have a common root, prove that
the equation containing their other root is x2 + ax + be = 0 .
Q.23 If a , p are the roots of x 2 +px+q = 0 & x 2n +p n x n + qn = 0 where n is an even integer, show
that a/p, p/a are the roots of xn +1 + (x + l) n = 0 .
Q.24 If a , p are the roots of the equation x2 - 2x + 3 = 0 obtain the equation whose roots are
a 3 - 3 a 2 + 5a - 2 , p 3 - p 2 + p + 5.
Q.25 If each pair of the following three equations x2 + p 1 x+q 1 = 0 ,x 2 +p 2 x + q 2 =0 &
x 2 +p 3 x + q3 = 0 has exactly one root common, prove that ;
(PI + P2 + P3)2 = 4 [P1P2 + P2P3 + P3P1 ~ ~ % ~ •
Q.26 Show that the function z = 2x 2 +2xy+y 2 -2x + 2y+2 is not smaller than - 3 .
Q.27 If (1/a) + (1/b) + (1/c) = l/(a+b + c) & n is an odd integer, show that ;
(l/an) + (l/b n ) + (l/c n ) = l/(an + bn + cn) .
0 •30 Let f (x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0 has an irrational root r. If u = — be any rational number, where a, b, c, p and
1 «
q are integer. Prove that — < | f (u) |.
q
EXERCISE-II
Q.l Solve the following where x e R .
(a) ( x - l ) | x 2 - 4 x + 3| + 2 x 2 + 3 x - 5 = 0 (b) 3 I x2 - 4x + 2 | = 5x - 4
(c) For a < 0, determine all real roots of the equation x 2 - 2 a | x - a j - 3 a 2 = 0.
(d) |x 2 + 4 x + 3 | + 2 x + 5 = 0 (e) fx + 3). |x + 2 | + |2x+31 + 1 = 0
(f) | (x + 3) |. (x +1)+12x + 5 | = 0 (g) | x 3 + 1 1 + x2 - x - 2 = 0
(h) 2 |x+21 - |2X+1 - 1 | = 2 X + 1 +1
Q.2 Let a, b, c, d be distinct real numbers and a and b are the roots of quadratic equation
x2 - 2cx — 5d=0. If c and d are the roots of the quadratic equation x2 - 2ax - 5 6 = 0 then find the
numerical value of a + b + c + d.
Q.3 Find the true set of values of p for which the equation
p • 2cosZx + p • 2'cos2x - 2 = 0 has real roots.
2
. ,« sin
cos
2a
x -2xcosa + l 7 ~
Q.8 If x be real, prove that — n —r lies between — and
x — 2x cos (3 + 1 , (3 23
sin — cos -
2 2
2 2 2 2
Q.9 Solve the equations, ax +bxy + cy = bx + cxy+ ay = d .
Q.10 Find the values of K so that the quadratic equation x 2 + 2 ( K - l ) x + K + 5 = 0 has atleast one positive
root.
Q.ll Findtiievalues of *b'for which the equation 2 log , (bx + 28) = -log 5 (l2-4x-x 2 jhasonlyonesolution.
25
' x5'2
Q.l (log2x)4- l o g l T 201og 2 x+148 < 0. Q.2 x 1 / l o 8 x .logx<l
2 y
Q.3 (log 100 x) + (log 10 x) 2 +log x < 14
2
Q.4 log 1 / 2 (x+l)>log 2 (2-x).
Q.5 logx2 . log2x2 . log2 4x > 1. Q.6 log1/5 (2x 2 + 5 x + 1)<0.
Q.7 log1/2x + log 3 x>l. Q.8 log x2 (2+x)< 1
4 x 4- S
Q.15 Find the set of values of'y' for which the inequality, 2 log0 5 y2 - 3 + 2 x log0 5 y2 - x2 > 0
is valid for atleast one real value of'x'.
[9]
ii Bansal Classes Quadratic Equations
EXER CISE-IV
Q. 1 Prove that the values of the function s i n x cos 3 do not lie from -1 & 3 for any real x.
sin3x cosx 3
[JEE '97,5]
2
Q.2 The sum of all the real roots of the equation |x - 2| + |x - 2| - 2 = 0 is . [JEE '97,2]
Q.3 Let S be a square of unit area. Consider any quadrilateral which has one vertex on each side of S. If a,
b, c & d denote the lengths of the sides of the quadrilateral, prove that : 2 < a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 < 4.
[JEE '97,5]
Q.4 In a college of 300 students, every student reads 5 news papers & every news paper is read by
60 students. The number of news papers is:
(A) atleast 30 (B) atmost 20 (C) exactly 25 (D) none ofthe above
[JEE'98,2]
Q.5 If a, p are the roots of the equation x2 - bx + c = 0, then find the equation whose roots are,
(a 2 + p2) (a 3 + p3) & a 5 p3 + a 3 p5 - 2a 4 p4. [REE'98,6]
Q.6(i) Let a + ip ; a, p e R, be a root of the equation x3 + qx + r = 0; q, r e R. Find a real cubic equation,
independent of a & p, whose one root is 2 a .
(ii) Find the values o f a & p , 0 < a , P< n/2, satisfying the following equation,
cos a cos p cos (a + p) = - 1 / 8 . [REE '99,3 + 6]
Q.7(i) In a triangle PQR, ZR = ~ . If tan ( ^ j & tan are the roots of the equation
Q. 13 If x2 + (a - b)x + (1 - a - b) = 0 where a, b e R then find the values of 'a' for which equation has
unequal real roots for all values of 'b'. [JEE-03, Mains-4 out of 60]
[ Based on M. R. test]
Q.14
(a) If one root of the equation x2 + px + q = 0 is the square of the other, then
(A) p3 + q2 - q(3p + 1) = 0 (B) p3 + q2 + q(l + 3p) = 0
3 2
(C) p + q + q(3p - 1) = 0 (D) p3 + q2 + q(l - 3p) = 0
(b) If x2 + 2ax + 10 - 3a> 0 for all x e R, then
(A) - 5 < a < 2 (B) a < — 5 (C)a>5 (D)2<a<5
[JEE 2004 (Screening)]
EXERCISE-II
Q.l (a) x = l (b) x = 2 or 5 (c) x = ( l - f i ) a o r (Ve - l ) a (d) x = - 4 o r - ( 1 + V3)
(e) x = ( - 7 - V l 7 ) / 2 (f) x = - 2 or - 4 o r - ( l + V ^ ) (g) x = - l or 1 (h) x > - l or x = - 3
"4
Q.2 30 Q.3 :,1 Q.5 A = 2 or - 1 8 , B = 32or-288
Q.13 (0,8] Q 14. (a) K < - 1 or K > 5/4 (b) K = - 1 Q 1 5 . - 2 < p < - 2 / V ? or 2/VJ < p < 2
EXERCISE-III
r 11 11 a
QL. X 6 u (8,16) Q 2. (0,1) u (1, 101/10) Q 3. < x < 10
V 16 8y Vio9
1 - V? 1 + V?
Q 4. - 1 < x < or — j — < x < 2 Q 5 . 2"V2 < x < 2 - ' ; 1 < x < Q 6. (-^0,-2.5)u(0,00)
Q 7. 0 < x < 31/1-1083 (where base of log is 2) Q 8. - 2 < x < - l , - l < x < 0 , 0<x<l, x>2 Q 9. - < x < 1
Q.6 (i) x3 + qx - r = 0, (ii) a = p = TT/3, Q.7 (i) A, (ii) A, Q.8 (a, b) Q.9 (a) C, (b) B, (c) D
Q.10 A Q.ll y = a p and 6 = a.p or y = ap 2 and 8 = a 2 P
2 2
Q.12 B Q.13 a > l
Q.14 (a) D ; (b)A
MATHEMATICS
TARGETIIT JEE 2007
XI (P, Q,R, S)
CONTENTS
KEY CONCEPTS
EXERCISE-I
EXERCISE-II
EXERCISE-III
ANSWER KEY
KEY CONCEPTS
DEFINITION:
A sequence is a set of terms in a definite order with a rule for obtaining the terms,
e.g. 1,1/2,1/3, ,1/n, is a sequence.
AN ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION (AP):
AP is a sequence whose terms increase or decrease by afixednumber. Thisfixednumber is called the
common difference. If a is the first term & d the common difference, then AP can be written as
a, a + d, a + 2d, a + ( n - l)d,
nth term of this AP tn = a + (n - 1 )d, where d = an - a n l .
st
a(r n -l)
(ii) Sum of the I n terms i.e. Sn = — , if r * 1 .
r-1
(iii) Sum of an infinite GP when | r | < 1 when n—» oo rn —> 0 if | r | < 1 therefore,
S ^ f l r K l ) .
(iv) If each term of a GP be multiplied or divided by the same non-zero quantity, the resulting sequence is
also a GP.
(v) Any 3 consecutive terms of a GP can be taken as a/r, a, ar ; any 4 consecutive terms of a GP can be
taken as a/r3, a/r, ar, ar3 & so on.
(vi) If a, b, c are in GP => b2 = ac.
2ac a a - b
If a, b, c are in HP => b = or — = T .
a + c c d- c
MEANS
ARITHMETIC MEAN:
If three terms are in AP then the middle term is called the AM between the other two, so if a, b, c are
in AP, b is AM of a & c .
b-a
= a + d, =a+2d , , A = a + nd, where d = — -
n
n+1
NOTE : Sum of n AM's inserted between a & b is equal to n times the single AM between a & b
i.e. Xn Ar = nA where A is the single AM between a & b.
r= l
GEOMETRIC MEANS:.
If a, b, c are in GP, b is the GM between a & c.
b2 = ac, therefore b = Ja c ; a > 0, c > 0.
n-GEOMETRIC MEANS BETWEEN a, b :
If a, b are two given numbers & a, G}, G2, , Gn, b are in GP. Then
Gj, G2, G 3 ,...., Gn are n GMs between a & b .
G, = a(b/a)1/n+1, G2 = a(b/a)2/n+1, , Gn = a(b/a)n/n+1
= ar , = ar 2 , = arn, where r = (b/a)1/n+1
NOTE : The product of n GMs between a & b is equal to the nth power of the single GM between a & b
n
i.e. ^ G r =(G) n where G is the single GM between a & b.
HARMONIC MEAN :
If a, b, c are in HP, b is the HM between a & c, then b = 2ac/[a+c].
THEOREM:
If A, G, H are respectively AM, GM, HM between a & b both being unequal & positive then,
(i) G2 = AH
(ii) A > G > H (G > 0). Note that A, G, H constitute a GP.
SUM TO INFINITY :
a dr
If |r| <1 & n —»oo then Limit r n = 0 . S . - — + • 2 .
(1-r)
SIGMA NOTATIONS
THEOREMS :
(i) Z (ar±br)=£ a r ± £ b,
r=l r= 1 r=1
r
(ii) I ka r • k ± ar.
r=1 r=1
RESULTS
n r= n (n + 1)
(i) X — 9 — (sum of the first n natural nos.)
2
r=l
= n
(ii) Y (n+1) ^ s u m 0 f the squares of the first n natural numbers)
(iii) £ r3 = ( + 1)2
" (sum of the cubes of the first n natural numbers)
T=\ 4 r= 1
(iv> z r4 = - ( n + l)(2n+l)(3n 2 + 3 n - l )
r=l '
METHOD OF DIFFERENCE :
If T j , T 2 , T 3 , , T N are the terms of a sequence then some times the terms T 2 - T j , T 3 - T 2 ,
constitute an AP/GP. nth term of the series is determined & the sum to n terms of the sequence can
easily be obtained.
Remember that to find the sum of n terms of a series each term of which is composed of r factors in
AP, the first factors of several terms being in the same AP, we "write down the nth term, affix the next
factor at the end, divide by the number of factors thus increased and by the common difference and add
a constant. Determine the value of the constant by applying the initial conditions".
Q 3. There are n AM's between 1 & 31 such that 7th mean: (n - 1 )th mean = 5 : 9 , thenfindthe value of n.
Q 4. Find the sum of the series, 7 + 77 + 777 + to n terms.
Q 5. Express the recurring decimal 0.1576 as a rational number using concept of infinite geometric series.
1 2 3
Q 6. Find the sum of the n terms of the sequence 2 4 2 4
1 + 1 +1 1+2 +2 1 + 32 +3 4
Q 7. Thefirstterm of an arithmetic progression is 1 and the sum of thefirstnine terms equal to 369. The first
and the ninth term of a geometric progression coincide with thefirstand the ninth term ofthe arithmetic
progression. Find the seventh term of the geometric progression.
r
Q 8. If the pth, qth & rth terms of an AP are in GP. Show that the common ratio of the GP is q~
p-q
Q 9. If one AM 'a' & two GM's p & q be inserted between any two given numbers then show that
p3+ q3 = 2 apq .
Q 10. Thesumofn terms oftwo arithmetic series are in the ratio of (7 n+1): (4 n+27). Find the ratio oftheir
nth term.
Q l l . If S be the sum, P the product & R the sum of the reciprocals of a GP, find the value of p2
!)•
Q 12. The first and last terms of an A.P. are a and b. There are altogether (2n + 1) terms. A new series is
formed by multiplying each of thefirst2n terms by the next term. Show that the sum ofthe new series is
(4n2 - l)(a2 + b 2 ) + (4n 2 + 2)ab
6n
Q 13. In an AP of which' a' is the 1st term, if the sum of the 1st p terms is equal to zero, show that the sum
of the next q terms is - a (p + q) q/(p -1).
Q 14. The interior angles of a polygon are in AP. The smallest angle is 120° & the common difference is 5°.
Find the number of sides of the polygon,
Q 15. An AP & an HP have the samefirstterm, the same last term & the same number of terms; prove that
the product of the V th term from the beginning in one series & the rth term from the end in the other is
independent of r.
Q 16. Find three numbers a, b, c between 2 & 18 such that ;
(i) their sum is 25
(ii) the numbers 2, a, bare consecutive terms of an AP &
(iii) the numbers b, c, 18 are consecutive terms of a GP .
Q 17. Given that ax = by = cz = du & a , b , c , d are in GP,show that x , y , z , u a r e i n H P .
Q 18. In a set of four numbers, thefirstthree are in GP & the last three are in AP, with common difference 6.
If thefirstnumber is the same as the fourth,findthe four numbers.
Q 19. Find the sum of the first n terms of the sequence: l + 2(1+—] +3[1+—] +4(1+—] +
n i 1 1.3 1.3.5
© I 7^77
r=1 4r - 1
-4+ - 4.6
— + 4.6.8
Q 24. Find the value ofthe sum
n n
r s
(a) Y y 02 3 where 5 is zero if r ^ s&8 r is one if r = s.
v iti
""""' <iii»« rs rs rs /
r=l s=l
(b) i i i i.
i=i j=i k=i
EXERCISE-II
Q 1. The series of natural numbers is divided into groups (1), (2,3,4), (5,6,7,8,9), & so on. Show
that the sum of the numbers in the nth group is (n - 1 )3 + n 3 .
Q 2. The sum of the squares of three distinct real numbers, which are in GP is S 2 . If their sum is a S, show
that a 2 e (1/3 ,1) u (1,3).
Q 3. If there be m AP's beginning with unity whose common difference is 1,2.3 .... m. Show that the sum
of their nth terms is (m/2) (mn - m + n + 1).
Q 4, If Sn represents the sum to n terms of a GP whose first term & common ratio are a & r respectively, then
ar
prove that S,1 + S,3 + S,5 + + S2 7n ! , = — - .
^ - 1-r (1-r) (l + r)
Q 5. A geometrical & harmonic progression have the same pth, qth & rlh terms a, b, c respectively. Show
that a (b - c) log a + b (c - a) log b + c (a - b) log c = 0.
Q.6 A computer solved several problems in succession. The time it took the computer to solve each successive
problem was the same number of times smaller than the time it took to solve the preceding problem.
How many problems were suggested to the computer if it spent 63.5 min to solve all the problems
except for the first, 127 min to solve all the problems except for the last one, and 31.5 min to solve all the
problems except for the first two?
Q 7. If the sum of m terms of an AP is equal to the sum of either the next n terms or the next p terms ofthe
same APprove that (m+n)[(l/m)-(l/p)] = (m + p)[(l/m)-(l/n)] (n*p)
Q 8. If the roots of 1 Ox3 - cx2 - 54x -21 = 0 are in harmonic progression, then find c & all the roots.
Prove that the sequence Sj, S 2 , S 3 , is an arithmetic progression whose common difference
2
is n times the common difference of the given progression.
Q l l . If a, b, c are in HP, b, c, d are in GP & c, d, e are in AP, Show that e = ab2/(2a - b) 2 .
Q 12. If a, b, c, d, e be 5 numbers such that a, b, c are in AP ; b, c, d are in GP & c, d, e are in HP then:
(i) Prove that a, c, e are in GP .
(ii) Prove that e = (2 b - a)2/a .
(iii) If a = 2 & e = 18 , find all possible values of b, c, d .
1 1 1 1
Q13. If A = 1 + - + - + +- + and
2 3 n n+1
b _£±2 2 + +<nzJ)l
Q 19. Consider an A.P., with the first term 'a', the common difference'd' and a G.P. with thefirstterm 'a', the
common ratio 'r' such that a, d, r >0 and both these progressions have same number of terms as well as
the equal extreme terms. Show that the sum of all the terms ofA.P. > the sum of all the terms ofthe G.P.
[3]
fa B ansa/ Classes Sequence & Progression
Q 20. If n is even & a+(3, a - (3 are the middle pair ofterms, show that the sum of the cubes of an arithmetical
progression is n a {a 2 + (n 2 -1) (32}.
Q 21. If a, b, c be in GP & logc a, logb c, loga b be in AP, then show that the common difference of the
AP must be 3/2.
Q 22. If ax = 1 & for n> 1, an = an_, + —1— , then show that 12 < aJ5 < 15.
a
n-l
1 2x 3x 2
Q 23. Sum tonterms: (i) — - + -———— +
x+1 (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3)
a,
(ii) ^ +
l + »i (1 + a i)( 1 + a2) (l + a i)(l + a 2 )(l + a3)
Q 24. In a GPthe ratio of the sum of the first eleven terms to the sum ofthe last eleven terms is 1/8 and the
ratio of the sum of all the terms without the first nine to the sum of all the terms without the last nine is 2.
Find the number of terms in the GP.
Q 25. Given a three digit number whose digits are three successive terms ofa G.P. If we subtract 792 from it,
we get a number written by the same digits in the reverse order. Now if we subtract four from the
hundred's digit of the initial number and leave the other digits unchanged, we get a number whose digits
are successive terms of an A.P. Find the number.
EXERCISE-III
Q.l For any odd integer n > l , n 3 - ( n - 1)3 + + (-l)n~1l3 = _ . [JEE '96,1]
Q.2 x = l+3a + 6a 2 + 10a3+ |a|<l
y = 1+ 4b + 10b2 + 20b3 + | b | <1, find S= 1+ 3ab + 5(ab)2 + .... in terms of x & y.
[REE'96,6]
Q.3 The real numbers x p x 2 , x3 satisfying the equation x3 - x2 + p x + y = 0 are in A.P. Find the
intervals in which P andy lie . [JEE'96,3]
Q.4 Let p & q be roots of the equation x2 - 2x + A = 0, and let r & s be the roots of the equation
x- - 18x + B = 0. If p < q < r < s are in arithmatic progression, then A = , and B = .
[JEE'97,2]
Q.5 a, b, c are the first three terms of a geometric series. If the harmonic mean of a & b is 12 and that of b
&c is 3 6, find the first five terms ofthe series. [REE'98,6]
Q.6 Select the correct alternative(s). [ JEE'98,2 + 2 + 8 ]
(a) Let Tr be the rth term of an AP, for r = 1, 2, 3,.... If for some positive integers m, n we have
T =
1 1
m ~ & T„ = ' Tmn equals :
(c) Prove that a triangle ABC is equilateral if & only if tanA+tanB + tanC = 3 •
(A) a = ~ , r = | (B) a = 2 , r = |
x=
(C) ^ , \ (D) a = 3,
(b) If a, b, c, d are positive real numbers such that a + b + c + d = 2, then M = (a + b) (c + d) satisfies
the relation:
(A) 0 < M < 1 (B) 1 < M < 2
(C) 2 < M < 3 (D) 3 < M < 4
[ JEE 2000, Screening, 1 + 1 out of 35 ]
(c) The fourth power of the common difference of an arithmetic progression with integer entries added to
the product of any four consecutive terms of it. Prove that the resulting sum is the square of an integer.
[ JEE 2000, Mains, 4 out of 100 ]
Q.10 Given that a , y are roots of the equation, A x 2 - 4 x + l = 0 and fi, 5 the roots of the equation,
B x2 - 6 x + 1 = 0, find values of A and B, such that a, p, y & 8 are in H.P.
[REE 2000, 5.outof 100]
Q.ll The sum of roots of the equation ax 2 +bx+c = 0 is equal to the sum of squares of their reciprocals. Find
whether be2, ca2 and ab2 in A.P., G.P. or H.P.? [ REE 2001, 3 out of 100 ]
Q.13
(a) Let a, p be the roots of x2 - x + p = 0 and y, 8 be the roots of x2 - 4x + q = 0. If a, P, y, 6 are in G.P.,
then the integral values of p and q respectively, are
(A)-2,-32 (B) - 2 , 3 (C)-6,3 (D)-6,-32
(b) If the sum ofthe first 2n terms of the A.P. 2,5,8, is equal to the sum ofthe first n terms of the A.P.
57,59,61, , then n equals
(d) Let al5 a2 be positive real numbers in G.P. For each n, let An, Gn, Hn, be respectively, the
arithmetic mean, geometric mean and harmonic mean of av a,, a3, an. Find an expression for the
G.M. of Gj, G2, Gn in terms of A p A2 An, Hj, H2, Hn.
[JEE 2001 (Mains);5]
Q.14 3
2 2 2
(a) Suppose a, b, c are in A.P. and a , b , c are in G.P. If a < b < c and a + b + c = - , then the value of
a is
(b) Let a, b be positive real numbers. If a , A, , A7 , b are in A.P. ; a , a! , a2 , b are in G.P. and
a, H j , H 2 , b are in H.P., show that
GJGJ A!+A 2 (2a + b)(a+2b)
H H - H + H - [ JEE 2002 , Mains , 5 out of 60 ]
c
Q.15 If a, b, c are in A.P., a 2 , b 2 , c2 are in H.P., then prove that either a = b = c or a, b, - — form a G.P.
[JEE-03, Mains-4 out of 60]
Q.16 The first term of an infinite geometric progression is x and its sum is 5. Then
( A ) 0 < x < 10 (B) 0 < x < 10 (C) -10 < x < 0 (D)x>10
[JEE 2004 (Screening)]
Q.17 If a, b, c are positive real numbers, then prove that [(1 + a) (1 + b) (1 + c)]7 > 77 a4 b4 c4.
[JEE 2004,4 out of 60]
EXERCISE-I
Ql. 1 Q 2. x = 105, y = 10
Q3. ji= 14 Q 4. S = (7/81){10n+1 - 9n - 10}
Q 5. 35/222 Q6. n(n+l)/2(n 2 + n + 1 )
Q 7. 27 Q 10. (14 n - 6)/(8 n + 23)
Q 11. 1 Q 14. 9
Q 16. a = 5 , b = 8 , c = 12 Q 18. ( 8 , - 4 , 2, 8)
Q 19. n2
Q20. (i) 2n+1 - 3 ; 2 n + 2 - 4 - 3 n (ii) n 2 + 4 n + l ; ( l / 6 ) n ( n + l ) ( 2 n + 1 3 ) + n
Q 21. 120,30 Q 22. 6 , 3
Q 23. (i) sn = (1/24) - [l/{6(3n+ 1) (3n + 4) >] j s ^ l / 2 4 (ii) (l/5)n(n+ l)(n + 2)(n+ 3)(n + 4)
2
1 1.3.5 (2n-l)(2n + l)
(iii) n/(2n+1) (iv) Sn = ;" Son = 1
2 2.4.6 (2n)(2n + 2)
Q 24. (a) (6/5) (6n - 1) (b) [n (n + 1) (n + 2)]/6
EXERCISE-II
Q6. 8problems, 127.5 minutes Q.8 C = 9 ; (3,-3/2 ,-3/5)
Q 12. (iii) b = 4 , c = 6 , d = 9 OR b = - 2 , c = - 6 , D = - 18
Q 15. (a) a = 1, b = 9 OR b = 1, a = 9 ; (b) a = 1 ; b = 3 or vice versa
Q 4. - 3 , 7 7 Q 5. 8,24,72,216,648
Q 6. (a) C (b) B Q 7. (a) B (b) D
Q 8. r = ± 1/9 ; n = 2 ; a = 144/180 OR r = ± 1/3 ; n = 4 ; a = 108 OR r = 1/81 ; n = 1 ; a = 160
Q9. (a) D (b) A Q 10. A = 3 ; B = 8
Q l l . A.P. Q 12. x = 2V2 andy = 3
MATHEMATICS I
TARGETIITJEE 2007
XI (P> Q, R, S)
-yfi
r
*
i
I iInn cLae csi
CONTENTS
KEY- CONCEPTS
EXERCISE-I
EXERCISE-II
EXERCISE-III
ANSWER-KEY
KEY CONCEPTS
STANDARD RESULTS:
(b) The equation of the tangent to the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 at its point (x t , yj) is
XX, + yyj + g (x + X j ) + f (y + yj) + c = 0.
(c) y = mx + c is always a tangent to the circle x 2 +y 2 =a 2 if c2 = a2 (1 + m2) and the point of contact
( a 2m a 2\
is
c cJ
(d) If a line is normal/orthogonal to a circle then it must pass through the centre of the circle. Using
this fact normal to the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 at(x ; , y,) is
y_y = Zi±£ (X-Xl).
x,+g
7. A FAMILY OF CIRCLES :
(a) The equation of the family of circles passing through the points of intersection of two circles
St = 0 & S2 = 0is : S ! + K S 2 = 0 (K*-l).
(b) The equation of the family of circles passing through the point of intersection of a circle
S = 0 & a line L = 0 is given by S+KL = 0.
(c) The equation of a family of circles passing through two given points (x}, y t ) & , y2) can be written
in the form:
y i
(x-x 1 )(x-x 2 ) + ( y - y 1 ) ( y - y 2 ) + K Yi 1 = 0 where K is a parameter.
x2 y2 i
(d) The equation of a family of circles touching afixedline y - yL = m (x - x}) at thefixedpoint (xL, yj) is
(x - x t ) 2 + (y - yx)2 + K [y - yj - m (x - Xj)] = 0, where K is a parameter.
In case the line through (xj, yj) is parallel to y - axis the equation of the family of circles touching it
at (Xj, y t ) becomes (x - x,)2 + (y - y^ 2 + K (x - Xj) = 0.
Also if line is parallel to x - axis the equation of the family of circles touching it at
(xi»Yi) becomes ( x - X j ) 2 + ( y - y ^ 2 + K ( y - y i ) = 0.
(e) Equation of circle circumscribing a triangle whose sides are given by Lj = 0 ; L2 = 0 &
L3 = 0 is given by; LjL2 + A. L2L3 + \x L3Lj = 0 provided co-efficient of xy = 0 & co-efficient of
x2 = co-efficient of y2.
(f) Equation of circle circumscribing a quadrilateral whose side in order are represented by the lines
Lj = 0, L2 = 0, L 3 = 0 & L4 = 0 is L,L 3 + A L 2 L 4 = 0 provided co-efficient of
x2 = co-efficient of y2 and co-efficient of xy=0.
8. LENGTH OF A TANGENT AND POWER OF A POINT :
The length of a tangent from an external point (x t , y^ to the circle
S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is given by L= Jx 1 2 +y 1 2 +2gx,+2f 1 y+c = Js^.
Square of length of the tangent from the point P is also called THE POWER OF POINT w.r.t. a circle.
Power of a point remains constant w.r.t. a circle.
Note that : power of a point Pis positive, negative or zero according as the point 'P'is outside, inside
or on the circle respectively.
REMEMBER :
(a) Chord of contact exists only if the point 'P' is not inside.
2LR
(b) Length of chord of contact T, T2 = •
RL3
(c) Area ofthe triangle formed by the pair of the tangents & its chord of contact = |> 2+T2
Where R is the radius of the circle & L is the length of the tangent from (x1; y}) on S = 0.
' 2RL ^
(d) Angle between the pair of tangentsfrom(xt, yj) = tan 1
vL2-*2/
where R=radius ; L = length of tangent.
(e) Equation of the circle circumscribing the triangle PTj T2 is:
(x-Xj) (x + g) + ( y - y i ) (y + f) = 0.
(f) The joint equation of a pair of tangents drawn from the point A(xj,yj)to the circle
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is : S S ^ T 2 .
Where S s x2 + y2 +2gx + 2 f y + c ; Sj =Xj2 + y2 + 2gXj + 2fyj + c
T= xxj + yyl + g(x + XJ) + f(y + y^ + c.
12. POLE & POLAR:
(i) If through a point P in the plane of the circle, there be drawn any straight line to meet the circle
in Q and R, the locus of the point of intersection of the tangents at Q & R is called the POLAR
O F THE POINT P ; also P is called the POLE O F THE POLAR.
(ii) The equation to the polar of a point P (xj, y,) w.r.t. the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is given by
xxj + yy t =s a 2 , & if the circle is general then the equation of the polar becomes
xx1 + yy,+g(x + Xj) + f (y + y^ + c = 0. Note that if the point (x t , yj) be on the circle then the
chord of contact, tangent & polar will be represented by the same equation.
2 2 2 Aa2 Ba 2 ^
(iii) Pole of a given line Ax + By + C = 0 w.r.t. any circle x + y = a is
Q 2. If the lines a, x + b, y + Cj = 0 & a2X + b2y + c 2 =0 cut the coordinate axes in concyclic points.
Prove that aj bj b2.
Q 3. One of the diameters of the circle circumscribing the rectangle ABCD is4y=x + 7. If A& B are
the points (-3,4) & (5,4) respectively. Then find the area of the rectangle.
Q 5. Find the equation of the circle inscribed in a triangle formed by the lines
3x + 4y = 12; 5x + 12y = 4 & 8y = 15x + 10 withoutfindingthe vertices of the triangle.
Q 6. Find the equation of the circles passing through the point (2,8), touching the lines 4x - 3y - 24 = 0 &
4x + 3y - 42 = 0 & having x coordinate of the centre of the circle less than or equal to 8.
Q 7. Find the equation of a circle which is co-axial with circles 2x2 + 2y2 - 2x + 6y - 3 = 0 &
x2 + y2 + 4x + 2y + 1 = 0. It is given that the centre of the circle to be determined lies on the radical axis
of these two circles.
Q 8. Let A be the centre of the circle x2 + y2 - 2x - 4y - 20 = 0. Suppose that the tangents at the points
B(1,7) & D(4,-2) on the circle meet at the point C. Find the area of the quadrilateral ABCD.
Q 9. The radical axis of the circles x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 and 2x2 + 2y2 + 3x + 8y + 2c = 0 touches
the circle x2 + y2 + 2x - 2y + 1 = 0.
Show that either g = 3/4 or f = 2 .
Q. 10 Find the equation of the circle through the points of intersection of circles x 2 +y 2 -4x-6y-12=0
and x2 + y2 + 6x + 4y - 12 = 0 & cutting the circle x2 + y2 - 2x - 4 = 0 orthogonally.
Q 11. Consider a curve ax 2 +2 hxy + by2 = 1 and a point P not on the curve. Aline is drawnfromthe point P
intersects the curve at points Q & R. If the product PQ. PR is independent of the slope of the line, then
show that the curve is a circle.
Q 12, Find the equations of the circles which have the radius Vl3 & which touch the line 2x-3y+1 = 0at(l, 1).
Q 13. A circle is described to pass through the origin and to touch the lines x = 1, x + y = 2. Prove that the
radius of the circle is a root of the equation ^3 - 2-j2j t 2 - 2 j 2 t + 2 = 0.
Q 14. The centre of the circle S = 0 lie on the line 2x-2y + 9 = 0 & S = 0 cuts orthogonally the circle
x2 + y2 = 4. Show that circle S = 0 passes through twofixedpoints &findtheir coordinates.
Q 15. Show that the equation x2 + y2 - 2x - 2 Ay - 8 = 0 represents, for different values of A, a system of
circles passing through twofixedpoints A B on the x - axis, andfindthe equation of that circle of the
system the tangents to which at A & B meet on the line x + 2y + 5 = 0.
Q 20. Find the equations of the circles whose centre lie on the line 4x + 3y - 2 = 0 & to which the lines
x + y + 4 = 0 & 7 x - y + 4 = 0 are tangents.
Q 21. Find the equations to the four common tangents to the circles x2 + y2 = 25 and (x-12) 2 + y2 = 9.
Q 22. If 4/2 - 5m2 + 6/ + 1 = 0. Prove that /x + my + 1 = 0 touches a definite circle. Find the centre &
radius of the circle.
Q 23. Find the condition such that the four points in which the circle x2 + y2 + ax + by + c = 0 and
x2 + y2 + a'x + b'y + c' = 0 are intercepted by the straight lines Ax + By + C = 0 &
A'x + B'y + C' = 0 respectively, lie on another circle.
Q 24. Show that the equation of a straight line meeting the circle x2 + y2 = a2 in two points at equal distances
2 d2
'd' from a point (x}, yj) on its circumference is xxt + yy} - a + —• = 0.
Q 25. If the equations of the two circles whose radii are a & a' be respectively S = 0 & S - 0, then prove that
S S'
the circles — + — = 0 will cut each other orthogonally,
a a
Q 26. Let a circle be given by 2x (x - a) + y (2y - b) = 0, (a * 0, b ^ 0). Find the condition on a & b if
two chords, each bisected by the x-axis, can be drawn to the circle from
v ^j
Q 27. Prove that the length of the common chord of the two circles x2 + y2 = a2 and
(x - c)2 + y2 = b2 is -7(a+b+c)(a-b+c)(a+b-c)(-a+b+c) .
c
Q 28. Find the equation of the circle passing through the points A (4,3) & B (2, 5) & touching the axis of
y. Also find the point P on the y-axis such that the angle APB has largest magnitude.
Q 29. Find the equations of straight lines which pass through the intersection of the lines
x - 2y - 5 = 0, 7x + y = 50 & divide the circumference of the circle x2 + y2 = 100 into two arcs
whose lengths are in the ratio 2:1.
Q 30. Find the equation of the circle which cuts each of the circles x2 + y2 = 4, x2 + y 2 - 6 x - 8 y + 10=0
& x2 + y2 + 2 x - 4 y - 2 = 0 at the extremities of a diameter.
[12]
(!%Bansal Classes Circles
EXER CISE-II
Q 1. A point moves such that the sum of the squares of its distancefromthe sides of a square of side unity is
equal to 9. Show that the locus is a circle whose centre coincides with centre of the square. Find also its
radius.
Q 2. A triangle has two of its sides along the coordinate axes, its third side touches the circle
x2 + y2 - 2ax - 2ay + a2 = 0. Prove that the locus of the circumcentre of the triangle is :
a2 - 2a (x + y) + 2xy = 0.
Q 3. A variable circle passes through the point A (a, b) & touches the x-axis; show that the locus ofthe
other end of the diameter through A is (x - a)2 = 4by.
Q 4. (a) Find the locus of the middle point of the chord of the circle, x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
which subtends a right angle at the point (a, b). Show that locus is a circle.
(b) Let S= x 2 +y 2 + 2gx+2fy+c=0 be a given circle. Find the locus of the foot of the perpendicular
drawnfromthe origin upon any chord of S which sustends a right angle at the origin.
Q 5. A variable straight line moves so that the product ofthe perpendiculars on itfromthe twofixedpoints (a, 0)
& (- a, 0) is a constant equal to c2 . Prove that the locus ofthe feet of the perpendiculars from each of
these points upon the straight line is a circle, the same for each.
Q 6. Showthat the locus of the centres of a circle which cuts two given circles orthogonally is a straight
line & hence deduce the locus of the centers of the circles which cut the circles
x2 + y2 + 4x - 6y + 9 = 0 & x2 + y2 - 5x + 4y + 2 = 0 orthogonally .
Q 8. The sides of a variable triangle touch the circle x2 + y2 = a2 and two of the vertices are on the line
y2 - b2 = 0 (b > a > 0) . Show that the locus of the third vertex is;
(a2 - b2) x2 + (a2 + b2) y2 = (a(a2 + b2))2.
Q 9. Show that the locus of the point the tangentsfromwhich to the circle x2 + y2 - a2 = 0 include a constant
angle a is (x2 + y2 - 2a2)2 tan2 a = 4a2 (x2 + y2 - a 2 ).
Q 10. ' O' is afixedpoint & P a point which moves along afixedstraight line not passing through O; Q is taken
on OP such that OP. OQ=K(constant) . Prove that the locus of Q is a circle. Explain how the locus
of Q can still be regarded as a circle even if thefixedstraight line passes through 'O'.
Q 11. P is a variable point on the circle with centre at C. CA & CB are perpendiculars from C on x-axis &
y-axis respectively. Show that the locus of the centroid of the triangle PAB is a circle with centre at the
centroid of the triangle CAB & radius equal to one third of the radius ofthe given circle.
Q 12. A(-a, 0) ; B(a,0) arefixedpoints. C is a point which divides AB in a constant ratio tana. If AC &
CB subtend equal angles at P, prove that the equation ofthe locus of P is x2 + y2 + 2ax sec2a + a2 = 0.
Q 14. Find the locus of a point which is at a least distance from x2 + y2 = b2 & this least distance is
equal to its distance from the straight line x = a.
Q 15. The base of a triangle is fixed. Find the locus of the vertex when one base angle is double the other.
Assume the base of the triangle as x-axis with mid point as origin & the length ofthe base as 2a.
Q 16. An isosceles right angled triangle whose sides are 1, 1, V2 lies entirely in thefirstquadrant with the
ends of the hypotenuse on the coordinate axes. If it slides prove that the locus of its centroid is
(3x-y) 2 + ( x - 3 y ) 2 = - 3 ^ .
Q 17. The circle x2 + y2 - 4x - 4y + 4 = 0 is inscribed in a triangle which has two of its sides along the
coordinate axes. The locus of the circumcentre ofthe triangle is:
x + y - xy + K ^ / P + y 1 = 0. Find K.
*
Q 18. Find the locus of the point ofintersection of two perpendicular straight lines each of which touches one
of the two circles (x - a)2 + y2 = b 2 , (x + a)2 + y2 = c2 and prove that the bisectors of the angles
between the straight lines always touch one or the other of two otherfixedcircles.
Q.19 Find the locus ofthe mid point of the chord of a circle x2 + y2 = 4 such that the segment intercepted by
the chord on the curve x2 - 2x - 2y = 0 subtends a right angle at the origin.
Q 21. The foot of the perpendicularfromthe origin to a variable tangent of the circle x 2 +y 2 - 2x = 0 is N. Find
the equation ofthe locus ofN.
Q 22, Find the locus of the mid point of all chords of the circle x 2 +y 2 - 2x - 2y = 0 such that the pair of lines
joining (0,0) & the point of intersection of the chords with the circles make equal angle with axis of x.
Q 23. P (a) & Q (p) are the two points on the circle having origin as its centre & radius 'a' & AB is the diameter
along the axis of x. If a - p = 2 y, then prove that the locus of intersection of AP & BQ is
x2 + y2 - 2 ay tany = a2.
Q 24. Show that the locus of the harmonic conjugate of a given point P (xl5 y t ) w.r.t. the two points in which
any line through P cuts the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is xxj + yy} = a2.
Q 25. Find the equation of the circle which passes through the origin, meets the x-axis orthogonally & cuts the
circle x2 + y2 = a2 at an angle of 45°.
MATHEMATICS
TARGET IIT JEE 2007
XI(PQRS)
CONTENTS
KEY- CONCEPTS
EXERCISE-I
EXERCISE-II
EXERCISE-III
ANSWER-KEY
KEY CONCEPTS
DEFINITIONS:
1. PERMUTATION : Each ofthe arrangements in a definite order which can be made by taking some or
all ofa number of things is called a P E R M U T A T I O N .
2. COMBINATION: Each of the groups or selections which can be made by taking some or all of a
number ofthings without reference to the order ofthe things in each group is called a C O M B I N A T I O N .
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF COUNTING:
If an event can occur in'm' different ways, following which another event can occur in'/?' different ways,
then the total number of different ways of simultaneous occurrence of both events in a definite order is
m x n. This can be extended to any number of events.
RESULTS:
(i) A Useful Notation :n! = n ( n - l ) ( n - 2 ) 3. 2. 1 ; n! =n. ( n - 1) !
n
0! = 1! = 1 ; (2n)! = 2 . n ! [1. 3. 5. 7...(2n- 1)]
Note that factorials of negative integers are not defined.
(ii) If nPr denotes the number of permutations of n different things, taking r at a time, then
n
n!
Pr = n (n - 1) (n - 2) ( n - r + 1)= ( n _ r ) j Note that, nPn = n !.
(iii) If nCr denotes the number of combinations of n different things taken r at a time, then
n
n n! p
Cr = . = L where r < n ; n e N and r e W .
r!(n-r)! rj
(iv) The number ofways in which (m+n) different things can be divided into two groups containing m & n
things respectively is : ( m + n ) - if m=n, the groups are equal & in this case the number of subdivision
m!n!
is ; for in any one way it is possible to interchange the two groups without obtaining a new
n!n!2!
distribution. However, if 2n things are to be divided equally between two persons then the number of
(2n)!
ways =
n!n!
(v) Number ofways in which (m + n + p) different things can be divided into three groups containing m, n
& p things respectively is 5 m ^ n ^ p.
m! n!p!
/A \ I
envelope is = n! + —+ +(-1)
/ IV.
v
—
2! 3! 4! ' n!
(xvii) S ome times studentsfindit difficult to decide whether a problem is on permutation or combination or
both. Based on certain words / phrases occuring in the problem we can fairly decide its nature as per the
following table:
PROBLEMS OF COMBINATIONS PROBLEMS OF PERMUTATIONS
• Selections, choose • Arrangements
• Distributed group is formed • Standing in a line seated in a row
• Committee IB problems on digits
• Geometrical problems • Problems on letters from a word
Q.2 A box contains 2 white balls, 3 black balls & 4 red balls. In how many ways can 3 balls be selected from
the box if atleast 1 black is to be included in the draw ?
Q.3 How manyfivedigits numbers divisible by 3 can be formed using the digits 0, l,2,3,4,7and8 ifeach
digit is to be used atmost once.
Q.4 During a draw of lottery, tickets bearing numbers 1, 2, 3, , 40, 6 tickets are drawn out & then
arranged in the descending order of their numbers. In how many ways, it is possible to have 4th ticket
bearing number 25.
Q.5 In how many ways can a team of 6 horses be selected out of a stud of 16, so that there shall always be
3 out of AB C A' B' C ' , but never A A ' , B B' or C C' together.
Q.6 5 boys & 4 girls sit in a straight line. Find the number ofways in which they can be seated if 2 girls are
together & the other 2 are also together but separatefromthefirst2.
Q.7 In how many ways can you divide a pack of 52 cards equally among 4 players. In how many ways the
cards can be divided in 4 sets, 3 of them having 17 cards each & the 4th with 1 card.
Q. 8 Find the number ofways in which 2 identical kings can be placed on an 8 x 8 board so that the kings are
not in adjacent squares. How many on n x m chessboard?
Q.9 The Indian cricket team with eleven players, the team manager, the physiotherapist and two umpires are
to travelfromthe hotel where they are staying to the stadium where the test match is to be played. Four
of them residing in the same town own cars, each a four seater which they will drive themselves. The bus
which was to pick them up failed to arrive in time after leaving the opposite team at the stadium. In how-
many ways can they be seated in the cars ? In how many ways can they travel by these cars so as to
reach in time, if the seating arrangement in each car is immaterial and all the cars reach the stadium by the
same route.
Q.IO How many 4 digit numbers are there which contains not more than 2 different digits?
Q.12 A crew of an eight oar boat has to be chosen out of 11 menfiveof whom can row on stroke side only,
four on the bow side only, and the remaining two on either side. How many different selections can be
made?
Q.14 The straight lines l x , l2 & /3 are parallel & lie in the same plane. A total of m points are taken on the line
/j, n points on l2 & k points on /3. How many maximum number oftriangles are there whose vertices are
at these points?
Q. 15 Prove that if each of m points in one straight line be joined to each of n in another by straight lines
terminated by the points, then excluding the given points, the lines will intersect — mn(m - l)(n -1) times.
4
Q.16 Afirmof Chartered Accountants in Bombay has to send 10 clerks to 5 different companies, two clerks
in each. Two of the companies are in Bombay and the others are outside. Two of the clerks prefer to
work in Bombay while three others prefer to work outside. In how many ways can the assignment be
made if the preferences are to be satisfied.
Q.17 Find the number of words each consisting of 3 consonants & 3 vowels that can be formed from the
letters of the word "Circumference". In how many of these c's will be together.
Q.18 There are n straight lines in a plane, no 2 of which parallel, & no 3 pass through the same point. Their
point of intersection are joined. Show that the number of fresh lines thus introduced is
n(n-l)(n-2)(n-3)
8
Q. 19 Find the number of distinct throws which can be thrown with 'n' six faced normal dice which are
indistinguishable among themselves.
Q . 20 There are 2 women participating in a chess tournament. Every participant played 2 games with the other
participants. The number of games that the men played between themselves exceeded by 66 as compared
to the number of games that the men played with the women. Find the number of participants & the total
numbers of games played in the tournament.
Q.21 Find the number of ways 10 apples, 5 oranges & 5 mangoes can be distributed among 3 persons, each
receiving none, one or more. Assume that the fruits ofthe same species are ail alike.
Q.22 All the 7 digit numbers containing each of the digits 1,2,3,4, 5, 6,7 exactly once, and not divisible by
5 are arranged in the increasing order. Find the (2004)th number in this list.
Q. 23 (a) How many divisors are there of the number x = 21600. Find also the sum of these divisors.
(b) In how many ways the number 7056 can be resolved as a product of 2 factors.
(c) Find the number of ways in which the number 300300 can be split into 2 factors which are
relatively prime.
Q. 24 There are 5 white, 4 yellow, 3 green, 2 blue & 1 red ball. The balls are all identical except for colour.
These are to be arranged in a line in 5 places. Find the number of distinct arrangements.
Q. 26 In a certain town the streets are arranged like the lines of a chess board. There are 6 streets running north
& south and 10 running east & west. Find the number ofways in which a man can gofromthe north-west
corner to the south-east corner covering the shortest possible distance in each case.
Q.27 A train goingfromCambridge to London stops at nine intermediate stations. 6 persons enter the train
during the journey with 6 different tickets of the same class. How many different sets ofticket may they
have had?
Q.28 How many arrangements each consisting of 2 vowels & 2 consonants can be made out of the letters of
the word4 DEVASTATION' ?
Q. 29 0 If'ri things are arranged in circular order, then show that the number ofways of selecting four of
the things no two ofwhich are consecutive is
n(n - 5) (n - 6) (n - 7)
4!
(ii) If the 'ri things are arranged in a row, then show that the number of such sets of four is
(n-3)(n-4)(n-5)(n-6)
4!
Q. 3 0 There are 20 books on Algebra & Calculus in our library. Prove that the greatest number of selections
each ofwhich consists of 5 books on each topic is possible only when there are 10 books on each topic
in the library.
EXERCISE-II
Q. 1 There are 5 balls of different colours & 5 boxes of colours same as those of the balls. The number of
ways in which the balls, 1 in each box could be placed such that a ball does not go to the box ofits o^/n
colour.
Q.2 How many integral solutions are there for the equation ;x + y + z + w = 29 when x > 0, y > 1,
z > 2 & w>0.
Q. 3 There are counters available in 7 different colours. Counters are all alike except for the colour and they
are atleast ten of each colour. Find the number ofways in which an arrangement of 10 counters can be
made. How many of these will have counters of each colour.
Q.4 A man has 7 relatives, 4 of them are ladies & 3 gentlemen; his wife has also 7 relatives, 3 of them are
ladies & 4 gentlemen. In how many ways can they invite a dinner party of 3 ladies & 3 gentlemen so that
there are 3 of the man's relative & 3 of the wife's relatives?
Q. 5 Find the number of 7 lettered words each consisting of 3 vowels and 4 consonants which can be formed
using the letters ofthe word "DIFFERENTIATION".
Q.7 6 white & 6 black balls of the same size are distributed among 10 different urns. Balls are alike except
for the colour & each urn can hold any number of balls. Find the number of different distribution ofthe
balls so that there is atleast 1 ball in each urn.
Q. 8 There are 2n guests at a dinner party. Supposing that the master an d mistress of the house have fixed
seats opposite one another, and that there are two specified guests who must not be placed next to one
another. Show that the number of ways in which the company can be placed is (2n - 2)! ,(4n2 - 6n+4).
Q.9 Eachof3 committees has 1 vacancy which is to befilledfroma group of 6 people. Find the number of
ways the 3 vacancies can befilledi f ;
(l) Each person can serve on atmost 1 committee.
(ii) There is no restriction on the number of committees on which a person can serve.
(iii) Each person can serve on atmost 2 committees.
Q . 10 A party of 10 consists of 2 Americans, 2 Britishmen, 2 Chinese & 4 men of other nationalities (all
different). Find the number of ways in which they can stand in a row so that no two men ofthe same
nationality are next to one another. Find also the number of ways in which they can sit at a round table,
Q.ll 5 balls are to be placed in 3 boxes. Each box can hold all 5 balls. In how many different ways can we
place the balls so that no box remains empty if,
(i) balls & boxes are different (ii) balls are identical but boxes are different
(iii) balls are different but boxes are identical (iv) balls as well as boxes are identical
(v) balls as well as boxes are identical but boxes are kept in a row.
Q.12 In how many other ways can the letters of the word MULTIPLE be arranged;
(i) without changing the order of the vowels
(ii) keeping the position of each vowelfixed&
(iii) without changing the relative order/position ofvowels & consonants.
Q.13 Find the number of ways in which the number 3 0 can be partitioned into three unequal parts, each part
being a natural number. What this number would be if equal parts are also included.
Q. 14 In an election for the managing committee of a reputed club, the number of candidates contesting
elections exceeds the number of members to be elected by r (r > 0). If a voter can vote in 967 different
ways to elect the managing committee by voting atleast 1 ofthem & can vote in 55 different ways to elect
(r - 1 ) candidates by voting in the same manner. Find the number of candidates contesting the elections
& the number of candidates losing the elections.
Q.15 Find the number of three digits numbersfrom100 to 999 inclusive which have any one digit that is the
average ofthe other two.
Q.18 12 persons are to be seated at a square table, three on each side. 2 persons wish to sit on the north side
and two wish to sit on the east side. One other person insists on occupying the middle seat (which may
be on any side). Find the number of ways they can be seated.
Q.19 There are 15 rowing clubs; two of the clubs have each 3 boats on the river;fiveothers have each 2 and
the remaining eight have each 1;findthe number ofways in which a list can be formed ofthe order ofthe
24 boats, observing that the second boat of a club cannot be above the first and the third above the
second. How many ways are there in which a boat of the club having single boat on the river is at the
third place in the list formed above?
Q.20 25 passengers arrive at a railway station & proceed to the neighbouring village. At the station there are
2 coaches accommodating 4 each & 3 carts accommodating 3 each, Find the number ofways in which
they can proceed to the village assuming that the conveyances are always fully occupied & that the
conveyances are all distinguishablefromeach other.
Q.21 An 8 oared boat is to be manned by a crew chosen from 14 men ofwhich 4 can only steer but can not
row & the rest can row but cannot steer. Of those who can row, 2 can row on the bow side. In how
many ways can the crew be arranged.
Q. 22 How many 6 digits odd numbers greater than 60,0000 can be formed from the digits 5, 6, 7, 8,9,0 if
(i) repetitions are not allowed (ii) repetitions are allowed.
Q. 23 Find the sum of all numbers greater than 10000 formed by using the digits 0 1 , 2 , 4 , 5 no digit being
repeated in any number.
Q. 24 The members of a chess club took part in a round robin competition in which each plays every one else
once. All members scored the same number of points, except four juniors whose total score were 17. J.
How many members were there in the club? Assume that for each win a player scores 1 point, for di uw
1/2 point and zero for losing.
Q.25 In Indo-Pak one day International cricket match at Shaijah, India needs 14 runs to win just before the
start ofthefinalover. Find the number ofways in which India just manages to win the match (i.e. scores
exactly 14 runs), assuming that all the runs are made off the bat & the batsman can not score more than
4 runs off any ball.
Q.26 A man goes in for an examination in which there are 4 papers with a maximum of m marks for each
paper; show that the number of ways of getting 2m marks on the whole is
I (m+ l)(2m 2 + 4m + 3).
Q.27 The number of ways in which 2n things of 1 sort, 2n of another sort & 2n of a 3rd sort can be divided
between 2 persons so that each may have 3 n things is 3 n 2 +3 n + I.
Q.30 The number of combinations n together of 3n letters of which n are 'a' and n are 'b' and the rest unlike is
(n + 2). 2"- 1 .
EXERCISE-III
Q.l Let n & k be positive integers such that n > kfr+1). The number of solutions
(xj.xj,.... , x k ) , x j > 1, X j > 2,... , x k > k , all integers, satisfying Xj + X2+.... +x k =n,
is . [ JEE '96,2 ]
Q. 2 Find the total numb er of ways of selectingfivelettersfromthe letters of the word INDEPENDENT.
[REE'97, 6]
Q.4 How many different nine digit numbers can be formedfromthe number 2233 55888 by rearranging its
digits so that the odd digits occupy even positions ? [JEE '2000, (Scr)]
(A) 16 (B) 36 (C) 60 (D) 180
Q. 5 Let Tn denote the number of triangles which can be formed using the vertices of a regular polygon of
' n' sides. If T n + 1 - Tn = 21, then V equals: [ JEE '2001, (Scr) ]
(A) 5 (B)7 (C)6 (D)4
Q.6 The number of arrangements of the letters of the word BANANAin which the two N's do not appear
adj acently is [JEE 2002 (Screening), 3 ]
(A) 40 (B) 60 (C) 80 (D) 100
Q.7 Number of points with integral co-ordinates that lie inside a triangle whose co-ordinates are
(0, 0), (0, 21) and (21,0) [JEE 2003 (Screening), 3]
(A) 210 (B) 190 (C) 220 (D)None
(n 2 ) !
Q. 8 Using permutation or otherwise, prove that . ..„ is an integer, where n is a positive integer.
(n!)
[JEE 2004, 2 out of 60]
Q.9 A rectangle with sides 2m - 1 and 2n - 1 is divided into squares ofunit length by
drawing parallel lines as shown in the diagram, then the number of rectangles
possible with odd side lengths is
(A) (m + n+ l) 2 (B) 4m + n ~ 1
(C) m2n2 (D) mn(m + l)(n + 1)
[JEE 2005 (Screening), 3]
Q.2 6 if the balls of the same colour are alike & 64 if the balls of the same colour are different
24
Q.3 744 Q.4 C2 . 15C3 Q.5 960 Q.6 43200
111.4!
Q J Q 8
' n[*C2-(m-l) + m[»C2-(n-l)] Q.9 12!;(3!)42|
m+n+k
Q.14 C 3 - (mC3 + nC3 + k C 3 ) Q.16 5400 Q,17 22100,52
n+5
Q.19 C, Q.20 13 , 156 Q.21 29106 Q.22 4316527
(14)! 45
Q.25 (ii) 792 ; (iii) ^ ; (v) r = 3 Q.26 Q.27 Cfi
5!9!
Q.28 1638
EXERCISE-II
49
Q.l 44 Q.2 2600 Q.3 710 ; | — | 10 Q.4 485
Q.5 532770 Q.6 (i) 15, (ii) 126, (iii) 60, (iv) 105 Q.7 26250
Q.9 120, 216, 210 Q. 10 (i) linear: (47) 8! ; (ii) circular: (244). 6!
Q.12 (i) 3359 ; (ii) 59; (iii) 359 Q.13 61,75 Q.14 10,3
6
Q.25 1506 Q.28 C3[3n - ^ ^ - 2) - 3C2]
Q.29 974
EXERCISE-III
m
Q.l Ck_, where m = (1/2) (2n - k2 + k - 2)
Q.9 C
BANSAL CLASSES
MATHEMATICS
TARGET IIT JEE 2007
XI (P. Q, R, S)
BINOMIAL
CONTENTS
KEY- CONCEPTS
EXERCISE - 1(A)
EXERCISE - 1(B)
EXERCISE-II
EXERCISE - 111(A)
EXERCISE - 111(B)
EXERCISE-IV
ANSWER-KEY
KEY CONCEPTS
BINOMIAL EXPONENTIAL & LOGARITHMIC SERIES
1. BINOMIAL THEOREM :
The formula by which any positive integral power of a binomial expression can be expanded in
the form of a series is known as BINOMIAL THEOREM .
If x,y e R and n e N , then ;
n
n n n n 1 n n 2 2 n n r r
(x + y) = C0 x + Cj x"- y + C2 x " y + + Crx " y + + Cny = X n C r x n " r y r .
n n
r=0
This theorem can be proved by Induction .
OBSERVATIONS :
(i) The number of terms in the expansion is (n + 1) i.e. one or more than the index.
(ii) The sum of the indices of x & y in each term is n .
(iii) The binomial coefficients of the terms n C 0 , nC j.... equid istant from the beginning and the end are
equal.
2. IMPORTANT TERMS IN THE BINOMIAL EXPANSION ARE :
(i) General term (ii) Middle term
(iii) Term independent of x & (iv) Numerically greatest term
(i) The general term or the(r+ l) th term in the expansion of (x + y)n is given by;
Tr+i = nCr x n - r . yr
(ii) The middle term(s) is the expansion of (x + y)n is (are) :
(a) If n is even, there is only one middle term which is given by ;
T = nf1 Yn/2 „n/2
x
(n+2)/2 n/2 'l
(b) If n is odd, there are two middle terms which are :
T(n+l)/2 & T[(n+l)/2]+l
(iii) Term independent of x contains no x; Hencefindthe value of r for which the exponent of x is zero.
(iv) To find the Numerically greatest term is the expansion of (1 + x) n , n e N find
n
T . C1x r n-r+ 1
—^ = —r = x . Put the absolute value of x &findthe value ofr Consistent with the
T Cf_jX
T.j
inequality - y > 1.
Note that the Numerically greatest term in the expansion of (1 - x) n , x > 0, n e N is the same
as the greatest term in (1 +x) n .
3. If (VA + b)"= I + f> where I & n are positive integers, n being odd and 0 < f < l , then
(I + f). f = Kn where A - B 2 = K > 0 & V A - B < 1 .
If n is an even integer, then (I + f) (1 - f) = Kn.
4. BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS :
(i) C 0 + CJ + C 2 + + CN = 2*
(ii) C0 + C2 + C4 + = CJ + C 3 + C 5 + = 211-1
(iii) C 0 2 + C J 2 + C 2 2 + .... + C N 2 = 2N
CN = ^
( !
(iv) C0.Cr + Cj.C^j + C2.Cr+2 + ... + C n _ r .C n - (n+ r^ _r).
(iv) The expansions in ascending powers of x are only valid if x is 'small'. If x is large i.e. | x | > 1 then
2 3
(ii) ax = 1 + —In a + — / n 2 a + — / n 3 a + oo where a > 0
1! 2! 3!
Note:
1 1 1
(a)X
/
e = l1 +4 . — + — + — + oo
1! 2! 3!
(b) e is an irrational number lying between 2.7 & 2.8. Its value correct upto 10 places of decimal is
2.7182818284.
N
1 ' 1,+—
1 +1 1—+ —+ 0.0
(c) e + e" = 2
V 2! 4! 6! y
N
r i i i
(d) e - e"-1=0
1
= 2 l+ _ + _ + _ + 00
^ 3! 5! 7! J
(e) Logarithms to the base 'e' are known as the Napierian system, so named after Napier, their inventor.
They are also called Natural Logarithm.
2 3 4
(i) /n(l+x) = x - ~ 1 b oo w h e r e - l < x < l
2 3 4
^ 2 3 4
(ii) In v(1- x) = - x — + oo where - 1 < x < 1
2 3 4
(1 + x) f x3 x5
(ho X+ + + 00 X <1
3 5
V
1 1 1
REMEMBER : (a) 1 - - + - - - +... oo = /n2 (b) e/n x - x
2 3 4
(c) /n2 = 0.693 (d) /n!0 = 2.303
EXERCISE-I (A)
Nil
Q. 1 a +• i v '
Find the coefficients : (i) x in ' ax 7
(ii) x 7
in ax--
V bx bx'
(iii) Find the relation between a & b, so that these coefficients are equal.
Q.2 If the coefficients of (2r + 4) th , (r - 2)th terms in the expansion of (1 + x)18 are equal,findr.
Q3 If the coefficients of the rth, (r + l) th & (r + 2)th terms in the expansion of (1 +x) 14 are inAP,
find r.
10
/x V3 1/3
Q.4 Find the term independent of x in the expansion of (a) (b) —x +x~1/5
3 2x' 2
1 3r V 15r
Q.5 Find the sum of the series ^ ( - l ) r . n C r —r + ——
t h—T- + —j- + up to m terms
r=0 2 2 2 2
nd rd
Q.6 If the coefficients of 2 , 3 & 4th terms in the expansion of (1 +x) 2n are in AP, show that
2n2 - 9n + 7 = 0.
Q.7 Given that (1 + x + x2)n = a0 + ajX + s^x2 + ....+ a^x 2 ", find the values of :
(i)a0 + aj + a2 + + 8^ ; (ii) a 0 - a 1 + a 2 - a 3 + a2n ; (iii) a 0 2 - a t 2 + a2-ag2 + + a22
Q.8 If a, b, c & d are the coefficients of any four consecutive terms in the expansion of (1 + x)n, n e N,
a +
c 2b
prove that ^
^|log5 V 4x+44+ 1
Q. 9 Find the value ofx for which the fourth term in the expansion, is 336.
+7
Q. 10 Prove that : n"1Cr + n~2Cr + n"3Cr + .... + rCr = nCr+1.
x-|j is 1 : 32 .
3x 2
Q.18 Find the term independent of x in the expansion of (1 + x + 2x3)
2 3 xj
Q. 21 If the coefficient of a r_1 , a r , afTl in the expansion of (1 + a)n are in arithmetic progression, prove that
n2 - n (4r + 1) + 4r2 - 2 = 0.
(1 - x n )(1 •- x n_1 )(1 - x n " 2 ) (1 - x n_r+1 )
Q22 If nJ =
r "iMO^Xi-x3) ...,.(i-xr)~~'provethatnJ- = nJ-
n
Q.23 Prove that ^ n C K sinKx. cos(n - K)x = 2 n_1 sin nx.
K=0
x + y = 1 andx>0, y>0.
*Q,33 If x is so small that its square and higher powers may be neglected, prove that:
Q.2 Show that the integral part in each of the following is even, n e N
Q. 7 Prove that if p is a prime number greater than 2, then the difference (2 + V5)P - 2p+1 is divisible by
p, where [ ] denotes greatest integer.
Q.8 Prove that the integer next above (v'3 + lj contains 2n+1 as factor (n e N)
Q.9 Let I denotes the integral part & F the proper fractional part of (3 + where n e N and if p
denotes the rational part and 0 the irrational part of the same, show that
p=|(I+l)and a = (I + 2 F - 1).
2n
C
Q.IO Prove that is an integer, V n e N .
n+1
EXERCISE-II
(NOT IN THE SYLLABUS OF I IT-JEE)
PROBLEMS ON EXPONENTIAL & LOGARITHMIC SERIES
For Q.l TO Q.15, Prove That:
1 1 1 >2 . , 1 1 1
Q.l ,1 + — + — + -— 1+ +—,+ — + — +. 1
v 2! 4! 6! 3! 5! 7!
e-1 [ 1 1 1 1 1 1
Q2 + — +— +, —+ — + — +,
e + 1 V2! 4! 6! .1! 3! 5!
1
1 + — + — +1 — + ,
e 2 - 1 = ( _1 + _1 + _1 + ,
— 1
Q3 1
e + 1 U 3! 5! 2! 4! 6!
~A 1.1+2 1+2+3 1+2+3+4
Q.4 ! + _ _ + — + +
2! 3! 4! °° = \2J 6
_L 1 1
Q5
1.3 + 1 . 2 . 3 . 5 +
1.2.3.4.5.7
, 1 + 2 1 + 2 + 22 1 + 2 + 22 + 23
Q.6 1 +— + 3! + +. =e -e
2
2! 4!
3 3 3
2 3 4 2 3 6 11 18 ,\
0V 7 1 + 2!
— + 3!— +4!— + 5e Q8. — +— + — + — + —+ =3
v
(e-1)
1! 2! 3! 4! 5! '
Q.ll 1 +1 —
— 1 + — + ... = 1- +1 1 +1 + + .... = .In_2
1.2 3.4 5.6 2 1.2.3 3.4.5 5.6.7
1 1 1
nn13. - + — - + —^ + —
1 T1+ 1
Q.12 1
2 2.2 3.2
1
4.2
+ - ln3 - ln2 Q = In 2
3 3.3 5.3 7.3
[6]
?fe\Bansal Classes Binomial
Q.14
2 \2 V 4 V2 3 / 6V2 3 3
EXERCISE-HI (A)
If C 0 , CJ , C 2 , , Cn are the combinatorial coefficients in the expansion of (1 +x) n ,
n s N , then prove the following :
2 (2n)!
Q.l C - + CV + C - + + c n =-^
Q.2 C0 q + Cj C2 + C2 C3 +....+Cn_j Cn =
Q.3 Cj + 2C2 + 3C3 + + n . Cn = n . 2n_1
Q.4 C0 + 2Cj + 3C2 + + (n+l)Cn = (n+2)2n~1
Q.5 C0 + 3Cj + 5C2 + + (2n+l)Cn = (n+1) 2n
Q.6 (C0+C1)(C1+C2)(C2+C3) (Cn_j+Cn) -
Q.7
v
+ + + + Qv 8 0
+ ^ + +
C0 C, C2 C a _, 2 2 3 n+1 n+1
V 0
' 2 3 4 n+1 n+1
Q.ll 2
+ 3
+ (-Dn n+1
C
" " n+1
1
2 X C Cj 2n!
taken two at a time, represented by . '. is equal to 22n_1
0 < i < j < n n
2(n!) 2
EXERCISE-III (B)
Q.l If ( l + x y ^ C o + Cj. x + C2. x 2 +.... + C15. x15, then find the value o f :
C 2 + 2C3 + 3 C 4 + .... +14C 1 5
Q.2 If(1 + x + x 2 + . . . + x P ) n
= a0 + a1x + a2x2+..,+anp.xnP , then find the value of :
a,+2a2 t- 3 a 3 + . . . . + n p . a n p
Q.4 ^ r 2 . C r = n ( n + l)2n-2
t=0
II 2
Q.6 S h o w that ^C r (2r-n) = n.2n w h e r e Cf denotes the combinatorial coeff. in the expansion of
1=0
(1 +X)n.
Q
v
.7 r 0 + + = (1 + x n+
) '
2 3 4 n + 1 (n + l ) x
n
Q.9 If(l+x) = Z c r . x ' t h e n p r o v e that ;
r=0
22.C0 | 23.Ct ; 24,C2 | | 2n+2.Cn = 31""2 - 2 n - 5
1.2 2.3 3.4 (n+1) (n+2) ~ (n+1) ( n + 2 )
QI.O + + + 2n
n+1
(4n - 1)!
Q.18 Prove that, ( ^ C ^ 2 . (2nC2)2 + 3 . (2nC3)2 + ... + 2n. (2nC2n)
[(2n-l)!]2
2n
Q.19 If(l+x+x ) = X a r x r , n s N , then prove that
2 n
r=0
Q. 1 Let (1+x2)2. (l+x) n = 2 X . xK . If aj, % & % are in AP, find n. [REE '96, 6]
Q.2 In the expansion ofthe expression (x+a) 15 , if the eleventh term is the geometric mean of the eighth and
twelfth terms, which term in the expansion is the greatest ? [REE '96,6]
Q.3 The sum ofthe rational terms in the expansion of (4l +31/5)10 is . [JEE'97,2]
n n
1 r
Q4 If a n = I — - - , then equals [JEE'98,2]
r=0 r=0 <-r
3 5 9 15 23
Q.5 Find the sum ofthe series Y[ + 2! + 3 j + 4 j + ' 5 7 + ' .oo [REE '98,6]
Q. 6 If in the expansion of (1 + x)m (1 - x)n, the co-efficients of x and x2 are 3 and - 6 respectively, th n
m is : [JEE '99, 2 (Out of200)]
(A) 6 (B) 9 (C) 12 (D) 24
n ' n ^
Q.7(i) For 2 < r < n, +2
Vrj r- 1 \ r - 2/
'n + O n +1 n +2 'n + 2
(A) (B)2 (C) 2 (D)
vr-1/ r + 1, r J V r
(ii) In the binomial expansion of (a-b) n , n > 5, the sum ofthe 5th and 6th terms is zero. Then — equals:
b
[ JEE '2000 (Screening), 1 + 1 ]
n- 5 n- 4
(A) (B) (C) n - 4
n-5 n-4
(A) (B) (C)
n-4 v»—5
[JEE'2001 (Screening), 3]
49
Q.ll Find the coefficient of x in the polynomial [REE'2001 (Mains), 3]
\ / ^ \
' C,N ' 2 r 2 C ' cA
x — -—- x - 2 • — x - 3 • — x - 50 • —^ 2 where C = 5 0 C .
v C0y v C„ C2y
V C49y
301(30
Q.15 The value of [ q ] ( j q + 12 + 20 30 is, where l = nCr
Q 11. (a)10150(Prove that 10150 - 9950= 1005° + some+ive qty) Q 12. 1 + £ u C 2 k . 2kCk 7k
k = l1
n 2 +n + 2
Q.24 (a) 2
Q 25. (a) 84b6c3 + 630ab4c4 + 756a2b2c5 + 84a3c6 ; (b) -1260 . a2b3c4 ; (c) -12600
Q 28. nCr (3n-r - 2n~r) Q 29. (a) n = 12 (b) | < x < Q.32
~
Q 34. (a) Hint: Add 1 to both sides & compare theRHS series with the expansion (l+y)n
to get n & y (b) 4
EXERCISE-I(B)
Q.4 1
EXERCISE-III (B)
15
Q 1. divide expansion of (1+x) both sides by x& diff. w.r.t.x, putx= 1 to get 212993
Q 2. Differentiate the given expn. & put x = 1 to get the result (p+l) n
Q 9. Integrate the expn. of (1 + x)n. Determine the value of constant of integration by putting x=0.
Integrate the result again between 0 & 2 to get the result.
(n-1)! (n+1)!
(2n +1)!
EXER CISE-IV
II MATH€MAfiC5
TARGET IIT JEE 2007
XI (P.Q.R.S)
FUNCTIONS
&
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Trigonometry Phase - IV
. ir»W
: HMT
I ;:: fS:1=CMWT•
FUNCTIONS
KEY CONCEPT. Page -2
EXERCISE-I Page -10
EXERCISE-II Page -12
EXERCISE-III Page -13
1. GENERAL DEFINITION :
If to every value (Considered as real unless other-wise stated) of a variable x, which belongs to some
collection (Set) E, there corresponds one and only onefinitevalue ofthe quantity y, then y is said to be
a function (Single valued) of x or a dependent variable defined on the set E ; x is the argument or
independent variable.
If to every value of x belonging to some set E there corresponds one or several values of the variable y,
then y is called a multiple valued function of x defined on E.Conventionally the word " F U N C T I O N " is
used only as the meaning of a single valued function, if not otherwise stated.
Pictorially: x > f f(x)=y
{ }
>, y is called the image of x & x is the pre-image of y under f.
input output
g(x) = l o g t x
-• - 3
(viii) FRACTIONAL PART FUNCTION :
It is defined as :
graph ofy= {x}
g(x)={x}=x-[x],
e.g. the fractional part of the no. 2.1 is
2.1-2 = 0.1 and the fractional part of - 3.7 is 0.3.
The period ofthis function is 1 and graph ofthis function
is as shown.
Algebraic Functions
C
O Xn , (n e N) R = (set of real numbers) R, if n is odd
+
R u { 0 } , ifniseven
1
x
" , (n e N) R-{0} R - {0} , if nis odd
R+, if n is even
1/n
(iii) x , (n e N) R, if n is odd R, ifnisodd
R + u { 0 } , ifniseven R + u { 0 } , ifniseven
B. Trigonometric Functions
© sinx R [-1. + 1]
(ii) cosx R [-1. + 1]
7C
(iii) tanx R-(2k+ 1) - ,kel
TC
(iv) sec x R-(2k+l) - ,kel ]u[l ,00)
(v) cosec x R-bc,k eI (-00,-1 ]u[ 1,00 )
(vi) cotx R-kn;, k e I R
Inverse Circular Functions (Refer after Inverse is taught)
n%
(i) sin 1 x [-1. + 1] 2' 2
(ii) cos x 1
[-1. + 1] [0, 7t]
71 It
tan 1 x
R 'v 2 2/
j Tt Tt
(iv) cosec _1x O , - 1 ] U [ 1 , 00 ) r
(- O 2'2 {0}
D. Exponential Functions
(i) ex R R+
Cn) e!/x R- { 0 } R+- { 1 }
(iii) ax, a > 0 R R+
(iv) a1/x, a > 0 R -{ 0} R+-{1)
E. Logarithmic Functions
(i) logx,(a>0)(a * 1) R+ R
(a > 0 ) (a * 1)
® ^ R-[0,1) g,nSI-{0}j
0) (*) R [0,1)
1
R-I (1,QO)
to
H. Modulus Functions
(i) |x| R R+w{0}
1
(ii) j^j R-{ 0 } R+
I. Signum Function
sgn(x)=^,x*0 R {-1,0,1}
A.
=0,x=0
J. Constant Function
Note : (i) Any function which is entirely increasing or decreasing in whole domain, then
f(x) is one-one.
(ii) If any line parallel to x-axis cuts the graph of the function atmost at one point,
then the function is one-one.
Many-one function:
Afunction f: A—>B is said to be a many one function iftwo or more elements ofA have the same
f image in B . Thus f: A-» B is many one if for ; x p x 2 e A, f(Xj) = f(x2) but x] ^ x2 .
Diagramatically a many one mapping can be shown as
A B A B
Note : (i) Any continuous function which has atleast one local maximum or local minimum, then f(x) is
many-one. In other words, if a line parallel to x-axis cuts the graph ofthe function atleast
at two points, then f is many-one.
(ii) If a function is one-one, it cannot be many-one and vice versa.
Onto function (Surjective mapping):
If the function f: A B is such that each element in B (co-domain) is the f image of atleast one element
inA then we say that fis a function ofA'onto'B . Thus f : A ^ B i s suijective iff V b e B, 3 some
a e A such that f (a) = b .
Diagramatically surjective mapping can be shown as
A B A B
B B
OR
Note that: If a function is onto, it cannot be into and vice versa. A polynomial of degree even will
always be into.
Thus a function can be one of these four types :
[63]
i&Bansal Classes Functions &Trig.-</>-IV
8. COMPOSITE OF UNIFORMLY & NON-UNIFORMLY DEFINED FUNCTIONS :
Let f : A —» B & g : B —» C be two functions . Then the function gof: A C defined by
(gof) (x) = g (f(x)) V x e A is called the composite of the two functions f & g.
x f(x)
Diagramatically + g(f(x)).
Thus the image of every x e A under the function gof is the g-image of the f-image of x.
Note that gof is defined only if V x e A , f(x) is an element of the domain of g so that we can take its
g-image. Hence for the product gof oftwo functions f & g, the range of f must be a subset ofthe domain
ofg.
PROPERTIES O F COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS :
(i) The composite of functions is not commutative i. e. gof ^ fog.
(ii) The composite offunctions is associative i.e. if f, g, h are three functions such that fo (goh) &
(fog) oh are defined, then fo(goh) = (fog) oh.
(iii) The composite of two bijections is a bijection i.e. if f & g are two bijections such that gof is
defined, then gof is also a bijection.
9. HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS:
A function is said to be homogeneous with respect to any set of variables when each of its terms
is of the same degree with respect to those variables .
For example 5 x2 + 3 y2 - xy is homogeneous in x & y. Symbolically if,
f(tx, ty) = t n . f(x, y) then f(x, y) is homogeneous function of degree n.
10. BOUNDED FUNCTION:
A function is said to be bounded if | f(x) | < M, where M is afinitequantity.
11. IMPLICIT & EXPLICIT FUNCTION :
A function defined by an equation not solved for the dependent variable is called an
3 3
IMPLICIT FUNCTION . For eg. the equation x + y = 1 defines y as an implicit function. If y has been
expressed in terms of x alone then it is called an EXPLICIT FUNCTION.
12. INVERSE OF A FUNCTION :
Let f: A-»B be a one-one & onto function, then their exists a unique function
g: B A such that f(x) = y o g(y)=x, V x e A & y e B . Then g is said to be inverse of f. Thus
g = f-i; B ->A= {(f(x), x) | (x, f(x)) € f} .
PROPERTIES O F LNVERSE FUNCTION :
(i) The inverse of a bij ection is unique.
(ii) If f: A B is a bijection & g : B -> Ais the inverse of f, then fog = IB and
gof = I A , where I & IB are identity functions on the sets A & B respectively.
Note that the graphs of f & g are the mirror images of each other in the
line y = x. As shown in thefiguregiven below a point (x ',y') corresponding to y = x2 (x >0)
changes to (y ',x') corresponding to y=+Vx , the changed form of x = 1/y .
(e) Every function can be expressed as the sum of an even & an odd function.
e^f(x)=f(x)+f(-x) +
f(x)
-f(-x)
EVEN ODD
(f) The only function which is defined on the entire number line & is even and odd at the same time
is f(x) = 0.
(g) If f and g both are even or both are odd then the function f.g will be even but if any one of
them is odd then f.g will be odd.
14. PERIODIC FUNCTION:
A function f(x)is called periodic if there exists a positive number T(T>0) called the period ofthe
function such that f(x+T) = f(x), for all values of x within the domain of x.
e.g. The function sin x & cos x both are periodic over 2% & tan x is periodic over n.
NOTE : (a) f (T) = f (0) = f (-T), where'T' is the period.
(b) Inverse of a periodic function does not exist.
(c) Every constant function is always periodic, with no fundamental period.
(d) If f(x) has a period T & g(x) also has a period T then it does not mean that
f(x)+g(x) must have a period T. e.g. f(x) = [ sinx j + | cosx |.
(e) If f(x) has a period p, then -j— and i/f(x) also has a period p .
t (x)
(f) if f(x) has a period T then f(ax + b) has a period T/a (a > 0) .
15. GENERAL:
If x, y are independent variables, then:
(i) f(xy) = f(x) + f(y) f(x) = k In x or f(x) = 0 .
(ii) f(xy) = f(x). f(y) f(x) = x n , n e R
(iii) f(x+y) = f(x) . fly) => f(x) = a"*.
(iv) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) => f(x) = kx, where k is a constant.
1-5*
(iii) f(x) = In j^Vx2 - 5 x - 24 - x - 2 (iv) f(x)'
7~ x - 7
f
21og10 x + 1
(v) y = logiosin(x-3) + Vl6-x 2 (vi) f(x)= log100;
\ ~ x
j
cosx —-
:
(xi) f(x) = ^/logx(cos27tx) (xii) f(x)
•\/6 + 35x-6x 2
(xiii) f(x)= V logj/3 (log4 ([x] 2 - 5) ) (xiv) f(x)= ~^ + log(2{x}_5)(x2 -3x + 10)+-~
(iv)f(x)=^|x| y=^2-x +
2
(vi) f (x) = l°g(cosecx.1)(2- [sinx] - [sinx] )
Q. 3 Draw graphs of the following function, where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function.
(i) f(x) = x + [x]
(ii) y = (x)M where x=[x] + (x)& x > 0 & x < 3
(iii) y = sgn [x] (iv) sgn (x-! x |)
Q.5 Let f(x) = ------. Let f2(x) denote f[f(x)J and f3(x) denote f[f{f(x)}]. Find f3n(x) where nis a natural
number. Also state the domain ofthis composite function.
Q.6 Function f & g are defined by f(x) = sin x, xeR ; g(x) = tan x , xeR - k where
K e I .Find (i) periods of fog & gof. (ii) range of the function fog & gof.
Q. 7 Which of the following pairs of functions are identical ?
(A) f(x) = log e, g(x) = —— (B) sgn (x2 + 1); g (x) = sin2x + cos2x
logex
Q.ll Prove that the functions; (a) f(x) = cosVx (b) f(x) = sin Vx
(c) f(x) = x + sinx (d) f(x) = cosx2 are not periodic.
Q.12 Write explicitly, functions of y defined by the following equations and alsofindthe domains of definition
ofthe given implicit functions:
(a) 10X +10y = 10 (b) x + | y | = 2y
Q.13 Find out for what integral values of n the number is a period of the function:
f(x) = cos nx. sin (5/n)x.
Q.14 Compute the inverse of the functions:
10 x -10" x
(a) f(x) = In (x + Vx 2 +l) (b) f(x) = 2 ^ (c) y =
10x+ 10^
Q.15 Show if f(x) = n/a - xn , x > 0 n > 2 , n e N , then (fof) (x) = x. Find also the inverse of f(x).
Q.16 (a) Represent the function f(x) = 3x as the sum of an even & an odd function,
(b) For what values of p e z, the function f(x) = , n e N is even.
Q.19 If f(x) = max ( x ' ~ ) for x > 0 where max (a, b) denotes the greater of the two real numbers a and b.
Q.20 Find two distinct linear functions which map the interval [ - 1 , 1 ] onto [ 0 , 2 ] ,
EXERCISE-II
Q.l Let f be a one-one function with domain {x,y,z} and range {1,2,3}. It is given that exactly one of the
following statements is true and the remaining two are false.
f(x) = 1 ; f(y) * 1 ; f(z) * 2 . Determine f1'(1)
Q.2 Let/(x) be a polynomial with real coefficient. If/(x)=/(x 2 + x + 1) for all x e R, show that/ (x) is an
even degree polynomial.
Q.3 Prove that if the function f(x) = sinx + cospx is periodic, then p is a rational number.
3X +
Q.4 Prove that the inverse of the linear fractional function f(x) = \ (ad-be * 0) is also a linear
—J cx + d
fractional function. Under what condition f(x) coincide with its inverse.
Q.5 A function f: R—»R satisfies the condition, x2 f (x) + f (1 - x) = 2x - x 4 . Find f (x) and its domain and
range.
Q.6 Let f be a real valued function with domain R. Now if for some positive constant p, the equation
f(x + p) = l+(2 - 3 f(x) + 3 f(x) - f5 (x))1/3 holds good for x e R , then prove that f(x) is a periodic
function.
l
e~J\hi{x}\ _ {x} \j 1 /n{x} whereeyer it exigts
,^
f (x) is odd as well as even. (where {x} denotes the fractional part function)
f 7tx n
Q.8 In a function 2f(x) + xfl - ) - 2f V2 sin 7t X + — = 4 cos2—— + x cos
v I 4// 2 x
Prove that (i) f(2) + f(l/2) = 1 and (ii) f(2) + f(l) = 0
f ( x + y ) f P ^ ] =kfor x+y*0.
Q.IO Let 'f be a real valued function defined for all real numbers x such that for some positive constant' a' the
+ 2
Q.15 If f(x) = log ] ; g(x) = {x} where {x} denotes the fractional part of x. If the function
V -x
(fog) (x) exists, thenfindthe range of g(x).
Q.16 Find a formula for a function g (x) satisfying the following conditions
(a) domain of g is ( - oo, oo)
(b) range of g is [-2, 8]
(c) g has a period tz and
(d) g(2) = 3
2x (sinx 4* tsnx) 311
Q.17 Prove that f(x) = — ^ ->,i is °dd function, where [] denotes greatest integer function.
[x + 2711
2 n - 3
1
Q.18 Find the set of real x for which the function f(x) = is not defined, where [x]
[|x-l|] + [ | l 2 - x | ] - l l
denotes the greatest integer function.
Q.19 Ais a point on the circumference ofa circle. ChordsAB and AC divide the area ofthe circle into three
equal parts. If the angle B AC is the root of the equation, f(x) = 0 then find f (x).
Q.20 Iffor all real values of u&v, 2f(u) cosv = f(u + v) + f(u-v), prove that, for all real values of x
(i) f(x) + f(-x) = 2a cosx (ii) f(7i - x) + f(-x) = 0
(iii) f(7i - x) + f(x) = - 2b sinx. Deduce that f(x) = a cosx - b sinx, a, b are arbitrary constants.
EXERCISE-III
Q.l(a) Fill in the blanks.
(i) If f is an even function defined on the interval (-5, 5), then 4 real values of x satisfying the equation
x+1
f(x) = f x + 2. are &
[IIT'96,1+2]
whether the function (fog) is invertible & the function h is the identity function. [REE '97, 6]
Q.7 The domain of definition of the function, y (x) given by the equation, 2X + 2y = 2 is:
(A) 0 < x < 1 (B) 0 < x < 1 (C) - o o < x < 0 (D) - oo < x < 1
[ JEE 2000 (Screening), 1 out of 35 ]
Q.8 Given x = {1,2, 3, 4}, find all one-one, onto mappings, f: X —» X such that,
f(l) = I, f(2) * 2 and f(4) * 4 . [ REE - 2000, 3 out of 100 ]
Q.9 [JEE 2001 (Screening) 5 x 1 = 5 j
-1 , x <0
(a) L ©t g(x) = 1 + x - [x] & f(x) = <{ 0 , x = 0 , Then for all x, f (g (x)) is equal to
1 , x>0
(b) If f: [1, oo) -» [2, oo) is given by, f(x) = x + — , then f - 1 (x) equals :
X
(A) •f.O 7T
(B) ~~2'71 (C)
71
4' 4
TC
(D) 0 . *
1. sin-1 x, cos -1 x, tan -1 x etc. denote angles or real numbers whose sine is x, whose cosine is x
and whose tangent is x , provided that the answers given are numerically smallest available.
These are also written as arc sinx, arc cosx etc.
If there are two angles one positive & the other negative having same numerical value, then
positive angle should be taken .
2. PRINCIPAL VALUES AND DOMAINS OF INVERSE CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS :
(c) 4th quadrant is used in the CLOCKWISE DIRECTION i.e. < y <, 0 .
(v) cos -1 (cosx) = x ; 0 < x < 7i (vi) tan -1 (tanx) = x ; - j < x < ~
= 7t + tan -1 — ; x < 0
X
P-4 (i) sin-1 x + cos -1 x = j -1 < x < 1 (ii) tan -1 x + cot -1 x = y xeR
X+V
= k + tan -1 -—— where x > 0 , y > 0 & x y > l
P-6 (i) sin-1 x + sin-1 y = sin-1 x -Jl - y 2 + y -Jl where x > 0 , y > 0 & (x2 + y2) < 1
71
Note that: x2 + y2 < 1 . = 0 < sin 1 x + sin 1 y < —
71
Note that: x2 + y2 >1 => — < sin-1 x + sin-1 y < 7t
(iv) cos -1 x ± cos -1 y = cos"1 jxy + yjl-x2 yj\-y2 j where x > 0, y > 0
i x + y + z-xyz
P-7 If tan *x + tan ! y + tan 1lz"7
=—tan ton 1' - xy - yz - zx if, x > 0, y > 0, z > 0 & xy + yz + zx < 1
2 tan"1 x if jx|<l
2x 1-x2 2tan"1 x if x > 0
sin it - 2tan_1 x if x>l cos
1 + x2 1 + x2 -2tan"1x if x < 0
-(7c+2 tan"1 x) if x<-l
2tan _1 x if |x|<l
2x _1
tan 7i+2tan x if x<-l
1-x2
-(7T-2tan_1x) if x>l
REMEMBER THAT :
3 7t
(i) sin 1 x + sin 1 y + sin 1 z = => x = y = z = 1
(ii) cos"1 x + cos -1 y + cos -1 z — 3% => x =y= z= -l
(iii) tan"1 1 + tan"1 2 + tan"1 3 = 71 and tan"1 1 + tan"1 J + tan"1 j = j
71 7C =
1. y= s k r ' x , | x | < 1, y e 2. y cos-1 x , | x | < l , y e [0,7t]
2 ' 2
y= arc cos x
y=stnx
y=sinx
v= cos X
y=arc sinx
y=tanx
v= arc cot x
y= arc tan x
y=arc cot x
• x
TT/2
y= arc tan x
y
y1
71/2
7t
TT/2 , 00
0 1 X
-lj o 1 —7t/2
-TT/2 -1
8.(a) y = cos "'(cosx), x e R , y e [0, TC], periodic with period 2 it 8. (b) y = cos ( c o s x ) ,
=x =x
x e [-1,1], y e [-1,1], y is aperiodic
>y 1
V
71
/yy •tiHY
y O 1
xeR
%/i•y
•X -in/ V
f / —71
2 / 3k
2
/
•x
O —3k /-Tt o n /71 /2k
2 2
-Tt/2
10. (a) y = cot"1 (cotx), 10, (b) y = cot (cot_Ix),
=x =x
x e R - {n7i} , y e (0, TT) , periodic with it x e R, y e R , y is aperiodic
>y •y
Tt
^
.y/
/
A /
/
J y 0
y / y /
•x
-2% -K O Tt 2n
Tt . ' - V T '-VT % 3 it
(i) sin -— sin (ii) cos cos +—
6
(iii) tan - tan-
2 V2 , v 2 ,
4Tt -i3
(iv) cos cos- (v) sin cos
3
3sin2a tana
(vi). tan-1 + tan -1 where - — < a < —
5 + 3cos2a 4 J 2 2
76 + 1 _ TC
(c) cot 1 9 + cosec-1 =— (d) arc cos - arc cos
2V3 ~ 6
Q.4 Find the domain of definition the following functions.
(Read the symbols [*] and {*} as greatest integers and fractional part functions respectively.)
2x
(i) f(x) = arc cos (ii) f(x)=-+2 arcsmx + 1
1 +x •- •' x yfx-2
12 sm x
(v) f(x) = z
+ cos-1 (1 - {x}) , where {x} is the fractional part of x.
log 5 (l-4x )
x
(viii) f(x)=e l2
'+tan -1 + in( V ^ W )
-1 2 sinx + 1
(ix) f(x) = v;sm(cosx) + /n ( - 2 cos 2 x + 3 cosx+ 1) + e°
2«j2si
sinx
(i) f (x) = cot -1 (2x-x 2 ) (ii) f(x) = sec 1 (log3 tanx+ log tanx 3)
f i—r2 \
_1 ^2x + 1
(iii) f(x) = cos (iv) f (x) = tan"1 log4 (5x2 - 8x + 4 )
V 5
n q N
<i ; <1 and <1
m p M
(d) tan (tan-1 x + tan"1 y + tan -1 z) = cot (cot 1 x + cot ^ + 001 l z)
Q8 Find the simplest value of, arc cosx + arc cos [ ~ + ^ V3 ~ 3x2 j , x e ,1
x 2.xy y . ,
Q.9 If cos 1 — + cos 1 — = a then prove that
—l — cosa H—- = sin a .
a b -d ab b
Q.IO If arc sinx + arc siny + arc sinz = n then prove that : (x, y, z > 0)
(a) X^ 1 - x 2 -y2 + z-^l - z2 = 2xyz
(b) x4 + y4 + z4 + 4 x2y2z2 = 2 (x2 y2 + y2 z2 + z2x2)
QJ1 Find the greatest and the least values of the function, f(x) = (sin-1 x)3 + (cos-1 x)3
Q.12 Solve the following equations/system of equations :
(a) sin lx + sin 1 2x - — (b) tan"1—1— + tan"1 — — = tan 1 -72
1 + 2x 1 + 4x x
(c) tan -1 (x-l) + tan-1(x) + tan -1 (x+l) = tan-1(3x)
i 1 i TC _i 2x _ 2n
(d) sin - 1 ^j +cos - 1 x= — (e) cos 1 ~ — - + tan 1 2
x +1 x -1
Q.13 If tan-1x, tan-1y, tan -1 z are in A. P., then prove that, y2 (x + z) + 2y (1 -xz) = x + z
where y e (0, 1) ; x z < 1 & x > 0 , z >0.
Q.14 Find the value of sin-1 (sin5) + cos-1(coslO) + tan-1 [tan (-6)] + cot -1 [cot (-10)].
• if • 3370 i I 467t^ f 137t | 1971 1 3tc
Q.15 Showthat: sm I sin——J + cos |^cos—— | + tan | - t a n — | + cot cot -
Q.17 Prove that: sin cot-1 tan cos-1 x = sin cosec-1 cot tan_1x = x where x e (0,1]
Q.18 If sin2x + sin2y < 1 for all x, y e Rthen prove that sin-1 (tanx. tany) e ' 2 ' 2
y
Q.19 Find all the positive integral solutions of, tan Jx + cos 1
V!
:
sin
+y VTo'
/
%
Q. 20 Let f (x) = cor (x + 4x+a - a) be a function defined R -> 0
1 2 2
thenfindthe complete set of real
v ' 2
values of a for which f (x) is onto.
EXERCISE-II
Q. 1 Prove that :
K 1 K 1 —i a
+ — cos a + tan
— cos— — — =
2b
(a) tan 4 2 b 4 2 b a
V1 + X2 - VL - X2
Q.2 If y = tan- 2 2
prove that x2 = sin 2y.
1 + x +Vl-x
1 , . , 4l - 1 , . Vn - Jn - 1
(a) sm —f= + sm —1=— t + sm 1 — i —L- QO
V2 V6 Vn(n + 1)
33 1 1 1 _i a
P a
Q.8 F
Express — cosec22 -tan" — +— sec^ -tan — as an integral polynomial in a & p.
2 a 2 .2 P
Q9 Find the integral values of K for which the system of equations;
KTI2
arccosx + (arcsiny) =
4
possesses solutions & find those solutions.
(arcsiny) 2 . (arccosx) = —
1 3 - 4x r I3 4 x 2
Q.IO Express the equation cot = 2 tan tan"1 V—X— as a rational integral
~
VT
2
x - y 2
4X
equation is x & y.
Q.ll If X= cosec . tan -1 . cos . cot -1 . sec . sin-1 a & Y= sec cot -1 sin tan -1 cosec cos"1 a ;
where0 < a < 1 . Find the relation between X & Y . Express them in terms of 'a'.
Q.2 Using the principal values, express the following as a single angle:
3 tan- ( ! ) + 2 * * * [REE'99, 6]
ax bx
Q.3 Solve, sin-1 — + sin-1 — = sin"1 x where a2 + b2 = c 2 , c * 0.
c c
[REE2000(Mains), 3 out of 100]
Q. 4 Solve the equation:
cos_1(V6x) + cos_I(3V3x2) = - [REE2001 (Mains), 3 out of 100]
x2 x3 f
2 X
4
X
6
x2 + l
Q, 6 Prove that cos tan"1 sin cot _1 x = [JEE 2002 (mains) 5]
x+2
1 %
Q.7 Domain of f(x) : ^|sin- (2x)+ 6 is
( 1 1 " 1 3^ i r i r
(A)
v 2'2.
(B) (C) 4' 4_ (D) 4'2_
[JEE 2003 (Screening) 3]
Q8 If sin (cot 1 (x +1)) - cos(tan 1
x), then x =
1
(A) (B)| (C)0 .
<P>4
[JEE 2004 (Screening)]
1 1
( i v ) ( - o o , - l ) u [ 0 , oo) (v) ( 3 - 2 T C < X < 3 - T C ) U ( 3 < X < 4 ) (vi) u
'100 J l IOO'VIO
1-V? i +VJ
(vii) (-1 < x < -1/2) U (x > 1) (viii) u 00 (ix) (-3, - 1 ] U {0} U [ 1,3 )
(xvi) {x | 1000 < x < 10000} (xvii) (-2, -1) U (-1, 0) U (1, 2) (xviii) (1, 2) u H) V L
J
(xix) (-oo, -3) u (-3,1] u [4, oo)
Q2.
(i) D : x e R R: [0,2] (ii) D = R ; range [ - 1 , 1 ]
(iii) D: { x l x e R ; x * - 3 ; x * 2 } R : (f(x)|f(x) e R , f ( x ) * 1/5 ; f(x)* 1}
(iv) D : R ; R : (-1, 1) (v)D:-l<x<2 R : [V3 , V? ]
Q 4. (a) neither suijective nor injective (b) surjective but not injective
(c) neither injective nor suijective
Q5. f3n(x) = x ; Domain = R - {0,1}
Q6. (i) period of fog is 7r, period of gof is 2% ; (ii) range of fog is [-1,1], range ofgof is [-tanl, tanl]
Q 7. A, B, D Q 8. (a) 2KTC < x < 2KTC + TC where K e l (b) [ - 3 / 2 , - 1 ]
Q9. (a) odd (b) even (c) neither odd nor even (d) even (e) odd (f) even
(g) neither odd nor even (h) even (i) even (j) even
Q 10. (a) TC/2 (b) % (c) TC/2 (d) 70 TC
Q 12. (a) y = l o g ( 1 0 - 1 0 x ) , - o o < x < 1
(b) y = x/3 when - o o < x < 0 & y = x w h e n 0 < x < + oo
Q 13. ±1, ±3, ±5, ±15 Q 14. (a) e
" e toga* M 1 ,
(c) - log-
1+X
(b)
2 l0g2x - 1 ^ 1-x
3 + 3"x
X
3X - 3"
Q 15. f !(x) = (a-x n ) 1/n Q 16. (a) (b) p = 2k, k e l
2 2
Q 17. x = 1 Q 18. (a) f(x) = 1 for x < - 1 & - x for - 1 < x < 0
(b) f(x) = - 1 for x < - 1 and x for - 1 < x < 0
EXERCISE-II
]
Q i . f- (i) = y
. ., -x , -1 < x < 0
x , n0 < x < 1 ; x
fof(x) = 4 _ x 3 <x<4 ' °<x^2
4-x , 2 <x < 3
f
V3 + 1 1 - VT) (VI - 1 V3 + 1
Q 12. u Q.13 x — 0 or 5/3
V2 ' V2 J { V2 ' 4i
Q.14 Domain [-1,1], Range [0, 2]
Q 15. (0, 10"2) u (10-2, 10"1) Q 16. g (x) = 3 + 5 sin(mr + 2x - 4), n e I
EXERCISE-III
Q 1. (i) - L , (ii) 1, (iii) 5-f, (iv) - f , (v) | , (vi) j Q 2. (i) | , (ii) -1, (iii) , (iv) f , (v) | , (vi) a
Q 4. (i) -1/3 < x < 1 (ii) (j) (not defined for any real x) (iii) {1,-1} (iv)l<x<4
(v) x €(-1/2, 1/2), x * 0 (vi) (3/2,2]
(vii) {7/3,25/9} (viii) (-2, 2) - {-1,0,1} (ix) {x|x = 2n7r + - , n e 1}
6
Q 6.
s Q8.f
TT3
Q 11. ll^L when x = - l & — when x = 4 =
8 32 V2
EXERCISE-II
9tt 9
Q 4. -7i Q5. 6 c o s 2 x - y , so a = 6, b = - —
2n + 5 7C
Q6. (a) f (b)| (c) arc cot (d) arc tan (x + n) - arc tan x (e) —
V2 /
Q12. — + | c o r 1 ( 3 ) Q 14. (a) (cot2, oo)u(-oo, cot3) (b) (c) ,1 u
24 6 v 2 ,
Q15. ( t a n i , cotl Q16. C, is abijective function, C2 is many to many correspondence, hence it is not a function
1 1
Q17. [e®6, e*] Q 18.(a) D : [0, 1], R : [0, n/2] (b) - - < x < - (c) D : [ - 1 , 1 ] , R : [0, 2]
2 2
Q.19 x = 0 ± 7 i ; x = 1 ± V 2 ; x = - 1 ± V 2 Q.20 x e (-1, 1)
EXERCISE-III
1
Q.l C Q.2 Tt Q.3 x e { - l , 0, 1} Q.4 x = - Q.5B Q.7 D Q.8 A
M ATH€M ATI C5
TARGETIIT JEE 2007
TRANSIT DPP
For Class XI to XII moving students
FUNCTIONS
AND
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRY FUNCTIONS
2f
/ 2002^
f(x)+ x = 3x
v J
for all x > 0. Find f (2).
(D)4000
(A)1000 (B)2000 (C)3000
Q.3 If f(x) = 2 tan 3x + 5-^1 - cos 6x ;g(x) is a function having the same time period as that off(x), then which
ofthe following can be g(x).
(A) (sec23x + cosec23x)tan23x (B) 2 sin3x + 3cos3x
(C) cos2 3x + cosec3x (D) 3 cosec3x + 2 tan3x
Q.4 Which one of the following depicts the graph of an odd function?
,y
10 10-
-10 / -10
10-
,y
10-
J
(C) -10 0 10
(D) -10 o
7*
-10
Q.7 The value of tan"1 Q tan 2A\ + tan "' (cot A)+tan (cot3 A) for 0 < A < (k/4) is
fa B ansa! Classes Transit Dpp on Functions & Inverse trigonometry functions [11]
Q.8 Let f(x) = max.{sint: 0<t<x}
g(x) - min. {sint: 0<t<x}
and h(x) = [f(x)-g(x)]
where [ ] denotes greatest integer function, then the range of h(x) is
(A) {0,1} (B){1,2}
(C) {0,1,2} (D) { - 3 , - 2 , - 1 , 0 , 1,2,3}
f . 50tc> f 31TIn]
Q.IO The value of sec sin -sin + cos"1 COS is equal to
9 J
—
I 9J
1071 7T
(A)sec- (B) sec (C)l (D)-l
9 9
3x 2 - 7 x - f -
Q.ll The domain of definition of the function, f (x) = arc cos where [ *] denotes the
1 + x2
greatest integer function, is:
(A) (l,o) (B) [0, 6) (C) [0,1] (D) ( - 2 , 5 ]
n . . ,1 (1
Q.14 If x = tan 1 1 - cos 1 [ j + sin 1 ^ ; y = cos - cos
iOJ
1
then
(A) x = Tty (B) y = Ttx (C) tanx = -(4/3)y (D) tanx = (4/3)y
Q.15 In the square ABCD with side AB = 2, two points M & N are onthe adjacent sides ofthe square such
that MN is parallel to the diagonal BD. If x is the distance of MN from the vertex A and
f (x) = Area (A AMN), then range of f (x) is:
1 1
Q.16 cos| cos cos^y-j +tan tan] j j has the value equal to
7t
(A) 1 (B)-l (C) cos- (D)0
fa B ansa! Classes Transit Dpp on Functions & Inverse trigonometry functions [11]
Q.17 The domain of the definition of the function f(x) = sin" + [log10(6-x)]~ is:
tc 1 . . f a^ f« 1 . J a
Q .18 The value of tan< — + - sin — + tani sin — , where (0 < a < b), is
4 2 VbJ [4 2 Kb
b vV Vb^j
<A (B) (C) (D)
»il 2b 2b 2a
f(x)
Q.19 Let/be a function satisfying /(xy) : for all positive real numbers x and y. If /(30) = 20, then the
value of/(40)is
(A) 15 (B) 20 (C) 40 (D) 60
Q.20 Number ofreal value ofx satisfying the equation, arc tan ^x(x +1) + arc sin^x(x + l) + l = ~ is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) more than 2
Q.21 Let f (x) = sin2x + cos4x + 2 and g (x) = cos (cos x) + cos (sin x) also let period of f (x) and g (x) be
Tj and T2 respectively then
(A)T,=2T 2 ' (B) 2Tj = T2 (C)Tj-T2 (D)T } =4T 2
Q.22 Number of solutions of the equation 2 cor 1 2 + cos-1 (3/5) = cosec"1 x is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) more than 2
28
(A) ( - « , - 3 ] (B) (-QO, -3 ] U [ 8 , oo) (C) -00, (D)none
v 9J
Q.25 If x = cos"1 (cos4) ; y = sin"1 (sin3) then which ofthe following holds ?
(A) x - y = 1 (B) x + y + 1 = 0
(C)x + 2 y - 2 (D) tan (x + y) = - tan7
Q.26 Let f (x) — e {eWsgnx} andg(x)= e [ e ' s g n x ] , x e R where {x} and [ ] denotes the fractional part and
integral part functions respectively. Also h (x) = In (f (x)) + In (g(x)) then for all real x, h (x) is
(A) an odd function (B) an even function
(C) neither an odd nor an even function (D) both odd as well as even function
fa B ansa! Classes Transit Dpp on Functions & Inverse trigonometry functions [11]
f 2x2 - 1 ^
Q.28 Which of the following is the solution set of the equation 2 cos-1 x = cot _1
2x VT
(A) (0,1) (B)(-l, 1)- {0} ( 9 (-1,0) (D)[-l,l]
]_
Q.29 Suppose that / is a periodic function with period — and that / (2) = 5 and f(9/4) = 2 then
2
f (-3) - f (l/4) has the value equal to
(A) 2 (B)3 (C)5 CD) 7
1 - 2V6
Q.30 The value of tan — - tan is equal:
v2 1 +V6
K 71
(A) (B) (Of (D)none
Q.31 Given f(x) = (x+1>C(2x_8); g(x) = ( 2x ~ 8 )C (x+1) and h (x) = f(x). g (x), then which of the following
holds?
(A) The domain of 'h' is (j)
(B) The range of 'h* is { - 1 }
(C) The domain of 'h' is {x / x > 3 or x < - 3 ; x e I
(D) The range of *h' is {1 >
t a n -1 4n
Q.32 The sum ]T 4 is equal to:
n = 1 n - 2n + 2
,1 ,2
(A) tan"1 - + tan"1 - (B) 4 tan -J 1 (C) (D) sec"1 (-V2)
Q. 3 4 Let [x] denote the greatest integer in x. Then in the interval [0,3] the number of solutions of the equation,
x 2 - 3 x + [x] = 0 is:
Q. 3 5 The range of values of p for which the equation, sin cos-1 (cosOan1 xyj = p has a solution is:
1
_L 1 ^
(A)
V2'V2. (B) [0, 1) (C) (D)(-U)
r 0 if x is rational if x is irrational
Q.36 Let f (x) = and g(x) =
L
X if x is irrational if x is rational
Then the function ( f - g) x is
(A) odd (B)even
(C) neither odd nor even (D) odd as well as even
fa B ansa! Classes Transit Dpp on Functions & Inverse trigonometry functions [11]
Tt
Q. 3 7 Number of value of x satisfying the equation sin + sin-1 =
vx; v x
y iiS
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C)2 (D) more than 2
1 - ef(x)
Q.38 Consider a real valued function f(x) such that x. The values of 'a' and V for which
1 + ef(x)
a +b
f(a) + f(b) = f is satisfied are
.1 + ab
(A) a e (-oo, 1); b e R ( B ) a s ( - o o , 1); b e (-l,oo)
(C) a e (-1, 1); b e [-1, 1] ( D ) a e ( - l , l ) ; b s ( - l , 1)
1
Q. 3 9 The value of tan - c o r (3) equals
2
f4Ni f 2^
fx +— 1 1 x-
Q.41 The real values of x satisfying tan -tan" -tan"
—
= 0 are
—
V xj V xj
Q.42 Which of the following is true for a real valued function y = f (x), defined on [ - a, a]?
(A) f (x) can be expressed as a sum or a difference of two even functions
(B) f (x) can be expressed as a sum or a difference of two odd functions
(C) f (x) can be expressed as a sum or a difference of an odd and an even function
(D) f (x) can never be expressed as a sum or a difference of an odd and an even function
Q. 44 Let fix) = sin *J[a] x (where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function). If f is periodic with fundamental
period %, then a belongs to :
Q.45 The range ofthe function, f(x) = cot-1 log05(x4 - 2x2 + 3) is:
3?c" 7C 371
(A) (0,7i) (B) (C) (D)
4 _ T""J 2'T
Q. 46 Which of the following is the solution set of the equation sin"!x=cos"1x + sin"1 (3x - 2)1
I
(A) (B) (C) 3' (D)i^
fa B ansa! Classes Transit Dpp on Functions & Inverse trigonometry functions [11]
Q. 47 Which ofthe following functions are not homogeneous ?
xy x + vcosx
(A) x + ycos; (B) x+y" v(C)
( D ^ J x V y J *
' ysinx + y y \x/ x vy;
Q. 48 Which of the following is the solution set ofthe equation 3 cos_1x = cos-1 (4x3 - 3x)?
1 l" r1 J
(A) [-1,1] (B) (C) (D)
. 3'3.
Q. 51 The period ofthe function/(x) = sin(x + 3 - [x+3 ]), where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function is
(A) 2TI+ 3 (B) 27t (C)l (D) 3
Q. 52 If tan-'x + tan"1 2x + tan~'l3x = TC, then
(A) x = 0 (B) x = 1 (C)x = -1 (D)xe|
Q. 53 If f(x + ay, x - ay) = axy then f(x, y) is equal to :
2
X2 - V2 x2 + v
(A) (B) (C) 4xy (D) none
2 iz
Q. 54 The set of values ofx for which the equation cos_1x + cos-1 —+ —V3--3X holds good is
v2 2
1
(A) [0,1] (B) (C) 0 (D) {-1,0,1}
8
Q.55 The range ofthe function y : 1S
9-x 2
7T
(A) R - {mc, n e 1} (B) R - {(2n+ 1)—, n e 1}
71
( C ) R - { n i c , ( 2 n + l ) - , n e 1} (D)none
VT -x
Q. 57 The solution set of the equation sin-1 *J\- X 2 +
cos_1x = cot- -sin 'x
V X ,
(A) [-1, 1] - {0} (B) (0, 1] U {-1} (C) [-1, 0) U {1} (D) [-1,1]
fa B ansa! Classes Transit Dpp on Functions & Inverse trigonometry functions [11]
Q. 58 Given the graphs of the two functions, y = f(x) & y = g(x). In the
adjacent figure from point A on the graph of the function y = f(x)
corresponding to the given value ofthe independent variable (say Xq), a
straight line is drawn parallel to the X-axis to intersect the bisector of
thefirstand the third quadrants at point B. From the point B a straight
line parallel to the Y-axis is drawn to intersect the graph ofthe function
y - g(x) at C. Again a straight line is drawnfromthe point C parallel to
the X-axis, to intersect the line NN' at D . If the straight line NN' is
parallel to Y-axis, then the co-ordinates of the point D are
(A)fi:x0),g(f(x0)) (B)x0,g(x0)
(C)x0,g(f(x0)) (D)f(x0),f(g(x0))
fa B ansa! Classes Transit Dpp on Functions & Inverse trigonometry functions [11]
Q. 68 There exists a positive real number x satisfying cos(tan-1x)=x. The value of cos-1 is
v2 y
7t _ Tt 2tz
2TZ 4n
(A)
10 (B) 5
v_/ (C)y (D)
1 3
tr\ f ^ l!>^ - f. c o )j
(C)
/ 771 . 27t
Q.70 cos cos sin — is equal to
5 5 j
3X-4S
Q. 76 Domain of definition of the function f (x); is
x -3x-4
(A) (-oo,0] (B) [0, oo)
(C) ( - oo, -1) u [0, 4) (D)(-oo,l)u(l,4)
Q. 77 Suppo se/ and g are both linear functions, with/(x) = - 2x + 1 and / (g(x)) = x. The sum ofthe slope
and the y-intercept ofg, is
(A)-2 (B) - 1 (C)0 (D) 1
fa B ansa! Classes Transit Dpp on Functions & Inverse trigonometry functions [11]
Vx+4-3
Q. 78 The range of the function/ (x) = :— is
x-5
(A) 4 I i
(B) 0 , 1 u 6 ' 3 (C) ( - QO, 0) ^ (0, QO) (D) (0, oo)
Q.79 I f / ( x , y) - (max(x, y)) mm(x ' y) and g (x, y) = max(x, y) - min(x, y), then
f r
g
/ ,g(-4,-1.75) equals
vV
(A)-0.5 (B)0.5 (C)l (D) 1.5
Q. 80 The domain and range of the function f(x) = cosec""1 / l o § 3-4s«x 2 are respectively
V 1 - 2 sec x
Tt Tt Tt
(A)R; (B)R+;[0,-
2'2
r % r % r Tt
- Tt
(C) 2mt —2 ',2mt + -2 J -{2mt}; Or (D) 2nn—2 ',2n7i+—2) -{2MC}; 2 ' 2 -{0}
( Tt Xs r % 37ri
(C) (D) [-271,2*]- \ ± ~ , ±~
2 2
faB ansa! Classes Transit Dpp on Functions & Inverse trigonometry functions [11]
14tcV
Q.85 The value of cos — cos cos IS :
2 v V 5 J
271
/AN cos (i - ^—71
(A) (B) sin
10J
(C) cos
vT
(D) - cos m
K 5J
Q 86 The functions which are aperiodic are:
(A) y = [x + 1 ] (B) y = sin x2 (C) y = sin2x (D) y = sin ' x
where [x] denotes greatest integer function
Q.87 tan 1 x, tan 1 y, tan ! z are in A.P. and x, y, z are also in A.P. (y 0, 1 , - 1 ) then
(A) x, y, z are in G.P. (B) x, y, z are in H.P.
(C) x = y = z (D) (x-y) 2 + ( y - z ) 2 + ( z - x ) 2 = 0
Q.88 Which of the following function(s) is/are periodic with period Tt.
(A) f(x) - | sinx | (B) f(x) = [x + Tt] (C) f(x) = cos (sinx) (D) f(x) = cos2x
(where [. ] denotes the greatest integer function)
Q.89 For the equation 2x = tan(2tan_1 a) + 2tan(tan_1 a + tan"1 a3), which ofthe following is invalid?
(A) a2x + 2a = x (B) a2 + 2ax + 1 = 0 ( C ) a ^ 0 (D)a*-1, 1
Q.90 Which ofthe functions defined below are one-one function(s) ?
(A) f(x) = (x+ 1), ( x > - l ) (B) g(x) = x+(l/x) ( x > 0 )
2
(C) h(x) = x + 4x - 5, (x > 0) (D) f(x) = e "x, ( x > 0)
Q.91 If cos_1x + cos ' y + cos 'z = Tt, then
(A) x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xyz - 1
(B) 2(sin~1x + sin_1y + sin'z) = cos_1x + cos_1y + cos_1z
(C) xy + yz + zx = x + y + z - l
xsina x - cosa f 71
Q. 93 The value of tan-l tan-l is, for a e 0,— ; x GR
+
, is
^1-xcosa J - sma J v 2J
(A) independent of x (B) independent of a
Tt
(C) - - a (D) none of these
Q.94 D = [-1,1 ] is the domain of the following functions, state which of them has the inverse.
(A) f(x) = x 2 (B) g(x) = x 3 (C) h(x) = sin 2x (D) k(x)= sin (TTX/2)
Q.95 Which ofthe following fimction(s) have no domain?
(A) f(x) = logx_ j (2 - [x] - [x]2) where [x] denotes the greatest integer function.
(B) g(x) = cos_1(2-{x}) where {x} denotes thefractionalpart function.
(C) h(x) = In /n(cosx)
(D)f(x):
sec ' ( s g n ( e - ) )
fa Bansa! Classes Transit Dpp on Functions & Inverse trigonometry functions [11]
[ZlJ suoijDuti/iQjdwouoSuj 3Sd3AU] 3p suoijounj uo dd(j j i s u v u j s s s s v j j jvsuvgf^
Q.86 AB,D Q.87 A,B,C,D Q.88 A,C,D Q.89 B,C Q.90 A,C,D
A3H V3MSNV
BANSAL CLASSES
MATHEMATICS
TARGET IIT JEE 2007
XI (PQRS)
SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
Trigonometry Phase-Ill
CONTENTS
KEY-CONCEPTS
EXERCISE-I
EXERCISE-II
EXERCISE-III
ANSWER KEY
KEY CONCEPTS
I. SINE FORMULA : In any triangle ABC, = =
sinA sinB sinC
b 2 + c2 - a 2
n. COSINE FORMULA : (i) cosA = or a2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc. cos A
2bc
2
c' +• a~
2
b2 a + b - c2
(ii) cosB = (iii) cosC :
v
2ca ' 2ab
m. PROJECTION FORMULA: (i) a = b cosC + c cosB (ii) b = c cosA + a cosC
(iii) c = a cosB + b cos A
... B-C b - c A
IV. NAPIER'S ANALOGY - TANGENT RULE : (I)
v tan—— = cot—
' 2 b +c 2
A (s-b) (s-c) A a +b + c . . . ,
(iii) t a n
T =
V s(s-a) =
1(^1) Where S =
2 & A = arCa
° f tnangle
'
2R
sinA sinB sinC
abc
Note that R =
4 A
; Where Ris the radius of circumcircle & A is area of triangle
AT> • B A C A JY
r,=4Rsin—
• C A
. cos — . cos—
B
r,2 = 4 R sin— . cos— . cos— 3
2 2 2
2 2 2
XL ORTHOCENTRE A N D P E D A L TRIANGLE :
The triangle KLM which is formed by joining the feet ofthe altitudes
is called the pedal triangle.
the distances of the orthocentre from the angular points of the
A ABC are 2 R cosA, 2 R cosB and 2 R cosC
the distances of P from sides are 2 R cosB cosC,
2 R cosC cosA and 2 R cosA cosB
the sides ofthe pedal triangle are a cosA (= R sin 2A),
b cosB (= R sin 2B) and c cosC (= R sin 2C) and its angles are
it — 2A, % — 2B and TC - 2C.
circumradii of the triangles PBC, PCA, PAB and ABC are equal.
xn EXCENTRAL TRIANGLE :
The triangle formed by joining
the three excentres I1? I2 and I3
of A ABC is called the excentral
or excentric triangle. Note that:
Incentre I of A ABC is the
orthocentre ofthe excentral A Ijl 2 I 3 .
A ABC is the pedal triangle of the
AIM
the sides ofthe excentral triangle are
A B C
4Rcos— , 4Rcos— and 4 R cos—
2 ' 2 2
7C B ,
and its angles are — - — and
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C
IIj = 4 R s i n - j ; II 2 = 4 R s i n y ; II 3 = 4 R s i n y .
(a) The distance between circumcentre and orthocentre is = R. J 1 - 8 cos A cosB cosC
(c) The distance between incentre and orthocentre is ^2r 2 - 4R2 cos A cosB cosC
[132]
faBansal Classes Trig.-0-III
XIV. Perimeter (P) and area (A) of a regular polygon of n sides inscribed in a circle of radius r are given by
71 1
• . 271
<>
P = 2nr sin— and A = — n r sin—
• ,
n 2 n
Perimeter and area of a regular polygon of n sides circumscribed about a given circle ofradius r is given by
n . tc
P = 2nrtan— and A = n r tan—
n n
XV. In many kinds oftrignometric calculation, as in the solution oftriangles, we often require the logarithms of
trignometrical ratios. To avoid the trouble and inconvenience ofprinting the proper sign to the logarithms
ofthe trignometric functions, the logarithms as tabulated are not the true logarithms, but the true logarithms
increased by 10. The symbol L is used to denote these "tabular logarithms". Thus:
L sin 15° 25' = 10 + log10 sin 15° 25'
and L tan 48° 23'= 10 + log 10 tan48° 23'
EXERCISE-I
Q. 1 With usual notation, if in a A ABC, ^ = ^ = — ; then prove that, = ^ = .
11 12 13 7 19 25
Q.2 For any triangle ABC , if B = 3 C, show that cosC = J ^ t l & sin^ = -.
y 4c 2 2c
•v3 Tt
Q.3 In a triangle ABC, BDisamedian. If /(BD) = —-/(AB) and Z DBC = ~ . Determine the ZABC.
»
Q.4 ABCD is a trapezium such that AB,DC are parallel & BC is perpendicular to them. If angle
+ q2) sin9
ADB = 9 , BC = p & CD = q, show that AB = .
pcosB + qsinG
Q.5 Let 1 < m < 3 . In a triangle ABC, if 2b = (m+1) a & cos A= | Prove that there
are two values to the third side, one of which is m times the other.
Q.6 If sides a, b, c of the triangle ABC are in A.P, then prove that
cos A. cos C :
3 ac
cos A + 2cosC sinB
Q. 12 Ifin a triangle ABC, = , prove that the triangle ABC is either isosceles cr right angled.
cosA + 2cosB sinC
Q. 16 If pj, p2, p3 are the altitudes of a triangle from the vertices A, B, C & A denotes the area of the
, . l l l 2ab c
triangle, prove that — + = ——-—-— cos"2 —.
p, p2 p3 (a + b + c) A 2
Q.17 Let ABCD is a rhombus. The radii of circumcircle of AABD and AABC are Rj and Rj respectively then
Q.20 The two adjacent sides of a cyclic quadrilateral are 2 & 5 and the angle between them is 60°. If the area
of the quadrilateral is 4 fi, find the remaining two sides.
Q.21 The triangleABC (with side lengths a, b, c as usual) satisfies
log a2 = log b2 + log c2 - log (2bc cosA). What can you say about this triangle?
2
Q.22 Ifthe bisector of angle C oftriangle ABC meets AB in D & the circumcircle in E prove that, CE _ (a+b)
2
DE " c
Q.23 In a triangleABC, the median to the side BC is of length , 1 & it divides the angle A into
y n - 6V3
angles of 30° & 45°. Find the length ofthe side BC.
Q.24 Given the sides a, b, c of a triangle ABC in a G.P. (a, b, c * 1) . Then prove that;
x = rb2_c2) • ( c 2 . a * tanC + tanA . tanA + tanB
tanB + tanC
v =
X Y (C 4 Z (a b)
tanB - tanC ' > tan'C - tanA ' tanA-tanB
are also in G.P. Further, if a2 = logxe ; b j = l o ^ e & Cj=log z e are the sides of the triangle
A B C
Aj Bj Cj, then prove that : sin2-^- , sin2 - - , sin2-^- are in H.P.
Q.25 With reference to a given circle, Aj and B, are the areas of the inscribed and circumscribed regular
polygons of n sides, A^ and B2 are corresponding quantities for regular polygons of 2n sides. Prove that
(1) A2 is a geometric mean between Aj and B j
(2) B2 is a harmonic mean between A^ and B j.
EXERCISE-II
Q.l I +± +i = i Q.2 rj + r2 + r3 - r = 4R Q . 3 — ^ — r +^ — ^ — A -3
n r2 r3 r (s-b)(s-c) (s-c)(s-a) (s-a)(s-b) r
^ b-c c-a a-b „ „ r
i ~ r +. 2 ~ _ c abc A B C'
Q.4A Q.5c —~
r r
Q.10 4R sin A sinB sinC = a cos A + b cosB + c cosC Q.ll (r 1 -r)(r 2 -r)(r 3 -r) = 4 R ^
B-C , , , . C-A , , , . A-B
Q.12 (r + fj) t a n — + (r + r2) t a n - — + (r + r3) t a n — = 0
a„ 2 +. bv 2+ ,c„2
Q.13 _L _L _L J_
2 +
2 +
2 +
2
Q. 14 (r3+ fj) (r3+ r2) sin C = 2 r3 Jr2r3 + r ^ + r ^
r A r 2 r 3
1 1 1 1 Q.16 T, | I; | r3 _ 1
Q. 15 —
be
+ —
ca
+ —
ab
=
2Rr be ca ab r 2R
1 i 1 4R Q.18 bc - r2 r3 _ ca - r3 rt _ a b - rt r2 — r
Q.17
Vr V vr v Vr r
3/ r2 s2
1 1 1 1 4I I 1 1
Q. 19 - + — + — + — + —+—
r Tj r2 r3; r vr,i % r3;
Q.20 In acute angled triangle ABC, a semicircle with radius ra is constructed with its base onBC and tangent
to the other two sides. rb and rc are defined similarly. Ifr is the radius ofthe incircle of triangle ABC then
2 1 1 1
prove that, — = — + — + —
r ra r,b rc
Q.21 If I be the in-centre ofthe triangle ABC and x, y, z be the circum radii ofthe triangles IBC, ICA& IAB,
showthat 4 R 3 - R ( x 2 + y2 + z 2 )-xyz = 0.
Q.22 IfAq denotes the area of the triangle formed by joining the points of contact ofthe inscribed circle ofthe
triangle ABC and the sides of the triangle; Aj, Aj and A3 are the corresponding areas for the triangles
thus formed with the escribed circles of A ABC. Prove that A1 + A^ + A3 = 2A + Aq
where A is the area of the triangle ABC.
Q.23 Consider a A DEF, the pedal triangle ofthe A ABC such that A-F-B and B-D-C are collinear. If H is
the incentre of A DEF and Rj, R^ R3 are the circumradii of the quadrilaterals • AFHE; • BDHF
and • CEHD respectively, then prove that
I R p R + r where R is the circumradius and r is the inradius of A ABC.
A B C
Q.24 Prove that in a triangle, 8 r R(cos2— + cos2— + cos2—) = 2bc + 2ca + 2ab - a2 - b2 - c2.
Q.26 The triangle ABC is a right angled triangle, right angle at A. The ratio of the radius of the circle
circumscribed to the radius of the circle escribed to the hypotenuse is, -Jl: (S+-Ii). Find the acute
angles B & C. Also find the ratio ofthe two sides ofthe triangle other than the hypotenuse.
Q.27 Let the points PJ, P2, , PN_1 divide the side BC of the triangle ABC into n parts. Let ij, i^ i3, in
be the radii of the inscribed circle ; el5 e2, e3, , e n bethe radii of the escribed circles corresponding
to the vertex A for the triangles A B P J , A P j P 2 , A P 2 P 3 , , A P N _ 1 C respectively, then show that
r + r,
(i) n i L = £ & ( i i ) t h = - , where R t , I^, , Rn are the radii ofthe circumcircle
R, R
of triangles ABP j, AP j P2, , AP n _jC &R is the circumradius, r is the inradius & r t is the exradius
as usual of A ABC.
faBansal Classes Trig.-0-III [6]
Q.28 In a plane of the given triangleABC with sides a, b, c the points A', B', C' are taken so that the
A A'BC, A AB'C and A ABC' are equilateral triangles with their circum radii Ra, Rb, Rc ; in-radii
ra, rb, rc & ex-radii r a ', r b ' & rc' respectively. Prove that ;
On
1 + , 1- [JEE 2003, Mains, 4 out of 60]
v « J
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE-I
7tiR
Q.3 120° Q.7 TT/6, tc/3, n/2 Q.10 Q20. 3 cms & 2 cms Q 23. a = 2
12
EXERCISE-II
Q.26B=f Q.29 - units
c 2
EXERCISE-III
Q.l angleABD = 30° Q.2 Q.3 9 sq. unit Q.4 B
Q.5 2, (2V3-V2) , (2V3+V2) , (2V3-V2) & (2V3+V2) sq. units Q.7 6, 8, 10 cms
Q.8 (a) A, (b) B Q.ll D Q.13 D Q.14 D
o
faBansal Classes Trig.-^-III 15]
ft
BANSAL CLASSES
MATHEMATICS
TARGET IIT JEE 2007
XI (P, Q, R, S)
TRIGONOMETRIC
EQUATIONS AND INEQUATIONS
Trigonometry Phase-H
CONTENTS
KEYCONCEPTS
EXERCISE-I
EXERCISE-II
EXERCISE-III
ANSWER KEY
KEY CONCEPTS
THINGS TO REMEMBER :
it n
1. If sinG = sina => G = n7t + (~l) n a where a e ,ne I .
2'2
2. If cos0 = cosa => 9 = 2n% ± a where a e [0, Tt], n e I
3. If tanG = tana => G = nTt + a where a e -— — , n e I .
I 2'2J
4. If sin2G = sin 2 a=> G = nTt ± a .
5. cos2G = cos 2 a => G = nTt ± a .
6. tan2G = tan 2 a => 9 = nTt ± a . [Note: a is called the principal angle]
7. TYPES OF TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS :
(a) Solutions of equations by factorising. Consider the equation ;
(2 sinx - cosx) (1 + cosx) = sin2x ; cotx - cosx = 1 - cotx cosx
(b) Solutions of equations reducible to quadratic equations . Consider the equation :
3 cos 2 x- 10 cosx+ 3 = 0 and 2 shfo + -Js sinx + 1 = 0
(c) Solving equations by introducing an Auxilliary argument. Consider the equation :
sinx + cosx = ^[2 ; V3 cosx + sinx = 2 ; secx- 1 =(V2 - l)tanx
(d) Solving equations by Transforming a sum of Trigonometric functions into a product.
Consider the example : cos 3 x + sin 2 x - sin 4 x = 0 ;
sin2x + sin22x + sin23x + sin24x = 2; sinx + sin5x = sin2x + sin4x
(e) Solving equations by transforming a product of trigonometric functions into a sum.
Consider the equation :
sin 6x . . .
sin5x. cos3x= sin6x.cos2x ; 8cosxcos2xcos4x = —: : sin3G = 4sinG sin2G sin4G
sin x
(f) Solving equations by a change of variable :
(i) Equations of the form of a. sinx + b. cosx + d = 0, where a, b & d are real
numbers & a, b ^ 0 can be solved by changing sinx& cos x into their corresponding
tangent of half the angle. Consider the equation 3 cosx + 4 sinx = 5.
(ii) Many equations can be solved by introducing a new variable. eg. the equation
sin4 2x + cos4 2x = sin 2x. cos 2x changes to
Q 3. Find all the values of 0 satisfying the equation ; sin9 + sin59 = sin3 9 such that0< 9 < TC.
Q 4. Solve the inequality: tan2 x - (V3 + l)tan x + V3 < 0
Q 6. Find all value of 9, between 0 & it, which satisfy the equation ; cos 9 . cos2 9 . cos 3 9 = 1/4.
Q 9. If a & p are two distinct roots of the equation, a tan 9 + b sec 9 = c then prove that :
tan(a + P ) = - ^ T .
a - c
Q 10. Find the principal solution of the trigonometric equation
Q 14. Solve : sin5x = cos2x for all values of x between 0°& 180° .
Q 15. Find all values of 9 between 0°& 180° satisfying the equation ;
cos 69 + cos 49 + cos 29 + 1 = 0 .
Q 16. If a & P satisfy the equation, acos29 + bsin29 = c then prove that : cos2 a + cos2 P = d - + 2 dt ' i ^ b .
& 4" b
Q 17. Find all values of 9 lying between 0&2TC satisfying the equations :
r sin9 = & r + 4 sin9 = 2 ( S +1).
Q 20. Solve for x, ( - TC <x < TC) the equation; 2 (cosx + cos2x) + sin2x (1 + 2 cos x) - 2 sin x.
Q 21. Find the range of y such that the equation, y + cos x = sin x has a real solution. For y = 1, find
x such that 0 < x < 2 TC .
Q22. Find the general values of8 for which the quadratic function
' cos6 + sin8 . „
(sin6)x2 + (2cos0)x + — is the square of a linear function.
Q 23. If sin A= sinB & cosA= cosB, find the values of A in terms of B.
EXERCISE-II
V3
Q 1, Solve the equation — sinx - c o s x = cos2x.
Q4, If a & p are the roots ofthe equation, a cos 6 + bsin8 = c then prove that :
2b c c2 — a2
(i) sina + sin P = — (ii) sin a . sin P =
a +b ' a2+b2
Q 10. Solve : cos (TC . 3*) - 2 cos2 (TC . 3X) + 2 cos (4 TC . 3X) - cos (7 TC . 3X)
= sin(7t. 3*) + 2 sin2(TC . 3X) - 2 sin(4TC. 3*) + 2 sin(Tt. 3* +! ) - sin(7TC. 3X)
29
Q 16. Solve : sin10* + cos10* = — cos4 2x.
16
Q 17. Find the set of values of x satisfying the equality
f m\ 3 2cos7x eos2x
-cos fX + —
> z
sin X — 1 and the inequality cos3+sin3
I 4J ^ 4J
Q 18. Find the sum of all the roots of the equation, sin Vx = - 1 , which are less than 100 n 2 . Also Find the
sum of the square roots of these roots. Now, can we conclude that all the roots cos Vx = 0 are also the
roots of sinVx = - 1 ? Justify your answer.
' V R
Q 19. Solve : sin + COS = V2 sinVx.
V / v2j
. , 1 1 • n, • . 2x +1 . 2x +1 „ 7, 2x +1
Q 20. Find the general solution of the equation, sin—-— + sin—;:—
3x - 3 cos —3x
— = 0.
Q 25. Find all values of'a' for which every root of the equation,
acos2x+ | a | cos4x + cos6x= 1 is also a root of the equation,
sinx cos2x = sin2x cos3x sin5x, and conversely, every root of the second equation is also
a root of the first equation.
Q.2 The number of values of x in the interval [0, 5K] satisfying the equation
3 sin2x - 7 sinx + 2 = 0 is
(A) 0 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 10 [JEE'98'2]
Q.4 Find real values of x for which, 27 cos2x . 8 l sin2x is minimum. Alsofindthis minimum value.
[REE 2000,3]
Q.6 The number of integral values of k for which the equation 7cosx + 5sinx = 2k + 1 has a solution is
(A) 4 (B) 8 (C)10 (D) 12
[JEE 2002 (Screening), 3]
Q.7 . cos(a-{3) = 1 and cos(a + (B) = 1/e, where a, (3 e [-11,11], numbers of pairs of a, P which satisfy both
the equations is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D)4
[JEE 2005 (Screening)]
71 7T 37t 5n 2% 1% .
y
i W T ' T T
71 7C 271 57t
Q 7. x e n7t+— , n7t + — n7i + — , n7t + — n e l
6 3 3 6
71
Q21. -V2 £y<V2 ; ~,7t Q 22. 2n7t+- or (2n+l)7t - tan-*2, ns I
„ _ _ „ 2n7l 71 _ 7t
Q25. 0 = — ± — or 2n7t± - n e l
EXER CISE-II
Q 1. x = 2n7t±7t or2n7t + - n e l
3
Q 3. nn ; tin + (-l) n ^ or rnt + (-l) n (-—) Q 5. 72c
7t % „ „ 7t 5x 719it 13 it
0v 7. n7t+— <x<n7t+ — V "T Q 9. nic±
8 4 7 > 7— > 7> 7> Z
3 1
Q 11. j [nir + (-l) n sin"1 (l - V2a+I) where n e l and a e 2 ' 2
TC N%
Q 12. x = — + (~l) n —
-8 or ——
4 + (-l)
n+1
— Q 13. x = 2n7t -
Q 20. x = or where n e l
6nn + 3.7c - 4 3n7t + 3(-l) n sin-1 J - 2
Q 21. (i) | k sin a | < 1 (ii) S = n 71, n e I (iii) a e ( - m7i , 2 7t - m 7i) m e I
Q 22. x = nTt or x = nn ± —
6
EXERCISE-III
Q.l Q.2 C
f i \
n m n m
Q.3 y = (n-m)— + (-l) — -(-l) — ;x = (m+n)-+ ( - l ) - + ( - l ) - wherea = sin"V -V , m, nel
2 4 2 2 4 2
% 71
Q.5 x = mr + (-1 )n — and y = mrc + — where m & n are integers. Q.6B
6 6
Q.7 D
MATHEMATICS
XII (ABCD)
COMPLEX NUMBERS
CONTENTS
KEY- CONCEPTS
EXERCISE-I
EXERCISE-II
EXERCISE-III
ANSWER-KEY
KEY CONCEPTS
1. DEFINITION:
Complex numbers are defmited as expressions of the form a + ib where a, b e R & i = /+L. It is
denoted by z i.e. z = a + ib. 'a' is called as real part of z (Re z) and 'b' is called as imaginary part of
z (Im z).
EVERY COMPLEX NUMBER CAN B E REGARDED A S
Note :
(a) The set R of real numbers is a proper subset ofthe Complex Numbers. Hence the Complete Number
system is N c W c I c Q c R c C.
(b) Zero is both purely real as well as purely imaginary but not imaginary.
(c) i= ^/-l is called the imaginary unit. Also i2 = - l ; i3 = - i ; i 4 = l etc.
(d) Va Vb = ^rab only if atleast one of either a or b is non-negative.
2. CONJUGATE COMPLEX:
If z = a + ib then its conjugate complex is obtained by changing the sign of its imaginary part &
is denoted by z . i.e. z = a - ib.
Note that :
(i) z + z = 2Re(z) (ii) z - z = 2ilm(z) (iii) z z = a 2 + b2 which is real
(iv) If z lies in the 1st quadrant then z lies in the 4th quadrant and - z lies in the 2nd quadrant.
3. ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS :
The algebraic operations on complex numbers are similiar to those on real numbers treating i as a
polynomial. Inequalities in complex numbers are not defined. There is no validity if we say that complex
number is positive or negative,
e.g. z > 0, 4 + 2i < 2 + 4 i are meaningless .
However in real numbers if a2 + b2 = 0 then a = 0 = b but in complex numbers,
Z;2 + z22 = 0 does not imply z, = z2 = 0.
4. EQUALITY IN COMPLEX NUMBER:
Two complex numbers ^a, + ib, &. z7 = a 2 +ib 2 are equal if and only if their real & imaginary
pails coincide.
5. REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER IN VARIOUS FORMS :
(a) Cartesian Form (Geometric Representation):
Every complex number z = x + i y can be represented by a point on
the cartesian plane known as complex plane (Argand diagram ) by the
ordered pair(x,y).
length OP is called modulus ofthe complex number denoted by | z | &
9 is called the argument or amplitude.
eg. | z | = Vx^Ty5" &
(ii) Argument of a complex number is a many valued function. If 9 is the argument of a complex number
then 2 rnt + 9 ; n e l will also be the argument of that complex number. Any two arguments of a
complex number differ by 2nn.
(iii) The unique value of 9 such that - n < 9 < n is called the principal value of the argument.
(iv) Unless otherwise stated, amp z implies principal value of the argument.
(v) By specifying the modulus & argument a complex number is defined completely. For the complex number
0 + 0 i the argument is not defined and this is the only complex number which is given by its modulus.
(vi) There exists a one-one correspondence between the points of the plane and the members of the set of
complex numbers.
(b) Trignometric / Polar Representation :
z = r (cos 9 + i sin 9) where | z | = r ; a r g z = 9 ; z = r (cos 9 - i sin 9)
Note: cos 9 + i sin 9 is also written as CiS 9.
„ix . -ix ,Jx -ix
e +e . e -e are known as Euler's identities.
Also cos x = & sin x =
(c) Exponential Representation:
10
z = re,ie .. J z | = r ; arg z = 9 ; z = re
6. IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF CONJUGATE/MODULI/AMPLITUDE :
If z , Zj, z2 e C then ;
z1 + z 2 | 2 + ! z 1 - z 2 p = 2 [ j z i | 2 + | z 2 | 2 ]
z, - z J < I z, + z J < z, ! + z. [TRIANGLE INEQUALITY]
(c) (i) amp (Zj. z2) = amp Zj + amp z2 + 2 krc. kel
O :
(ii) amp amp z, - amp z2 + 2 kn ; k e l
VZ;
(iii) amp(zn) = n amp(z) + 2k7t.
where proper value of k must be chosen so that RHS lies in (— u, tc ].
Z
4~ Z 3
AB_LCD if is purely imaginary ]
2 Z1
(iii) If Zp z2, z3 are the vertices of an equilateral triangle where zQ is its circumcentre then
(a) z] + z 2 + z 2 - z l z 2 - z 2 z 3 - z 3 z ] = 0 (b) z 2 + z 2 + z 2 = 3 z 2
8. DEMOIVRE'S THEOREM:
Statement: cos n9 + i sin n 9 is the value or one of the values of (cos 9 + i sin 9)n ¥ n e Q. The
theorem is very useful in determining the roots of any complex quantity
Note : Continued product of the roots of a complex quantity should be determined
using theory of equations.
9. CUBE ROOT OF UNITY:
- l + iV3 -l-iV3
(i) The cube roots of unity are
2 2
(ii) If w is one of the imaginary cube roots of unity then 1 + w + w2 0. In general
1 +w r + w 2 r =0 ; where r € I but is not the multiple of 3.
(iii) In polar form the cube roots of unity are :
271 In 471 471
cos 0 +1 sin 0 ; cos— +1 sin—, cos— + i sin—
3 3 3 3
(iv) The three cube roots ofunity when plotted on the argand plane constitute the verties ofan equilateral triangle.
(v) The following factorisation should be remembered:
(a, b, c g R & co is the cube root of unity)
a - b = (a - b) (a - cob) (a - co2b) ;
3 3
x2 + x + 1 = (x - co) (x - co2) ;
a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a + cob) (a + co2b) ;
a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = (a + b + c) (a + cob + co2c) (a + co2b + coc)
10. nth ROOTS OF UNITY:
If 1 , ctj, a 2 , a 3 a n _ j are the n, nth root of unity then :
(i) They are in G.P. with common ratio el(2lt/n) &
(ii) l p + af + a£ + ....+a£_, = 0 if p is not an integral multiple of n
= n if p is an integral multiple of n
(iii) (l-a,)(l-a2) (l-an_,) = n &
(1 + a,) (1 + a 2 ) (1 + a n _,) = 0 if n is even and 1 if n is odd.
a =
(iv) 1 . ocj. a 2 . a 3 n-1 1 or - 1 according as n is odd or even.
11. THE SUM OF THE FOLLOWING SERIES SHOULD BE REMEMBERED :
sin(nQ/2) n+1
cos 9 + cos 2 9 + cos 39 + + cos n 9 =
sin (9/2) cos
(i) 9.
sin
in(n8/2) n+1
(ii) sin 9 + sin 2 9 + sin 3 9 + + sin n9 = sin 9.
sin(9/2)
Note : If 9 = (2rc/n) then the sum of the above series vanishes.
z z 1
:
z, z, 1 0. This is also the condition for three complex numbers to be collinear.
Z 2 Z 2 ^
(G) Complex equation of a straight line through two given points Zj & z2 can be written as
z (zj - z2 ) - z (zj - z2 )+ (z,z2 - ZjZ2 )= 0, which on manipulating takes the form a s a z + a z + r = 0
where r is real and a is a non zero complex constant.
(H) The equation of circle having centre zQ & radius p is :
I z — z0 | = p or z z - z 0 z - z Q z + z 0 z 0 - p 2 = 0 which is of the form
(J) Condition for four given points z;, z 2 , z3 & z4 to be concyclic is, the number
Z
3 Z1 Z4 Z2 is real. Hence the equation of a circle through 3 non collinear points z,, z & z can be
2 3
Z
3 Z2 Z4 Z1
(z-z2)(z3-z,) . (z-z 2 )(z 3 -z 1 ) (z-z2xz3-zi)
taken as i yj \ is real => i v? \ - jz _ \/_ \
(z-z1J(z3-z2) ( z - z 1 j ( z 3 - z 2 j [z - Zj )(z3 — z 2 j
'1 + 202 f 4i
A-3- l^ ... 3 + 2i 3 — 2i , .(2 + i)
2
(2-i) 2
(a) (b) - i (9 + 6 i) (2 ~ i)-1 (c) (d) — — + (e)
2+i 2i + l 2 — 5i 2 + 5i 2-i 2+i
Q.2 Given that x , y e R, solve : (a) (x + 2y) + i (2x - 3y) = 5 - 4i (b) (x + iy) + (7 - 5i) = 9 + 4i
(c) x 2 - y 2 - i ( 2 x + y) = 2i (d) (2 + 3 i ) x 2 - ( 3 - 2 i ) y = 2 x - 3y + 5i
(e) 4x2 + 3xy + (2xy - 3x2)i = 4y2 - (x2/2) + (3xy - 2y2)i .PfTC + IV
Ml ^slcSS'
I J J S -
Q.3 Find the square root of : (a) 9 + 40 i (b) —11 — 60 i (c) 50 i
i Ir+Mi)
Q.4 (a) If f (x) = x4 + 9x3 + 35x2 - x + 4, find f ( - 5 + 4i) %
4 3 2
(b) If g(x) = x - x + x + 3 x - 5 , find g(2 + 3i) iH-J
Q.5 Among the complex numbers z satisfying the condition z + 3 - S i = S, find the number having the
least positive argument.
Q.6 Solve the following equations over C and express the result in the form a + ib, a, b e R.
(a) ix2 - 3x - 2i = 0 (b) 2 (1 + i) x2 - 4 (2 - i)x - 5 - 3 i = 0
Q.7 Locate the points representing the complex number z on the Argand plane:
(a) | z + l - 2 i | = V7 ; (b) |z - l|2 + |z + l|2 = 4 ; (c) 3 ; (d) I z - 3 ! - I z - 6 I
z + 3
Q.8 If a & b are real numbers between 0 & 1 such that the points Zj = a + i, z 2 = 1 + bi & z3 - 0 form an
equilateral triangle, then find the values of'a' and 'b'.
Q.9 For what real values of x & y are the numbers - 3 + ix2 y & x2 + y + 4i conjugate complex?
Q.10 Find the modulus, argument and the principal argument of the complex numbers.
2+ i
(i) 6 (cos 310°-i sin 310°) (ii) - 2 (cos 30° + i sin 30°) (iii)
4i + (1 + i)2
<!lBansal Classes Complex Numbers [6]
Q.ll If (x + iy)1/3 = a + bi; prove that 4 (a2 - b2) = - + f
a b
. _ a + ib 2 a2 + b2
Q. 12(a) If — — = p + qi, prove that rpz + q1 - 2 2
A
c + id c +d
(b) Let Zj, z2, z3 be the complex numbers such that
Zj + Z2 + Z3 = Z]Z2 + Z2Z3 + Z3Zj = 0.
Prove that | z} | = | z2 | = | z31.
1 + z + z2
Q.13 Let z be a complex number such that z e c\R and j e R, then prove that | z I = 1.
1-z +z
Q.14 Prove the identity, 11 - z,z 2 |2 -1 z, - z 2 |2 = (l-1 z, | 2 ) (l-1 z 2 | 2 )
Q.15 For any two complex numbers, prove that |Zi + ^ + - z2| = 2 |Zj| + |z2| . Also give the
•
geometrical interpretation of this identity.
Q.16 (a) Find all non-zero complex numbers Z satisfying z =iZ 2 .
(b) If the complex numbers z,, z2, zn lie on the unit circle \z\ = 1 then show that
|Zj + z2 + +Zn| = | z f z 2 - ' + +zn-1| .
Q.17 Find the Cartesian equation of the locus of 'z' in the complex plane satisfying, | z - 4 | + | z + 4 | = 16.
Q.18 If oo is an imaginary cube root of unity then prove that :
(a) (1 + co - co2)3 - (1- © + co2)3 = 0 (b) (1 - co + co2)5 + (1+ oo - ©2)5 = 32
(c) If co is the cube root of unity, Find the value of, (1 + 5co2 + oo4) (1 + 5co4 + co2) (5co3 + oo + oo2).
Q.19 If co is a cube root of unity, prove that; (i) (1 + © - co2)3 - (1 - © + ©2)3
a + bm + cco
(ii) ' = «2 (iii) (1 - ©) (1 - ©2) (1 - ©4) (1 - ©8) = 9
c + aco + bco"
Q.20 If x = a + b ; y = aco + b©2 ; z = a©2 + b©, show that
(i) xyz = a3 + b3 (ii) x2 + y2 + z2 = 6ab (iii) x3 + y3 + z3 = 3 (a3 + b3)
1 1 + i + w2 w2
Q.21 If(w* 1) is a cube root of unity then 1 - i -1 w2-l
-i - i + w -1 -1
(A)0 (B)l (C)i (D)w
7
Q.22(a) (1 + w) = A+ Bw where w is the imaginary cube root of a unity and A, B e R , find the ordered pair
(A,B).
(b) The value of the expression ;
1. (2 - w) (2 - w2) + 2. (3 - w) (3 - w2) + + (n - 1). (n - w) (n - w2), where w is an
imaginary cube root of unity is .
Q.24 Show that the sum ^ (sin ^ ^ - i c o s ^ ^ i simplifies to a pure imaginary number.
k=i V 2n + l 2n + l7
Q.25 If x = cos 9 + i sin 9 & 1 + -^/l - a2 = na, prove that 1 + a cos 9 = (1 + nx) (1 + — \.
Q.26 The number t is real and not an integral multiple of 7t/2. The complex number Xj and x2 are the roots of
the equation, tan2(t) • x2 + tan (t) • x + 1 = 0
/ 2mi ^
Showthat (x,)n + (x2)n = 2 c o s - ^ ] cotn(t).
Q.5(a) Find the real values of x & y for which z, = 9y2 - 4 - 10 i x and
z2 = 8y2 - 20 i are conjugate complex of each other.
(b) Find the value of x4 - x3 + x2 + 3x - 5 if x = 2 + 3i
Q. 12 Pisa point on the Aragand diagram. On the circle with OP as diameter two points Q & R are taken such
that Z POQ = Z QOR = 0. If 'O' is the origin & P, Q & R are represented by the complex numbers
Z 1 , Z2 & Z3 respectively, show that: Z 2 2 . cos 2 9 = Z,. Z3 cos29.
Q. 13 Let z,, z2, z3 are three pair wise distinct complex numbers and t p t2, t3 are non-negative real numbers
such that t, +12 +13 = 1. Prove that the complex number z = t,z, + t2z2 + t3z3 lies inside a triangle with
vertices z,, z2, z3 or on its boundry.
Q.14 I f a C i S a , bCiSp,cCiSy represent three distinct collinear points in an Argand's plane, then prove
the following:
(i) Z ab sin (a - (3) = 0.
/
(ii) (a CiS a) v b 2 + c 2 - 2 b c c o s ( P - y ) ± 0> CiS p) ^ / a 2 + c 2 - 2 a c c o s ( a - y )
+ (c CiS y) A / a 2 + b 2 - 2 a b c o s ( a - P ) = 0.
Q. 15 Find all real values of the parameter a for which the equation
(a - 1 )z4 - 4z2 + a + 2 = 0 has only pure imaginary roots.
Q. 16 Let A=z,; B = z2; C s z3 are three complex numbers denoting the vertices of an acute angled triangle.
If the origin 'O' is the orthocentre of the triangle, then prove that
z , z 2 + Z, Z 2 = Z 2 Z 3 + Z 2 Z 3 = Z 3 Z, + Z 3 ZJ
hence showthat the AABC is a right angled triangle <=>ZjZ2 + z, z2 = z 2 z 3 + z,z 3 = z 3 z, + z3z, = 0
Q.l7 If the complex number P(w) lies on the standard unit circle in an Argand's plane and
z = (aw+ b)(w - c)"1 then, find the locus of z and interpret it. Given a, b, c are real.
Q. 18(a) Without expanding the determinant at any stage, find KG R such that
4i 8 + i 4 + 3i
-8 +i 16i i has purely imaginary value,
- 4 + Ki i 8i
(b) If A, B and C are the angles of a triangle
e -2iA £ iC £ iB
Q.22 Resolve Z5 + 1 into linear & quadratic factors with real coefficients. Deduce that: 4-sin-p- -cos y = 1.
Q.23 I f x = l + i V 3 ; y= 1 -iV3 & z = 2, then prove that xp + yp = zp for every prime p > 3.
Q.24 Prove that for all complex numbers z with | z | = 1
<|l-z| + |l+z2|<4
Q.25(a) Let z = x + iy be a complex number, where x mdy are real numbers. Let Aand B be the sets defined by
A = { z | | z | <2} and B = {z | (1 -z')z + (l +/) z >4}. Find the area ofthe region A n B.
(b) For all real numbers x, let the mapping f (x) = ;, where i = ^/ZJ. If there exist real number
X I
a, b,c and d for which/(a),/(b),/(c) and/(d) form a square on the complex plane. Find the area of
the square.
EXERCISE-II
P q r
Q.l If q r p = 0 ; where p, q, r are the moduli of non-zero complex numbers u, v, w respectively,
r p q
w / w - u A2
prove that, arg — = arg
V v —U /
3n
Q.2 Prove that X* -3 )' ' 3"C2r-i = 0, where k= — &n is an even positive integer.
r= 1 2
Q. 3 Show that the locus formed by z in the equation z3 + iz = 1 never crosses the co-ordinate axes in the
-Im(z)
Argand's plane. Further show that |z|= ^ 2 R e ( z ) I m ( z ) + 1 4,
WW*" 1
Q.4 If co is the fifth root of 2 and x = co + co2, prove that x5 = 1 Ox2 + 1 Ox +•«6 A N ^ ^ T /
Q.5 Prove that, with regard to the quadratic equation z2 + (p + ip') z + q + iq' = 0
where p , p', q, q' are all real.
(i) if the equation has one real root then q ' 2 - pp' q' + qp ' 2 = 0 .
(ii) if the equation has two equal roots then p 2 - p ' 2 = 4 q & p p ' = 2q'.
State whether these equal roots are real or complex.
on the complex plane. Hence show that these roots are also the roots of the equation
\2 / \2
.
2 sin
nut 2
Z + 2 sin Z + 1 = 0.
n v n
Q.8 Dividing f(z) by z - i , we get the remainder i and dividing it by z + i, we get the remainder
1 + i. Find the remainder upon the division of f(z) by z2 + 1.
Q. 9 Let z j & z2 be any two arbitrary complex numbers then prove that:
ZL + Z2| > I ( | z , | + | z 2 | )
z, I |z 2
(c) C2 + C6 + C ] 0 + = 2 -2 n / 2
n n
0
COS — (d)C 3 + C7 + C n + ....= I 2 - 1 _ 2 n/2 sin —
(e) C0 + C3 + C6 + C9 + n7t
2" + 2 cos
1 + ix | 1 + ia
Q. 13 Show that all the roots of the equation a e R are real and distinct.
1 - ixy 1 - ia
n + 2
(b) sin x + n Cj sin 2x + nC2 sin 3x + + nCn sin (n + 1) x = 2n . cos" . sin x
A2 A2 A2
Q.17 Show that the equation — 1 — + —-— + + —-— = k has no imaginary root, given that:
x aj x a2 ^ <in
a,, a 2 , a3.... an & A,, A2, A3 An, k are all real numbers.
Q.18 If z ] 2 + z22 + z 3 2 -z 1 z 2 -z 2 z 3 -z 3 z 1 — 0, prove that all the three z,,z 2 &z 3 simultaneously need not
be equal, where z,, z2 & z3 are complex numbers.
Q.19 Let a, P be fixed complex numbers and z is a variable complex number such that,
| z - a | 2 + | z - p | 2 =k.
Find out the limits for 'k' such that the locus of z is a circle. Find also the centre and radius of the circle.
Q.20 C is the complex number, f: C —» R is defined by f (z) = | z3 - z + 2|. What is the maximum value of f on
the unit circle | z | = 1 ?
Q.21 Let f (x) = l°g cos3x (cos 2 i x) if x * 0 and f (0) = K (where i = V^T ) is continuous at x = 0 then find
the value of K. Use of L Hospital's rule or series expansion not allowed.
Q.22 If z,, z2 are the roots of the equation az2 + bz + c = 0, with a, b, c > 0 ; 2b2 > 4ac > b2 ;
z, e third quadrant; z2 e second quadrant in the argand's plane then, show that
f z, \ f u2\ 1/2
:
arg 2cos
VZ2 J 4ac
Q.23 Find the set of points on the argand plane for which the real part of the complex number
(1 + i) z2 is positive where z = x + iy,x, y e R and i - - / - l .
Q.24 If a and b are positive integer such that N = (a + zb)3 -107 i is a positive integer. Find N.
Q.25 If the biquadratic x4 + ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 (a, b, c, d e R) has 4 non real roots, two with sum
3 + 4i and the other two with product 13 + i. Find the value of'b'.
EXERCISE-III
flQ / ' - -
Q.2(a) Let Zj and z2 be roots of the equation z2 + pz + q = 0 , where the co-efficients p and q may be
complex numbers. Let A and B represent z, and z2 in the complex plane. If ZAOB = a ^ 0 and
n-1 2k7t n
(b) Prove that ( n - k ) cos where n > 3 is an integer. [JEE'97,5]
k=l n 2
(b) For complex numbers z & co, prove that, |z|2 co - |co|2 z = z - co if and only if,
z — co or z co = 1 [JEE'99,2+10(outof200)]
2ni 20
7
Q.6 If a = e and f(x)=A 0 + X Ak xk, then find the value of,
k=1
f(x) + f(a x) + + f(a 6 x) independent of a . [REE '99,6]
1 1 1
Q.7(a) If Zj, z 2 , z3 are complex numbers such that | z, | = | z2 | = | z 3 | = — + — + — 1, then
I Zj + z2 + z31 is :
(A) equal to 1 (B) less than 1 (C) greater than 3 (D) equal to 3
(b) Let z j and z2 be nth roots of unity which subtend a right angle at the origin. Then n must be of the form
(A) 4k + 1 (B) 4k + 2 (C)4k + 3 (D)4k
[JEE 2001 (Scr) 1 + 1 out of 35]
12 6
Q. 10 Find all those roots of the equation z - 56z -512 = 0 whose imaginary part is positive.
[ REE 2000, 3 out of 100 ]
(b) Prove that there exists no complex number z such that | z j < — and z r =1 where | ar | < 2.
r=l
[JEE-03,2 + 2 out of 60]
2m 4 m
Q. 13(a) co is an imaginary cube root of unity. If (1 + co ) = (1 + co ) , then least positive integral value of m is
(A) 6 (B)5 (C)4 (D)3
[JEE 2004 (Scr)]
(b) Find centre and radius ofthe circle determined by all complex numbers z=x+i y satisfying (z- -a) = k,
(z--P)
where a = 04 + ia 2 , p = P, +i{32 a r e fixed complex and k 1. [JEE 2004,2 out of 60]
p(V2-l,V2)
Q. 14(a) The locus of z which lies in shaded region is best represented by
(A) z : |z + 11 > 2, |arg(z + 1)| < 7t/4
(B) z : jz -1| > 2, |arg(z-l)|<7t/4 (-i,o)\ 1TM
(C) z : |z + lj < 2, |arg(z + 1)| < rc/2
(D) z : |z - 11 < 2, |arg(z - 1)| < TC/2 Q(V2-l,-V2f
(b) If a, b, c are integers not all equal and w is a cube root of unity (w * 1), then the minimum value of
ia + bw + cw2| is
V3 1
(A)0 (B)l (C)T (D)
[JEE 2005 (Scr), 3 + 3]
(c) If one of the vertices of the square circumscribing the circle |z - 1 j = i s 2 + V3 i • Find the other
vertices of square. [JEE 2005 (Mains), 4]
w-wz
Q.15 If w = a + ip where P * 0 and z * 1, satisfies the condition that is purely real, then the set of
1-z
values ofz is
(A) {z : | z | = 1} (B){z:z=z) (C) {z: z ^ 1} (D) {z : | z | = 1, z * 1}
a [JEE 2006,3]
If- J ^
<!lBansal Classes Complex Numbers [14]
(1- (ck\\)l t b^
A N S W E R KEY
VERY ELEMENTARY EXERCISE ON COMPLEX NUMBER
7 24 21 12 8 ??
Q.l (a) — i ; (b) y - y i ; (c) 3 + 4 i ; (d) + 0i ; (e) y i
2 5K
Q.2 ( a ) x = l , y = 2 (b) (2 , 9) (c) ( - 2 , 2 ) or -, y j (d) (1 ,1)1 (e) x = K , y = — K e R
n(n + l)
Q.22" (a) (1,1); (b)
EXERCISE-I
Q . l (a) ^ - - - ^ i (b) 3 + 4 i (c) - A + 0 i (d) ^ i (e) ± V 2 + 0 i or 0±V2i
j — 29 r?
4tc 471 4 7t
Q.2 (i) Principal A r g z = - —— ; | z | = 2 cos—— ; A r g z = 2 k TT - —— k e I
71
/•xx,,, 1 a
(iv) M o d u l u s = - 7 = c o s e c — , A r g z = 2ri7i +
^ 11 TT, . . . .
Principal A r g =
1 lrc
6
V2 5 20 20
2 2 3K
Q.3(a) x = 1, y = 2; (b) x = 1 & y= 2 ; (c) ( - 2 , 2 ) or 3 . -- jJ ; (d) (1,1) I 0, ; (e) x =K, y = — Ke R
Q.4 (a) 2, ( b ) - 1 1 / 2 Q.5 (a) [(-2, 2); ( - 2 , - 2 ) ] (b) - (77 + 1 0 8 i)
3+ 4i
Q.6 (a) z = (2 + i) or ( l - 3 i ) ; (b) z =
Q.7 (b)2
2ti
Q.9 (ii) z = - (b + i ) ; - 2 i , - a (iii) , ti where t e R
3t + 5
EXERCISE-II
Q.6 (a) - — , (b) zero Q.8 —+- +i Q.19 k > ^ !«• ~ P|2
2 2 2 2
Q.20 | f (z) | is maximum when z = co, where co is the cube root unity and | f (z) | = ^13
4
Q.21 K = - ~ '
• 9
Q.23 required set is constituted by the angles without their boundaries, whose sides are the straight lines
y = (V2-l) xandy+(V2 + 1) x = 0 containing the x - axis
Q.24 198 Q.25 51
EXERCISE-III
Q.l 48(1 - i) Q.3 (a) D (b) B
^ ^ (29+20V2) + i(±l5 + 25\/2) (29-20V2) + i(±15-25V2) ^ *, , „
Q.4 L , Q.5 (a) C
82 82
sin2 n 0 2 7t
Q.6 7A 0 + 7A?X 7
+ 7AI4X
14
Q.7 (a) A (b) A Q.8 z2 + z+ = 0, where 0
2n + 1
+
Q.9 (a) C, (b) D Q.IO ± l + i V 3 , Q.H (a)B ; (b) B
V2
2
Q.13 (a) D ; (b) Centre = , Radius = — j — V l a - k 2 p | 2 -(k 2 .| (312 -1 a | 2 ) ( k 2 - l )
k 1 (k — 1)
Q.14 (a) A, (b) B, (c) z2 = - V 3 i ; z 3 = ( l - V s ) + i ; z 4 = ( l + V3)-i Q.15 D
XII (ABCD)
CONIC SECTION
(PARABOLA, ELLIPSE & HYPERBOLA)
CONTENTS
PARABOLA
KEY CONCEPT Page -2
EXERCISE-I Page -5
EXERCISE-II Page -7
EXERCISE-III Page -8
ELLIPSE
KEY CONCEPT Page -10
EXERCISE-I Page -13
EXERCISE-II Page -14
. EXERCISE-III Page -16
HYPERBOLA
KEY CONCEPT Page -18
EXERCISE-I Page -22
EXERCISE-II Page -24
EXERCISE-III Page -25
The distance of a point on the parabola from the focus is called the FOCAL DISTANCE O F T H E POINT.
FOCAL CHORD :
A chord of the parabola, which passes through the focus is called a FOCAL CHORD.
DOUBLE ORDINATE:
A chord of the parabola perpendicular to the axis of the symmetry is called a DOUBLE ORDINATE.
LATUS RECTUM:
A double ordinate passing through the focus or a focal chord perpendicular to the axis of parabola is
called the LATUS RECTUM. For y2 = 4ax.
• Length of the latus rectum = 4a.
• ends of the latus rectum are L(a, 2a) & L' (a, - 2a).
Note that: (i) Perpendicular distancefromfocus on directrix = half the latus rectum.
(ii) Vertex is middle point of the focus & the point of intersection of directrix & axis.
(iii) Two parabolas are laid to be equal if they have the same latus rectum.
^B ansaIClassesFour standard forms
ConicofSection
the parabola are y2 = Ellipse,
(Parabola, 4ax ; y2 =Hyperbola)
- 4ax ; x2 = 4ay; x2 = - 4ay [17]
5. POSITION OF A POINT RELATIVE TO A PARABOLA:
The point (x( y t ) lies outside, on or inside the parabola y2 = 4ax according as the expression
y,2 - 4ax, is positive, zero or negative.
6. LINE & A PARABOLA:
The line y=mx + c meets the parabola y 2 =4ax in two points real, coincident or imaginary according as
a
a > c m => condition of tangency is, c = —.
f A \
7. Length of the chord intercepted by the parabola on the line y = m x + c is : -ja(l + m 2 ) ( a - m c ) .
2
vm ;
Note: length of the focal chord making an angle a with the x - axis is 4aCosec2 a.
8. PARAMETRIC REPRESENTATION:
The simplest & the best form of representing the co-ordinates of a point on the parabola is (at2,2at).
The equations x - at2 & y = 2at together represents the parabola y2 = 4ax, t being the parameter. The
equation of a chord joining t, & t2 is 2x - (t[ +12) y + 2 at} t2 = 0.
Note: If the chord joining t]512 & t3, t4 pass through a point (c 0) on the axis, then t,t2 = t3t4 = - c/a.
9. TANGENTS TO THE PARABOLA y2 = 4ax:
' a 2a ^
(0 yy1 = 2a(x + Xj)atthepoint(x,,y 1 ) ; (ii) y = mx + — ( m ^ O ) a t
m V m2 ' m
(iii) t y = x + a t2 at (at2,2at).
Note : Point of intersection of the tangents at the point t, & t2 is [ at, t2 a(t, +12) ].
10. NORMALS TO THE PARABOLA y2 - 4ax :
(i) y - y i =-h. ( x - x , ) a t ( x , y,) ; (ii) y = mx - 2am - am3 at (am2, - 2am)
2a
(iii) y + tx = 2at + at3 at (at2' 2at).
Note : Point of intersection of normals at t, & t2 are, a (t2 + + t,t 2 + 2); - at, t2 (t, +12).
EXERCISE-I
—
Q. 1 Show that the normals at the points (4a, 4a) & at the upper end of the latus ractum of the parabola
y2 = 4ax intersect on the same parabola.
Q. 2 Prove that the locus of the middle point of portion of a normal to y2 = 4ax intercepted between the curve
& the axis is another parabola. Find the vertex & the latus rectum of the second parabola.
Q.3 Find the equations Qf the tangents to the parabola y2 = 16x, which are parallel & perpendicular respectively t
1
to the line 2 x - y + 5 = 0. Find also the coordinates of their points of contact, n ' i ^ /
Q.4 A circle is described whose centre is the vertex and whose diameter is three-quarters of the latus rectum
of a parabola y2 = 4ax. Prove that the common chord of the circle and parabola bisects the distance
between the vertex and the focus.
Q. 5 Find the equations of the tangents of the parabola y2 = 12x, which passes through the point (2,5).
Q.6 Through the vertex O of a parabola y 2 =4x, chords OP & OQ are drawn at right angles to one
another. Show that for all positions of P, PQ cuts the axis of the parabola at afixedpoint. Alsofindthe
locus of the middle point of PQ.
Q. 7 Let S is the focus of the parabola y2 = 4ax and X the foot of the directrix, PP' is a double ordinate of the
curve and PX meets the curve again in Q. Prove that P'Q passes through focus.
EXERCISE-III
Q. 1 Find the locus of the point of intersection of those normals to the parabola x2 = 8 ^ which are at right
angles to each other. [REE '97,6]
Q. 2 The angle between a pair oftangents drawn from a point P to the parabola y2 = 4ax is 45°. Show that the
locus of the point P is a hyperbola. [ JEE '98,8]
Q. 3 The ordinates of points P and Q on the parabola y2 = 12x are in the ratio 1:2. Find the locus of the point
of intersection of the normals to the parabola at P and Q. [ REE '98,6]
Q. 4 Find the equations of the common tangents of the circle x2 + y2 - 6y + 4 _= 0 and the parabola y2 = x.
[ REE '99,6 ]
Q.5(a) If the line x - 1 = 0 is the directrix of the parabola y 2 - k x + 8 = 0 then one of the values of' k' is
(A) 1/8 (B) 8 (C) 4 ' (D) 1/4
(b) If x + y = k is normal to y2 = 12 x, then' k' is : [JEE'2000 (Scr), 1+1]
(A) 3 (B) 9 (C)-9 (D) - 3
Q.6 Find the locus of the points of intersection of tangents-drawn at the ends of all normal chords ofthe
parabola y2 = 8(x - 1). [REE '2001,3]
Q.7(a) The equation of the common tangent touching the circle (x - 3)2 + y2 = 9 and the parabola y 2 =4x above
the x-axis is
( A ) ^ y = 3x+1 (B) V^y = -(x + 3) (C) ^ y = x + 3 (D) ^ y = -(3x + 1)
\
(b) The equation of the directrix of the parabola, y2 + 4y + 4x + 2 = 0 is
(C)X = ( D ) X =
(A) x = - 1 (B) x = 1 ~| |
[JEE'2001(Scr), 1+1]
Q.8 The locus of the mid-point of the line segment joining the focus to a moving point on the parabola
y2 = 4ax is another parabola with directrix [ JEE'2002 (Scr.), 3 ]
(A) x = - a (B)x = - | (C) x = 0 (D)x=|
Q.9 The equation of the common tangent to the curves y2 = 8x and xy=-1 is [JEE'2002 (Scr), 3]
(A) 3y = 9x + 2 (B)y = 2x+1
(C) 2y = x + 8 (D) y = x + 2
Q.l0(a) The slope of the focal chords of the parabola y2 = 16x which are tangents to the circle
(x - 6)2 + y2 = 2 are
(A) ± 2 (B)-1/2,2 (C)±l (D)-2,1/2
[JEE'2003, (Scr.)]
(b) Normals are drawn from the point 'P' with slopes m,, m2, m3 to the parabola y 2 =4x. If locus of P with
m s m2 = a is a part of the parabola itself then find a. [JEE 2003,4 out of 60]
Q. 11 The angle between the tangents drawn from the point (1,4) to the parabola y2 = 4x is
(A) 7T/2 (B) 7T/3 (C) 7I/4 (D) TC/6
[JEE 2004, (Scr.)]
Q. 12 Let P be a point on the parabola y2 - 2y - 4x + 5 = 0, such that the tangent on the parabola at P
intersects the directrix at point Q. Let R be the point that divides the line segment QP externally in the
Q. 13(a) The axis of parabola is along the line y=x and the distance of vertex from origin is J 2 and that from
its focus is 2 v2 • If vertex and focus both lie in the 1st quadrant, then the equation of the parabola is
(A) (x + y)2 = (x - y - 2) (B)(x-y) 2 = (x + y - 2 )
(C) (x - y)2 = 4(x + y - 2) (D) (x - y)2 = 8(x + y - 2)
[JEE 2006,3]
(b) The equations of common tangents to the parabola y = x2 and y = - (x - 2)2 is/are
(A)y = 4(x-1) (B) y = 0 (C)y = - 4 ( x - l ) (D)y = - 3 0 x - 5 0
[JEE 2006,5]
(c) Match the following
Normals are drawn at points P, Q and R lying on the parabola y2 = 4x which intersect at (3,0). Then
(i) Area of APQR (A) 2
(ii) Radius ofcircumcircle of APQR (B)5/2
(iii) Centroid of APQR (C) (5/2,0)
(iv) Circumcentre of APQR (D) (2/3,0)
[JEE 2006,6]
VERTICES:
A' = ( - a, 0) & A = (a, 0).
MAJOR AXIS :
The line segment A' A in which the foci
S' & S lie is of length 2a & is called the major axis (a > b) of the ellipse. Point of intersection of major
axis with directrix is called the foot of the directrix (z).
MINOR AXIS:
The y-axis intersects the ellipse in the points B ' s (0, - b ) & B = (0, b). The line segment B'B of length
2b (b < a) is called the Minor Axis of the ellipse.
PRINCIPAL AXIS:
The major & minor axis together are called Principal Axis of the ellipse.
CENTRE:
The point which bisects every chord of the conic drawn through it is called the centre of the conic.
2 2
C = (0,0) the origin is the centre of the ellipse _ + X— = i.
a 2 b2
DIAMETER:
A chord of the conic which passes through the centre is called a diameter of the conic.
FOCAL CHORD: A chord which passes through a focus is called a focal chord.
DOUBLE ORDINATE:
A chord perpendicular to the major axis is called a double ordinate.
LATUSRECTUM:
The focal chord perpendicular to the major axis is called the latus rectum. Length of latus rectum
2 (minor axis) 2
x 2 b 2s „ ^ ,> ,
(LL) = = = 2a(l - e )=2e (distance from focus to the corresponding directrix)
a major axis
NOTE:
(i) The sum of the focal distances of any point on the ellipse is equal to the maj or Axis. Hence distance of
focus from the extremity of a minor axis is equal to semi major axis. i.e. BS = CA.
(ii) If the equation of the ellipse is given as 2L_ + - 1 & nothing is mentioned' then the rule is to assume
that a> b.
l X V
The point P(x, y,) lies outside, inside or on the ellipse according as; —— + —L- - 1 > < or=0.
a b
3. AUXILIARY CIRCLE / ECCENTRIC ANGLE:
A circle described on major axis as diameter is
called the auxiliary circle.
Let Q be a point on the auxiliary circle x2 + y2 = a2
such that QP produced is perpendicular to the x-axis
then P & Q are called as the CORRESPONDING POINTS
on the ellipse & the auxiliary circle respectively '9' is
called the ECCENTRIC ANGLE ofthe point P on the ellipse
(0 < 9 < 2 Tt).
i'(PN) _ b _ Semi minor axis
Note that
*(QN) a Semi major axis
Hence " Iffromeach point of a circle perpendiculars are drawn upon a fixed diameter then the locus of
the points dividing these perpendiculars in a given ratio is an ellipse of which the given circle is the
auxiliary circle".
PARAMETRIC REPRESENTATION:
y2 x2
The equations x = a cos 9 & y = b sin 9 together represent the ellipse + —j - 1 .
a b
Where 9 is a parameter. Note that if P(9) = (a cos 9, b sin 9) is on the ellipse then ;
Q(9) = (a cos 9, a sin 9) is on the auxiliary circle.
LINE AND AN ELLIPSE :
2 2
x y . . . .
The line y=mx+c meets the ellipse —r + —r = 1 in two points real, coincident or imaginary according
a b
2 2 2 2
as c is < = or > a m + b .
x2 y2
Hence y = mx + c is tangent to the ellipse — + —j = 1 if c2 = a2m2 + b2.
a b
The equation to the chord of the ellipse joining two points with eccentric angles a & P is given by
x a+B y . a+B a-B
—cos- h —sm = cos •
a 2 b 2 2
6. TANGENTS:
xx
(i) — i + —J-
yy,
= 1 is tangent to the ellipse at (Xj y,).
2a
Note :The figure formed by the tangents at the extremities of latus rectum is rhoubus of area
e
2 2 2
(ii) y = mx± J a m +b is tangent to the ellipse for all values of m.
Note that there are two tangents to the ellipse having the same m, i.e. there are two tangents parallel to
any given direction.
(iii) ®+ = j is tangent to the ellipse at the point (a cos 9, b sin 9).
a b
(iv) The eccentric angles of point of contact of two parallel tangents differ by Tt. Conversely if the difference
between the eccentric angles of two points is p then the tangents at these points are parallel.
cos a+J3
2
sin q + p
(v) Point of intersection of the tangents at the point a & P is a - q-p q-3
cos COS
Q. 3 The tangent at the point a on a standard ellipse meets the auxiliary circle in two points which subtends a
right angle at the centre. Show that the eccentricity ofthe ellipse is (1 + sin2a)"1/2.
Q.4 An ellipse passes through the points ( - 3,1) & (2, -2) & its principal axis are along the coordinate axes
in order. Find its equation.
Q.5 If any two chords be drawn through two points on the major axis of an ellipse equidistant from the
a B v 8
centre, show that tan — -tan — -tan — -tan— = 1, where a, B, y, S are the eccentric angles of the
2 2 2 2
extremities of the chords.
x2 y2
Q.6 Ifthe normals at the points P,Q,R with eccentric angles a, p, yon the ellipse— + — =1 are concurrent,
a b
then show that
sin a cos a sin 2a
sinP cosp sin2p
siny cosy sin2y
2 2
Q. 7 Prove that the equation to the circle, having double contact with the ellipse X hV— = 1 at the ends of
a 2 b2
2 2 3 2 2 4
a latus rectum, is x + y - 2ae x = a (1 - e - e ).
X2 y 2
Q. 8 Find the equations of the lines with equal intercepts on the axes & which touch the ellipse— + — = 1.
point P on the ellipse.If F, & F2 are the two foci of the ellipse, then show that (PF, - PF2)2=4a*'1-
\ \
Q.14 Common tangents are drawn to the parabola y2 = 4x & the ellipse 3x2 + 8y2 = 48 touching the parabola
at A & B and the ellipse at C & D. Find the area of the quadrilateral.
, Q-l 5 If the normal at a point P on the ellipse of semi axes a, b & centre C cuts the major & minor axes at G &
g, show that a2. (CG)2 + b2. (Cg)2 = (a2 - b2)2. Also prove that CG = e2CN, where PN is the ordinate
o)' ofP.
x2 y2
Prove that the length of the focal chord of the ellipse — + ~ = 1 which is inclined to the maj or axis at
Q 1 6 a" b
2ab2 . >
angle 9 is ^ 5 ~ 5—.
a sin 0 + b cos 0
x 2 v2
Q.17 The tangent at a point P on the ellipse — + - - j = 1 intersects the major axis in T & N is the foot of the
a b
perpendicular from P to the same axis. Show that the circle on NT as diameter intersects the auxiliary
circle orthogonally.
x2 y 2
Q.18 The tangents from (x, y,) to the ellipse —— + ~ = 1 intersect at right angles. Show that the normals at
a b
x
y
the points of contact meet on the line — = — .
Yi x i
x 2 y2
Find the locus of the point the chord of contact of the tangent drawn from which to the ellipse — + - = 1
a b
touches the circle x2 + y2 = c2, where c < b < a.
2 2
x2 y2
Q.20 Prove that the three ellipse —j + —j = 1 1 and — + --— = 1 will have a common tangent
v a2 b2
af bf 1
2 2
if a b 1 = 0.
a2 b2 1
EXERCISE-II
Q.l PG is the normal to a standard ellipse at P, G being on the maj or axis. GP is produced outwards to Q so
2 2
that PQ = GP Show that the locus of Q is an ellipse whose eccentricity is a - b & find the equation
a 2 +b 2
of the locus of the intersection of the tangents at P & Q.
Q.2 P & Q are the corresponding points on a standard ellipse & its auxiliary circle. The tangent at P to the
ellipse meets the major axis in T. Prove that QT touches the auxiliary circle.
x2 y 2
Q.3 The point P on the ellipse— + : 1 is joined to the ends A, A' ofthe major axis. Ifthe lines through
a b"
P perpendicular to PA, PA' meet the major axis in Q and R then prove that
/(QR) = length of latus rectum.
^B ansaIClasses Conic Section (Parabola, Ellipse, Hyperbola) [17]
X2 V 2
Q.4 Let S and S' are the foci, SL the semilatus rectum of the ellipse + and LS' produced cuts the
a b
(1-e 2 )
ellipse at P, show that the length of the ordinate of the ordinate of P is y a, where 2a is the length
l + 3e
of the major axis and e is the eccentricity of the ellipse.
X2 V 2
Q.5 A tangent to the ellipse — + Ar = 1 touches at the point P on it in the first quadrant & meets the
a b
coordinate axis in A & B respectively. If P divides AB in the ratio 3 :1 find the equation of the tangent.
X2 V 2
Q.6 PCP' is a diameter of an ellipse —— + = i (a > b) & QCQ' is the corresponding diameter of the
a b~
auxiliary circle, show that the area of the parallelogram formed by the tangent at P, P', Q & Q' is
8a2b
where (j) is the eccentric angle of the point P.
(a-b)sin 2<j)
x2 + —v 2 = 1, intersects it again at the point Q(20),
Q.7 If the normal at the point P(9) to the ellipse—
14 5
show that cos 9 = - (2/3).
x2 y2
Q.8 A normal chord to an ellipse —y + Ar = 1 makes an angle of 45° with the axis. Prove that the square of
a b
32aV
its length is equal to +
x2 v 2
Q.9 If (x^ y,) & (x2, y2) are two points on the ellipse —2 + 2 = 1, the tangents at which meet in
a b
(h, k) & the normals in (p, q), prove that a2p=e2hx, x2 and b 4 q=- e2ky,y2a2 where 'e' is the eccentricity.
x2 y 2
Q.IO A normal inclined at 45° to the axis ofthe ellipse — + = 1 is drawn. It meets the x-axis & the y-axis in P
a b
fa2 -b2)2
& Q respectively. If C is the centre ofthe ellipse, show that the area of triangle C.PQ is — sq. units.
2(a +b )
.2 \
2 .,2
a 2 2
Q.ll Tangents are drawn to the ellipse + = 1fromthe point . , V a +b . Prove that they
a2 b2 •b2
intercept on the ordinate through the nearer focus a distance equal to the major axis.
x 2 v2
Q.12 P and Q are the points on the ellipse — If the chord P and Q touches the ellipse
a b
4 X 2 y 2 4x
, prove that seca+sec(3=2 where a, (3 are the eccentric angles of the points P and Q.
a2 b2 a
x 2 y2
Q.13 A straight line AB touches the ellipse — + 2 = 1 & the circle x2 + y2 = r2 ; where a > r > b.
a b
A focal chord ofthe ellipse, parallel to AB intersects the circle in P & Q, find the length ofthe perpendicular
drawn from the centre of the ellipse to PQ. Hence show that PQ = 2b.
Q.14 Show that the area ofa sector of the standard ellipse in thefirstquadrant between the maj or axis and a
line drawn through the focus is equal to 1/2 ab (9 - e sin 9) sq. units, where 9 is the eccentric angle of the
point to which the line is drawn through the focus & e is the eccentricity of the ellipse.
, i 2a ,
then show that—T = 1.
2
p *(SP)
x2 y2
Q. 17 In an ellipse —j + — = 1, nt and n^ are the lengths of two perpendicular normals terminated at the maj or
a b
1 + 1 a2+b2
axi s then prove that: ~T ~2 ~ z—
n, n 2 b
x2 y2
Q. 18 If the tangent at any point of an ellipse— + ~ r = 1 makes an angle a with the major axis and an angle
a b
P with the focal radius of the point of contact then show that the eccentricity 'e' of the ellipse is given by
cosP
the absolute value of .
cos a
x2 y2
Q. 19 Using the fact that the product of the perpendiculars from either foci of an ellipse — + ~ = 1 upon a
a b
2
tangent is b , deduce the following loci. An ellipse with 'a' & 'b' as the lengths of its semi axes slides
between two given straight lines at right angles to one another. Show that the locus of its centre is a circle
& the locus of its foci is the curve, (x2 + y2) (x2 y2 + b4) = 4 a2 x2 y2.
x2 y2
Q.20 If tangents are drawn to the ellipse —2 + = \ intercept on the x-axis a constant length c, prove that
a b
the locus of the point of intersection of tangents is the curve
4y2 (b2x2 + a2y2 - a2b2) = c2 (y2 - b2)2.
EXERCISE i n
Q.l If tangent drawn at a point (t , 2t) on the parabola y2 = 4x is same as the normal drawn at a point
2
| ) on the ellipse 4x2 + 5y2 = 20. Find the values of t & <j>.
(V5 cos <{>, 2 sin <> [ REE '96,6 ]
2 2 2 2
Q.2 A tangent to the ellipse x + 4y = 4 meets the ellipse x + 2y = 6 at P & Q. Prove that the tangents at
P & Q of the ellipse x2 + 2y2 = 6 are at right angles. [ JEE '97, 5 ]
Q.3(i) The number of values of c such that the straight line y = 4x + c touches the curve (x2/ 4) + y2 = 1 is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) infinite
(ii) If P = (x, y), F, = (3, 0), F2 = (-3, 0) and 16x2 + 25y2 = 400, then PFj + PF2 equals
(A) 8 (B) 6 (G)1.0 (D) 12
[ JEE '98,2 + 2 ]
Q.4(a) If Xj, x2, x3 as well as y,, y2, y3 are in G.P. with the same common ratio, then the points (x,, yj),
(x 2 ,y 2 )&(x 3 ,y 3 ):
(A) lie on a straight line (B) lie on on ellipse (C) lie on a circle (D) are vertices of a triangle,
(b) On the ellipse, 4x2 + 9y2 = 1, the points at which the tangents are parallel to the line 8x = 9y are:
' 2 1N / 2-> 11 \ ' 2 O '2
(A) (B) ~ - (C) - - , - - (D)
5 5 5 5 \ 5 5-> J v5' 5/
Q. 9 Prove that, in an ellipse, the perpendicular from a focus upon any tangent and the line joining the centre
of the ellipse to the point of contact must on the corresponding directrix. [ JEE' 2002, 5]
Q.l0(a) The area of the quadrilateral formed by the tangents at the ends of the latus rectum of the
x2
y2
ellipse— + — = 1 is
9 5
(A)9^3 sq.units (B)27-\/3 sq.units (C)27sq.units (D)none
(b) The value of 6 for which the sum of intercept on the axis by the tangent at the point cos 9, sin 9),
X2 2
0 < 9 < 7t/2 on the ellipse — + y = 1 is least, is :
Tt Tt Tt Tt
<A)? <B)? (Q- (D)-
[JEE'2003 (Screening)]
Q.ll The locus ofthe middle point of the intercept of the tangents drawnfroman external point to the ellipse
x2 + 2y2 = 2, between the coordinates axes, is
• a 2 +b 2 . ^ (a + b)2 . / T a 2 + a b + b2
(A) ab sq. units (B) — - — sq. units (C) — sq. units (D) sq. units
[JEE 2005 (Screening)]
(b) Find the equation of the common tangent in 1st quadrant to the circle x2 + y2 = 16 and the ellipse
x2 y 2
— + — = 1. Also find the length of the intercept of the tangent between the coordinate axes.
[JEE 2005 (Mains), 4]
fa B ansa I Classes Conic Section (Parabola, Ellipse, Hyperbola) [21]
KEY CONCEPTS (HYPERBOLA)
The HYPERBOLA is a conic whose eccentricity is greater than unity, (e > 1).
STANDARD EQUATION & DEFINITION(S)
Standard equation of the hyperbola is
2 2
2 L _ l L = i. Whereb2 = a 2 ( e 2 - 1)
Vx = (ae, b /a)
2
a b
or a2 e2 = a2 + b2 i.e. e2 = 1 +
CA
1+
T.A
FOCI:
S s (ae, 0) & S' = ( - ae, 0).
EQUATIONS OF DIRECTRICES:
a
x= - & x= .
e e
V E R T I C E S : A = (a, 0 ) & A ' = ( - a, 0).
2b2 _ (C.A.)2 :
/ (Latus rectum) 2a (e2 - 1).
T.A.
Note: / (L.R.) = 2e (distance from focus to the corresponding directrix)
TRANSVERSE Axis : The line segment A'A of length 2a in which the foci S' & S both lie is called the
T . A . O F T H E HYPERBOLA.
CONJUGATE AXIS : The line segment B'B between the two points B' = (0, - b) & B s= (0, b) is called as
t h e C . A . O F T H E HYPERBOLA.
The T.A. & the C.A. of the hyperbola are together called the Principal axes of the hyperbola.
2. FOCAL PROPERTY:
The difference of the focal distances of any point on the hyperbola is constant and equal to transverse
axis i.e. ||PS | - |PS' 11 = 2a. The distance SS' = focal length.
3. CONJUGATE HYPERBOLA:
Two hyperbolas such that transverse & conjugate axes of one hyperbola are respectively the conjugate
& the transverse axes of the other are called CONJUGATE HYPERBOLAS of each other.
2 2
X2 V 2
&
eg. V2 V 2 * —- + — = 1 are conjugate hyperbolas of each.
a b a 2 b2
Note That: (a) If e,& e2 are the eccentrcities of the hyperbola & its conjugate then ej 2 + e2 2 = 1.
(b) The foci of a hyperbola and its conjugate are concyclic and form the vertices of a
square.
(c) Two hyperbolas are said to be similiar if they have the same eccentricity.
4. RECTANGULAR OR EQUILATERAL HYPERBOLA:
The particular kind of hyperbola in which the lengths of the transverse & conjugate axis are equal is
called an EQUILATERAL HYPERBOLA. Note that the eccentricity of the rectangular hyperbola is -fl and
the length of its latus rectum is equal to its transverse or conjugate axis.
6 9 9J + 9 ,
cos i " 2 sin
Note: Point of intersection ofthe tangents at 9, & 9? is x = a- ,y=b
9j+9 2 9,+9 2
cos cos
x 2 y2
H-1 Locus of the feet of the perpendicular drawnfromfocus of the hyperbola —— - = 1 upon any tangent
a b
is its auxiliary circle i.e. x 2 +y 2 = a2 & the product of the feet of these perpendiculars is b2 • (semi C A)2
H-2 The portion of the tangent between the point of contact & the directrix subtends a right angle at the
corresponding focus.
y Light ray
H-3 The tangent & normal at any point of a hyperbola f Tangent
0 . •3/
bisect the angle between the focal radii. This spells
the reflection property of the hyperbola as "An * ""pf\
incoming light ray " aimed towards one focus is
reflected from the outer surface of the hyperbola
towards the other focus. It follows that if an ellipse S' J \ S
X2 V 2
Q.16 If two points P & Q on the hyperbola — = 1 whose centre is C be such that CP is perpendicular
a 2 b2
x2 y2
Q.18 Ifthe normal to the hyperbola —- - ~ = 1 at the point P meets the transverse axis in G & the conjugate
a b
axis in g & CF be perpendicular to the normal from the centre C, then prove that
IPF. PG | = b2 & PF. Pg=a2 where a & b are the semi transverse & semi-conjugate axes of the hyperbola.
2 2
Q.19 If the normal at a point P to the hyperbola - — = 1 meets the x - axis at G, show that SG = e. SP,
a 2 b2
S being the focus of the hyperbola.
Q.20 An ellipse has eccentricity 1/2 and one focus at the point P (1/2,1). Its one directrix is the common
tangent, nearer to the point P, to the circle x2 + y2 = 1 and the hyperbola x2 - y2 = 1. Find the equation
of the ellipse in the standard form.
Q.21 Show that the locus of the middle points of normal chords of the rectangular hyperbola
x2 - y2 = a2 is (y2 - x2)3 = 4 a2x2y2.
Q.22 Prove that infinite number of triangles can be inscribed in the rectangular hyperbola, x y=c 2 whose sides
touch the parabola, y2 = 4ax.
Q.23 A point P divides the focal length of the hyperbola 9x2 - 16y2 = 144 in the ratio S'P : PS = 2 :3 where
S & S' are the foci of the hyperbola. Through P a straight line is drawn at an angle of 135° to the axis
OX. Find the points of intersection of this line with the asymptotes of the hyperbola.
x2 y2
Q.24 Find the length ofthe diameter ofthe ellipse — + — = 1 perpendicular to the asymptote ofthe hyperbola
• X2 V 2 25 9
— - ~ = 1 passing through the first & third quadrants.
2 2
Q.25 The tangent at P on the hyperbola —— — = 1 meets one of the asymptote in Q. Show that the locus of
a 2 b2
the mid point of PQ is a similiar hyperbola.
( ^
drawn at a point R on the hyperbola. If S & S' are the two foci of the hyperbola, then show that
(RS + RS')2 = 4 a2
V P j
Q.19 P & Q are two variable points on a rectangular hyperbola xy = c2 such that the tangent at Q passes
through the foot of the ordinate of P. Show that the locus ofthe point of intersection of tangent at P & Q
is a hyperbola with the same asymptotes as the given hyperbola.
X2 V 2
Q.20 Chords of the hyperbola = \ are tangents to the circle drawn on the line joining the foci as
a 2 b2
diameter. Find the locus of the point of intersection of tangents at the extremities of the chords.
2 2
Q.21 From any point of the hyperbola X V — = 1, tangents are drawn to another hvperbola which has the
a 2 b2
same asymptotes. Show that the chord of contact cuts off a constant area from the asymptotes.
2 2
Q.22 The chord QQ' of a hyperbola - — ^ - = 1 is parallel to the tangent at P. PN, QM & Q' M' are
a 2 b2
perpendiculars to an asymptote. Showthat QM • Q' M' = PN2.
Q.23 If four points be taken on a rectangular hyperbola xy = c2 such that the chord joining any two is
perpendicular to the chord joining the other two and a, p, y, 5 be the inclinations to either asymptotes of
the straight lines joining these points to the centre. Then prove that; tana • tanp • tany • tanS = 1.
Q.24 The normals at three points P, Q, R on a rectangular hyperbola xy = c2 intersect at a point on the curve.
Prove that the centre of the hyperbola is the centroid of the triangle PQR.
2 2
Q.25 Through any point P ofthe hyperbola ^ - = l a line QPR is drawn with afixedgradient m, meeting
a
k a 2 b 2 (l + m 2 )
the asymptotes in Q & R. Show that the product, (QP) • (PR)=—, z , z, .
b -a m
EXERCISE-III
Q. 1 Find the locus of the mid points of the chords of the circle x2 + y2 = 16, which are tangent to the
hyperbola 9x2 - 16y2 = 144. [ REE '97,6 ]
Q.2 If the circle x2 + y2 = a2 intersects the hyperbola xy = c2 in four points P(x1; y,), Q(x2, y2),
R(x3,y3), S(x4, y4), then
( A ) X , + X 2 + X3 + X4 = 0 (B)y,+y 2 + y3 + y4 = 0
(C) Xj x2 x3 x4 = c4 (D) y i y 2 y 3 y 4 = c4 [ JEE'98,2 J
Q.3 (a) The curve described parametrically by, x = t2 +1 + 1, y = t2 - 1 + 1 represents:
(A) a parabola (B) an ellipse (C) a hyperbola (D) a pair of straight lines
(C) focus of hyperbola (5,0) (D) focus of hyperbola is (sV3, o) [JEE 2006,5]
Comprehension: (3 questions)
Let ABCD be a square of side length 2 units. C2 is the circle through vertices A, B, C, D and C, is the
circle touching all the sides of the square ABCD. L is a line through A
PA 2 +PB 2 +PC 2 +PD 2
(a) If P is a Fpoint on C,1 and Q in anotherFpoint on C,,
2 then — — — " ~ r is equal to
Q A ' + QB + QC + QD
(A) 0.75 (B) 1.25 (C) 1 (D)0.5
(b) A circle touches the line L and the circle C, externally such that both the circles are on the same side of
the line, then the locus of centre of the circle is
(A) ellipse (B) hyperbola (C) parabola (D) parts of straight line
(c) A line M through A is drawn parallel to BD. Point S moves such that its distances from the line BD and
the vertex A are equal. If locus of S cuts M at T 2 and T ? and AC at T P then area of A T j T 2 T 3 is
(A) 1/2 sq. units (B) 2/3 sq. units (C)lsq.unit (D)2sq.units
[JEE 2006,5 marks each]
EXERCISE-II
Q.3 [a(t2o + 4), - 2at0] Q.5 (ax + by) (x2 + y2) + (bx - ay)2 = 0
' 1 P
Q.IO (a) 4 ;(b)y = - ( x 2 + x) Q.12 ( (x, - 2a), 2y, ) Q.21y2 = 8ax
v ^ /
Q.16 Q(4, -8) Q.18 (x2 + y2 - 4ax)2 = 16a(x3 + xy2 + ay2)
EXERCISE-III
2/3
2 y 1 , -5±V30
Q.l x - 2 y + 12 = 0 Q.3 x = 3 +2 Q.4 x - 2 y + 1 = 0; y = mx +-— where m
4m 10
Q.5 (a) C ; (b) B Q.6 (x + 3)y2 + 32 = 0 Q.7 (a) C ; (b) D Q.8 C
Q.9 D Q.IO (a) C; (b) a = 2 Q.ll B
Q.12 xy2 + y2 - 2xy + x - 2y + 5 = 0 Q.13 (a) D, (b) A, B, (c) (i) A, (ii) B, (iii) D, (iv) C
ELLIPSE
EXERCISE-I
2 2
Q.l 20x + 45y - 40x - 180y - 700 = 0 Q.4 3x2 + 5y2 = 32
Q.8 x + y - 5 = 0, x + y+ 5 = 0 Q.9 0 or y ; 4x ± V33 y - 32 = 0
EXERCISE-III
1 1 Tt
Q.l (j) = Tt - tan"1 2, t =—-= ; <>
j = Tt + tan_12, t = - = ;<|>=±—,t = 0
-v 5 V5 2
11
Q.3 (i)C; (ii)C Q.4(a)A; (b)B,D ; (c)25y 2 + 4x 2 = 4x 2 y 2 Q.5(x-l) 2 +y 2
Q.7 Locus is an ellipse with foci as the centres of the circles C}a nd C2.
Tt 14
Q.8 a2p2 + b2q2 = r 2 sec 2 - = ( 4 - 2 V 2 ) r 2 Q.10 (a) C ; (b)A Q.11C Q.12(a)A,(b)AB=
EXERCISE-II
Q.5 x - 2y + 1 = 0 ; 2x + y + 1 = 0 ; 2x2 - 3xy - 2y2 + 3x - y - 6 = 0 ; 3x - y + 2 = 0 ; x + 3y = 0
2 2 2 2
Q.6 —+ ^=1 -^-=1 Q.7 6x2 + 13xy + 6y 2 - 38x - 37y - 98 = 0
V
49 36 9 4
Q.9 40 Q.10 ; x - 3 = 0 ; 8 sq. unit
2 2
2
Q.19 xy = —c Q.20 J— Q.21 ab
9 a 4 b4 a +b
EXERCISE-III
Q.l (x2 + y2)2 = 16x2 - 9y2 Q.2 A, B, C, D Q.3 (a) A; (b) D ; (c) B Q.4 D
2 2
(' x 2 +y2
Q.5 A Q.6 A Q.7 Q.8 (a) A, (b) C, (c) C
[21]
fa B ansa I Classes Conic Section (Parabola, Ellipse, Hyperbola)
TARGET I1T JEE 2007
P ) Y \ ft RfeV" S o i ft t v \ K £ o S ] 06 / o j
MATHEMATICS
XII (ALL)
QUESTION BANK ON
DEFINITE & INDEFINITE
INTEGRATION
Question bank on Definite & Indefinite Integration
There are 168 questions in this question bank.
Select the correct alternative : (Only one is correct)
00
2^ 2
Q.2 The value ofthe definite integral, J cosfe x j-2xevx dx is
0
£ (A) 1 (B) 1 +(sin 1) (C)l-(sinl) (D)(sinl)-1
•/2
Q.3 Value ofthe definite integral j ( sin '(3x-4x 3 ) - cos '(4x J -3x) )dx
-V2
n In n
(A)0 (B)-- (C)y (D)~
x
r _ adtt _
Q.4 Let /(x) = J I j and g be the inverse off. Then the value of g'(0) is
2 Vl + t^
(A) 1 (B) 17 (C) V n (D) none of these
rcot _1 (e x ) , .
Q.5 I - dx is equal to :
e
1 , cot" 1 (e x ) 1 , cot _1 (e x )
(Ve (A) 7 In (e2x + 1) - x +x+c (B) - In (e2x + 1) + x +x +c
2 e 2 e
1 , 2x cor 1 (e x ) i , corV)
(C) — /n(e + 1 ) - — - y — - - x + c (D) ~ / n ( e 2 x + l ) + ^ - x +c
2 e 2 e
1k 1
Q.6 Lim —J f(l + sin 2x) x dx
k->0 k 0 ^
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) e2 (D)nonexistent
/n5ex
Q.7 / " ^ d x -
1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
35 14 10
b-c
Q.13 J / ( x + c)dx =
V '" b-2c
(A) Jf(x)dx (B) |f(x+c)dx (C) Jf(x)dx (D) Jf(x+2c)dx
a-2c
n/2 . 2n n/2 1 / ,,
f Sinx-COSX , r f.
6 s , t, . 3•> N , r I I
Q.14 Let lj = j " : dx; l 2 = j(cos x)dx ; I3 = J(sm x)dx & I 4 = f/ n - - 1 dx then
1+ s i n x
o -cosx o _„/2 0 Vx
£ (A)I1 = I2 = I3 = I4 = 0
(C) I, =I 3 = I4 = 0 but I2 * 0
(B) lj = I2 = I3 = 0 but I4 * 0
(D) I, = I2 = I4 = 0 but I3 * 0
Q.15 J
f — —7 d x equals :
x(l + x )
7t/2n
dx
Q.16
£ 0
l+tannnx
Tt nTt Tt
(A)0 (B) 4n (C) (D) 2n
Q.18 Jf(x)dx =
£
-a
a a a
Q.19 Let f (x) be a function satisfying f 1 (x)=f (x) with f (0) = 1 and g be the function satisfying f (x) + g (x) = x2
l
The value of the integral jf (x)g(x) dx is
J. w
Q- 2 0 JI\xA V T T ] ^ d x e < i u a l s :
£ 2
(A) - V l + / n | x | ( / n | x | - 2 ) + c (B) —^l + ln | x | (/n | x | + 2) + c
3»
2
Q.21 j | i ( | x - 3 | + | l - x | - 4 ) | dx equals:
1 P
Q.22 J 3x 1—x.cos— dx has the value:
X Xy
0 ^
8V2 24 V2 32 V2
(A) (B) (C) (D) None
/ \-
/ _ \
2 71 2 7t 2, 7t 4
Q.23 Lim — sec + sec 2 + + sec (n-1)—- + — has the value equal to
n—>oo 6n UnJ V 6n, 6n 3
V3
(A) (B)V3 (C)2
(A) F (6) - F (2) (B) ~ (F (6) - F (2)) (C) | ( F ( 3 ) - F ( 1 ) ) (D) 2( F (6) - F (2))
3x4 - 1
Q.25
v Primitive of — t •> w x t X is: Cl^ec^ c ^ ^ ^ "tK^
(x + x +1)
a (A) 4
X
, +c (B) - —7
x
+c (C)—
x+1
+c (D)
X+ 1
+c
tcppaootCfr)
X +X+1 X +X+1 x +X+1 x 4 +x+l
7t 2 71 (n-l)7t
Q.26 Lim — 1 + cos— + cos— + + cos- , equal to
2n 2n 2n 2n J
1
£ (A) 1 (B) (C)2 (D)none
('ogx2)2
Q.27 J iog x 2-
tn2
dx :
Q.28 If m & n are integers such that (m - n) is an odd integer then the value of the definite integral
cos mx -sin nx dx
o
2n
(A) 0 B
( ) „2 ( Qn ^- T (D) none
n —m 2 m
Q.29 Lety={x}M where {xjdenotes the fractional part ofx&[x] denotes greatest integer <x, then Jydx =
£ipGi-^o-
, (A) 5/6 ,
Wm /f
(B) 2/3
'
(C) 1
•
(D) 11/6
i-
x4+l B
Q.30 If | dx=A/n x + + c, where c is the constant of integration then :
£U>, x(x 2 +l) 2
(A)A=4JB = - 1
1+x
(B) A = - 1 ; B = 1 (C)A=1;B = 1 (D)A = - 1 ; B = - 1
D)'-ff O ^ 0
Q.31 Jit/2
1 - sin x
1-cosx
dx= ^ ^ y foe
(it/2)I/3
Q.34 Jx 5 sinx 3 dx =
o
(A) 1 (B) 1/2 (C) 2 (D) 1/3
1 x
(C) — In cos — + c (D) In sin x - /n(cosec x - cot x) + c
3
Q.36 If/(x)= | x | + | x— 1 | + | x - 2 i ,x e Rthen j / ( x ) d x -
P
^ VL cA (A) 9/2 (B) 15/2 (C) 19/2 (D)none
V 2 28 N +,
Q. 3 7 Number of values of x satisfying the equation 8t + 3—-1 + 4 dt=l . , is
-A J °g(x+i)^x + 1
(A)0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D)3
1
+ -i
ftan x .
Q.38 j dx =
o x
n/4 . 7t/2 n/2 1 1 7t/4
(A) J ^ d x (B) JJ - ^ - d x (C) ± J — d x (D) | J — d x
* x 0 smx 2 * smx 2 £ sinx
) dt
Q. 3 9 Domain of definition of the function f (x) = j ~T=2 2 is
6
o Vx +t
(A)R (B)R+ (C) R+ u {0} ( D ) R - {0}
Q.43 The value ofthe definite integral J ^2x --J5(4x - 5) + ^2x + V5(4x - 5) dx
2
Q .44 Number of ordered pair(s) of (a, b) satisfying simultaneously the system of equation
b
b 3 2
jx dx = 0 and Jx2dx = - is
a a
2y
( A ) ^ (B)y < p ) j — (D)4y
1 x+h dt
Q.47 Let /(x) = Lim - f r = = 2, then Lim x • / ( x ) is
h->o h ^ t + Vl + t
1
(A) equal to 0 (B) equal to — (C) equal to 1 (D) non existent
Q.48 If the primitive of f (x) = 7t sin 7ix + 2x - 4, has the value 3 for x = 1, then the set of x for which the
primitive of f(x) vanishes is:
Q.49 Ifa f & g are continuous functions in [0, a] satisfying f (x) = f (a - x) & g (x) + g (a - x) = 4 then
Jf(x).g(x)dx =
0
a
, a a a
2
(A) ^ ^ / n f x + V l + x 2 -x +c (B) J . In f +c
+x"
0<x<1 z.
f Vl^
Q.51 If/(x) = , then J/(x)dx is equal to
(7x-6)~ 1/3 1 <x <2
31 32 55
(A) ~7 (B) (D)
21 42
i
Q.52 The value ofthe definite integral je6" (l + x-e x )dx isequalto
1 .
Q-53 J " sin X dx has the value equal to
1/2 ' V xj
3
(A) 0 (B)T (P>4 (D)2
2x
Q.5 4 The value ofthe integral f e (sin2x + cos2x)dx =
o
(A) 1 (B) - 2 (C) 1/2 (D) zero
0 -z
Ze
f A dz
Q. 5 5 The value of definite integral j —— .
Tt ft , ^
(A)--/n2 (B) ~/n2 (C) - n In 2 (D) Tt /n 2
(A)I„ + ( n + l ) I n + 1 = e (B)I n + 1 + nl n = e
(C)In + 1 + (n+l)I n = e (D) I n+ j + (n - 1) ln = e
f(x) 4t 3
Q.59 Let f: R —» R be a differentiable function such that f (2) = 2. Then the value of j — dtis
X _ 2
2
71/2
dx
Q.60 , 2 - 2 has the value:
1+a sin x
2 it
(A) (B) (C) (D) none
2-Jl + a +a Vi + a
1
Q. 61 Let f (x) = — /n — then its primitive w.r.t. x is
ve x y
1 1 1 0
(A)-ex-/nx + C (B)-/nx-ex + C (C)-/n2x-x + C (D) — + C
2x
n
Q.62 Lim Y y-j x > 0 is equal to
n-*ȣrjn +kx
19
Q.64 The absolute value of f s i n x is less than:
J 1i
10 1 -f~ x
\n
Q.67 Lim f| 1+ - dt is equal to
n->=o Jl n+1
(A)0 (B)e 2 (C) e2 - 1 (D) does not exist
x+h
Jfti 2 t dt - j>n 2 t dt
Q.68 S
( C ) mx
(A)0 (B) ln2x (D) does not exist
ax2 + bx + c = 0 has :
(A) no root in (0,2) (B) atleast one root in (0,2)
(C) a double root in (0,2) (D) none
jc/4
1
Q .70 Letin= J tan"xdx,then ,.... are in:
I2 + I4 I3 + I5 I4 + I6
(A) A.P. (B) G.P. (C) H.P. (D) none
Q.71 Let g (x) be an antiderivative for/(x). Then In(i + (g(x)) 2 ) is an antiderivative for
1/V2
x 2 dx
Q.73 The value of the definite integral ^ f IS
o v 1 — X2 (1 + V1 — X2 )
Tt Tt 1
(A) (C) (D) none
1
+
' 4 7J 4 V2
7T 7t
(A) V2tt (B) (C) 2V2 7T (D)
VI 2V2
Q.77 j - ( 3 s i n 9 ) 2 - - ( l + sine) d0
71/6^
2
?dt Lim
Q.78 Let /= L™
x->°o J—
•> t and m= x->co- 7x/nx
— j/ntdt
r then the correct statement is
/n3
Q.79 If f (x) = e"x + 2 e"2x + 3 e~3x + + 00 , then jf (x) dx =
fa 2
1
(A)l (B)- (C) (D) In 2
n/2 ju/4
I
(A)i (B) (C) (D)I
7J
I ( n ^ / n 1
x r
Q.81 The value of Jj [ ] ( + ) Z— dx equals
0 Vr=l j Vk=i x + k y
(A)n (B)n! (C)(n+ 1)! (D) n•n !
cos3x+cos5x
rcc
Q.82 J- 2 • 4
dx
sin x+sm x
(A) sinx-6tan 1 (sinx) + c (B) s i n x - 2 sin *x + c
(C) s i n x - 2 (sinx)" 1 -6 tan"1 (sinx) + c (D) s i n x - 2 (sinx)-1 + 5 tan"1 (sinx)+ c
5 3
CA)hf-f (B)ln- + —
w
2 2
(C) In - + -
w
2 2
(D)none
Q.84 The value ofthe function f(x)= 1+x+ J (ln2t + 2 lnt) dt where f' (x) vanishes is:
i
_1
(A) e (B) 0 (C) 2 e_1 (D)l+2e"1
n n n
Q-85 Limit I 11 +, +J +J + + has the value equal to
n \n + 1 yn + 2 \n + 3 n + 3 (n - 1)
function f (x). Then the value of the definite integral J/?' (x) • sin x dx, is
-00
(A) equal to zero (B) equal to 1 (C) equal to - 1 (D) non existent
jc/4
Q.87 J (tan11 x + tan11 x)d(x — [x]) is: ([• ] denotes greatest integer function)
0
1
(A)
n-1
(B) n+ 2
(C) n - 1 (D) none of these
(\ 1/x
Q.88 Lim J(l + x) x dx is equal to
vo
4 4
(A) 2 /n 2 (B)- (C) In ~ (D)4
e
a
Q.92 If a e (2,3) then number of solution of the equation J cos (x + a 2 ) dx = sin a is :
o
(A) 1 (B)2 (C)3 (D)4.
x2
Q.9 3 If x • sin nx = Jf (t) dt where/ i s continuous functions then the value of f (4) is
o
n 1
(A)- (B) 1 (C) - (D) can not be determined
Q- 94 J
( x 2 + 4 x + l) 3/2
3
X X
2
(A) +c ru\ T7T +c
( X 2 + 4X + 1)1/2 ( >(X + 4X + 1)1/2
B 2
x2 „ I
(C) 2 1/2+C
( X + 4x + 1 ) ( )(X + 4X + 1)1/2
D 2 + C
Q.95 If the value of the integral { ex dx is a , then the value of | Jinx dx is:
' e
(A) e4 - e - a (B)2e4-e-a (C)2(e4-e)-a (D)2e4-l-a
V3
r i1d d tan 2x
ji 2~2 dx{
J 7~ 1 -x 2 / equals
96 H
Q- dx
71 71 71 n
(A) 3 (B)-- (O- (D)?
rx2 +2
Q.99 —j dx is equal to
x +4
Q. 101 A quadratic polynomial P(x) satisfies the conditions, P(0) = P(l) = 0 & J P(x) dx = 1. The leading
o
coefficient of the quadratic polynomial is:
(A) 6 (B)-6 (C)2 (D) 3
371 7t
1 0<x< x sin x , 0<x<
(C) h (x): (D) I (x):
L
L 2 371 7t . 7t
2O sin
• —x < X < 7t — S i n ( X + 7t) , — < X < 7 t
9 2 2
JV
tsintdt
Q.103 I f f ( x ) . r, 2 • T for0<x<
o yj 1 + tan" x sm t
7t 7t
H
(A) f (0+) = - r t (B)f
{4) 8
H
(C) f is continuous and differentiable in z
v y
C dx
Q.l 07 The value of is
1
(A) (B)2 (C)4 (D) undefined
2
x
Q.108 J x f a f l. + • dx -
o 2)
r 3s] 3 7,3 3 1,1 1 , 27 3
(A) 1-2/n-j v(B)
; /n- (C) —+ - / n — (D) - / n
2J 2 2 2 4 2 54 ^ 2 2 4
pXP+2"-' -qx"-'
Q.l 09 The evaluation of J x2p+ 2q + dx is
+2xP 1+l
Q.110 J\ xx ++1x1
1
2
3 +1
2|x| + 1 dx = a In 2 + b then:
(A) a = 2 ; b = 1 (B) a - 2 ; b = 0 (C) a = 3 ; b = - 2 (D)a = 4 ; b =
b b
Q-111 j [x]dx+ j [—x] dx where [. ] denotes greatest integer function is equal to :
a a
a +b
(A) a + b (B) b - a (C) a - b (D)
0.113 f ^ n - — dx is equal to :
(j 1-x 2 1-x
7t
(A)^/n2 (B)--/n2 ( C ) 7 - ^/n2 (D)^+/n2
Q. 116 A function f satisfying f' (sinx) = cos2x for all x and f(l) = 1 is:
x3 1 X3 2
(B) f(x)=— + —
(A)f(x) = x + — - —
x3 1
(D)f(x)=^-y + -
x3 1
(C)f(X) = X - y + -
V3/2
f X cos X
Q118 j
O o^ydxisequalto:
(A) Tt - 2 (B) - (2 + 7t) (C) zero (D) 2 - Tt
(SeC 6
(B) ^ t a n 9 ) [2 + 4 tan 6 (sec 6 + tan 6)] + C
r X +1
Q.125 J ~ T T dx is equal to:
1 X ii
X
X f
Q.126 V™ 1 — J f(t) dt is equal to :
1 1 x
i
f (x )
(A) -L-12.
x
(B)Xjf(Xj) (C) f(Xj) (D) does not exist
i
Q. 127 Which of the following statements could be true if, f" (x) = x1/3.
I II III IV
Q.l 28 The value ofthe definite integral J sinx sin2x sin 3xdx is equal to:
2
(A) j TO-3 (Q- (D)-
,tan- 1 ,X .(tan' 1 x) 2
(A) e tan_ x .tan -1 x + C (B) + c
Q.130 Number ofpositive solution ofthe equation, f (t ~ {*}) d t = 2 ( x - 1) where {} denotes the fractional
o
part function is:
(A) one (B) two (C) three (D) more than three
i
1
Q.131 If f(x) = cos(tan- x) then the value of the integral Jx f "(x) dx is
3-V2 3 + V2
(A) (B) (C)l
0
is/are ture?
J
(A)Un = 2"Vn (B) Un = 2 - Vn (C) Un = 22" Vn (D) Un = 2 " 2« Vn
Q.141 For a sufficiently large value of n the sum of the square roots of the first n positive integers
i.e. + + sjr3+ +vn approximately equal to
f dx
Q.142 Thevalueof Jt, ZT is
o
(A) -2 (B) 0 (C) 15 (D) indeterminate
f \
/ O \
f 2 ^
(C) cos yX
—+r \J +C (D) sin +C
vX + ly
7IX
Q.l45 If f(x) =Asin + B, f - ] = V2 and { f(x) dx = — , Then the constants A and B are
respectively.
(A) —& — (B) ! & ! (C) 0& - — (D) - & 0
2 2 71 Tt 7t 71
tc/2 2 k/1 2 V2 2
e_x
Q.l 46 Let I,= J sin(x)dx . j = J V dx ; I = Je~ x i (l + x)dx
X
0
and consider the statements
I Ii<I2 n h<h III I.-I3
Which of the following is(are) true?
(A) I only (B) II only
(C) Neither I nor II nor III (D) Both I and II
sinx (
Q. 147 Let f (x) = , then j f (x) f — - x dx =
x
n V2 J
2 1
(A)-Jf(x)dx (B) | f ( x ) d x (QTtJf(x)dx (D)-Jf(x)dx
0 0
71/2
V/n(x +1)
Q.148 Let u — J — j dx and v= J/n(sin2x)dx then
x +1
0 0
(A) u = 4v (B) 4u + v = 0 (C) u + 4v = 0 (D) 2u + v = 0
x^
Q.152 Jf— =A.tan-1 nrtan + C then:
5 + 4cosx V 2
(A) X = 2/3 (B) m = 3 (C)X=l/3 (D) m = 2/3
n,t b-c b
(C) Jf(cos 2 x)dx = n. *Jf(cos 2 x)dx (D) Jf(x + c) dx= f f(x) dx
1 2
_ ,_. _ _f 2x
ZX +3x+3
+JX + J
Q.154 Thevalueofl —T-r2 v dxis:
0 (x+l)(x +2x+2J
Q.l55 Jf x + x
cosec2x dx is equal to :
1+x
(A) c o t x - c o t _ 1 x + c (B) c - cot x + cot -1 x
COS CC X _i
- 1
(C) - t e n * - + c (D) - e' n tan~ x
-cotx + c
where 'c' is constant of integration.
TT 1
(A) 2n I n+ j = 2 _n + (2n - 1) In ( B ) I 2 = ^8 + 4
- + —
7t _ J_
(C)I 2 = 8o - T4
Q.158 J - ^ y equals:
1 . , x+1 ^ 1 , 2, x + 1
(A)
v \ In2 j- +c v(B) 7 In2 j- +c v(C) 4- In2 + c (D)
v y - In +c
' 2 x+1 ' 4 x+1 ' 2 x— 1 4 x-1
n/2sin (2n - 1) x n/2 sm
( . nx \2
Q.159 IfA n = J dx;Bn= J d x ; for n e N , then
sin x o v sin x y
(A)An + 1 =A n (B)B n + 1 = Bn
(QA n + 1 - A n = B n + 1 (D)Bn + 1 - B n = A n + 1
Q.160 }J dx:
0 (1 + x) (1 + X2)
71
(A)? (B)
dx
(C) is same as Jj (D) cannot be evaluated
0 (1 + x) (1 + x 2 )
Q.l61 J V1 + cscx
dx equals
(A)f(t)=--7C ( V T T T - i )
x 2 dx
Q.164 Letu= JX4+7X2+1 &V = JX4+?X2+1 then:
Q. 166 If f(x) = | -—- dt where x > 0 then the value(s) of x satisfying the equation,
+
1 ' *
f(x) + f(l/x) = 2is:
(A) 2 (B) e (C) e "2 (D)e 2
a'V 89 It)
a'a L9i'0
a'3 99I'b a'3' a'v S9I'b a'D'a P9 rb 3'a'v £9lt>
a'v 39lb a'v I9ib 3'V 09lb a'v 6srb
a'a ssrb a'v LS rb a'v 9srb a'3'a ssrb
a'D'v frsrb a'3'a'v £srb a'v 3srb 3'V isrb
a osrb V 6Hb a 8H"b V /.Hb a 9Wb
a swb Vw b a ewb a 3H"b a iwb
3 OWb V 6erb 3 8£lb a z,£ib a 9£lb
v serb a Krb 3 ££lb a 3£I'b a i£rb
a oerb 3 63ib a 83I'b a Z,3l'b a 93l"b
a S3rb 3 pzrd V £3l'b a zz rb a I3I'b
a 03ib V 6irb a sirb V z,irb 3 9irb
3 sirb 3 wrb V £irb a nrb 3 urb
a oirb 3 6orb V sorb 3 /.orb a 9orb
a sorb a wrb 3 £orb A 30 rb a lorb
v oorb a 66 b a 86 b a Z.6b V 96 b
a S6b a wb V £6'b a 36 b a i6b
3 06'b a 68'b a 88 b V Z,8'b 3 98'b
3 S8'b a P8d 3 £8b 3 38 b a i8b
V 08'b a 6Lb V 8r b a Z.Z/b a 9r b
a srb a w/b 3 £rb 3 3r b a trb
v orb a 69 b a 89 b 3 L9t> 3 99 b
a S9 b 3 wb V £9b 3 39 b 3 i9b
V 09 b 3 6Sb a 8S'b 3 z.sb a 9Sb
-
v ssb 3 wb V £sb V 3S b a isb
v osb a 6Pt) 3 a z.rb a 9t?b
a st?b a ppb a a 3t?'b 3
3 Ofr'b a 6eb 3 8£'b a z,£b 3 9£b
a s£b a Kb V ££'b a 3£'b V irb
D orb a 63"b a 83 b V z.3"b V 93 b
a S3b V pzd V £3'b 3 33'b 3 irb
v orb a 6lb V 8fb 3 z,rb a 9rb
d srb 3 wb V £I'b 3 3ib a irb
a orb V 6b a 8b V rb 3 9b
d sb 3 pd a £b 3 rb V rb
MATHEMATICS
X I I (ABCD)
DEFINITI 7
&
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
CONTENTS
KEY-CONCEPTS
EXERCISE I
EXERCISE-II
EXERCISE-III
EXERCISE-IV
ANSWER KEY
KEY CONCEPTS
1. DEFINITION:
If f & g are functions of x such that g'(x) = f(x) then the function g is called a PRIMITIVE OR
ANTIDERIVATIVE O R INTEGRAL of f(x) w.r.t. x and is written symbolically as
f ci
I f(x) dx = g(x) + c <=> — (g(x) + c) = f(x), where c is called the constant of integration,
dx
2. STANDARD RESULTS :
\n+l
r (ax+b)n
i) J (ax + b)°dx= , \ +c n*-l (ii) j ax+b
=-a /n(ax + b) + c
a(n+l)
xv) J sinh x dx = cosh x + c (xvi) J cosh xdx = sinh x + c (xvii) J sech2x dx = tanh x + c
dx 1 x
xxii) J „ dx „ = - tan -1 — + c (xxiii) J = — sec-l1 —^+1
a +x2
2 2
x-v/x -a 2
a
dx
xxv) J Tn x + OR cosh"1 - + c
a
dx l , a+x dx 1 , x-a
xxvi) | In +c (xxvii) j In +c
a -x 2
2 -
2a a-x x -a2
2
2a x+a
(vii) J
r dx n e N , take xn common & put 1+x n = tn
(n l ) /
x2'(xn+l) "^
n
dx
a+bsin z x
OR J" a+bcos
dx
2
x
OR Jasin 2
dx
x+bsin xcos x + ccos 2 x
r r
Multiply N" & D by sec2x & put tanx = t .
dx dx dx
00 a+bsin x
OR
a+bcos x
OR i a + bsin x + ccos x
Hint: Convert sines & cosines into their respective tangents of half the angles, put tan — = t
(xiv) dx • j-u 1 ( dx • 1
, put ax + b = -1 ; . , , p u t x = -1
(ax + b) J-px + qx + r (ax + bx + cj yj px + qx + r
x- a
(xv) dx or J - a) (p - x) ; put x = a cos2 0 + P sin2 0
p-x
dx
; put x - a = t2 or x - P = t 2
J(x - a) (x - p)
VERY IMPORTANT N O T E : If F f(x) dx = 0 => then the equation f(x) = 0 has atleast one
a
b b b a
b c b
P-3 J f(x) dx= J f(x) dx+ J f(x) dx, where c may lie inside or outside the interval [a, b] . This property
a a c
P-7 J f(x) dx = n Jf(x)dx ; where'a'is the period ofthe function i.e. f(a+x) = f(x)
0 0
b+nT b
na
P-9 j f(x) dx = (n - m) aj f(x) dx if f(x) is periodic with period 'a'.
ma 0
b b
P-10 If f(x) < ())(x) for a < X < b then J f(x) dx < J 4> (x) dx
P-12 If f(x) >0 on the interval [a, b], then J f(x) dx > 0.
= h I f (a + rh) where b - a = nh
f=0
Limit
2 f f - - ] = J f(x) dx .
v n ; r=i v n y o
(i) For a monotonic decreasing function in (a, b); f(b). (b - a) < J f(x) dx < f(a). (b - a) &
a
(ii) For a monotonic increasing function in (a, b); f(a).(b - a) < j f(x) dx < f(b).(b - a)
a
7. SOME IMPORTANT EXPANSIONS :
... , 1 1 1 1 , „ , .... 1 1 1 1 7T
0) 00
= In 2 (u) - 52 - + —2 T + ~ T + — T + 00 :
2 3 4 5 l 2 3 4 6
1 1 1 1 7t2 , . , 1 1 1 1 7t2
(iii) — -+ — -+ 00=7— (iv) -r-+—+—+.—+ co=-
1 2 3 4 12 1 3 5 7
, v 1 1 1 -1 1 71 2
(v) —2~I
2 2 22" 2
2 4 6 8 24
dx dx
Q.4 J Q.5 Integrate j by the substitution z=x + ^/x'2 +2x-1
X^X2 + 2 X - 1
K-'f
I s cos 9+sin 9 dx
Q.6 j +
^nxdx Q.7 | cos 20 . In d0 Q-8 f - y ^
eJ lx cos 0-sin 9 J sin ^xx + sin 2x
^/x2+l[ln(x2+l)-21nx] x+1
dx
Q.17 | dx Q.18 j ln(lnx)+ dx Q.19 j
X (lnx) 4+xe*)2
dx
Q.21 j
(Vx + l)dx
Vx(Vx+1)
Q.22 f -
dx
sin^ ,/cos3 ^ Q- 23
J:V(x + l) (x-l)
J 3 2
3x2 +1
Q.33 f ^ V
S m X
dx Q.34 Jf — ^ Q 35 \ dx
V sinx + V cosx sin x +1
-tan x (x2-l)3
Q.3'9 j ,„ \
(7x-10-x )
2 3/2
dx Q.40 J (^Jxlnx dx Q.41
v J
f J i z * dx
Ali+x X
2 - 3 x j1+x 4x 5 - 7x 4 + 8x3 - 2x 2 + 4x - 7
Q.42 j }Ei x q.43 fJ f " " dx Q.44 {J dx
2 + 3x 1-x 1 + 3sm2x x 2 (x 2 +1)2
Q.7 Let h (x) = (fog) (x) + K where K is any constant. If (h(x)) = ^ ^ — then compute the
dx cos (cos x)
f(x)
value of j (0) where j (x) = j" —— dt ; where f and g are trigonometric functions.
g(x) S W
n/2
n/2
_ f . 1I -t-
+ xX X.
x3 Vl+sinx+ .^1-sinx
Q.30 j tan" dx
^/l+sm x - ,/l-sin x
p « .1.UA
x.dx
Q.31 (a) J Vto^dx; (b) J // 2 2 v, 2 H
^ Vlx -a Ab )
2
1 2a
1 2a-x
Q.3 2 j | x - t ! .cos7it dt where 'x' is any real number Q.33 j x sin-1 dx
o 2 V a
Q . 3 7 ( a ) | l ^ , J » -3 , (b) f dx
2
o l+x'Vx+x^x ' 0 1+x '^
if 0 s (0,ic)
sinB
OO 1 1
dx
Q.38 Showthat f — — =2 2
o x + 2xcos9 + 1 n0 x + 2 x c o s 9 + 1
9 - 2 7i .
if 0 g (k,2k)
sin 9
? dx 271 (a+b)
Q.39 Prove t h a t j (x +ax+a ) (x2+bx+b V
2 2
V^ab (a 2 +ab+b 2 ) '
x2(sin2x-cos2x) X ,u s, X
r
Q.40 j dx Q.41 Prove that J f f (t) dt du= J f(u).(x-u)du.
(1+sin 2x)cos2 x n J o
VO J
dx
Q.42 J Q.43 Evaluate J /n(Vl-x + Vl + x)dx
o (5+ 4 cosx)2
16 27t . 2
1
Q.44 (a) j t a n " d x , (b) Evaluate J d0 a>b>0
~ .^ , r x. lnx , , r a x. dx
Q.46 Showthat J f ( - + - ) . dx = lna.Jf(-+-).
x a x x a x
1
-(2x332 +x 998 +4x 1668 -sinx 691 )
Q. 47 Evaluate the definite integral, j dx
-l 1 + x666
Q.48 Prove that
(a) } V ( x - a ) ( P - x ) 0» IM
p p x.dx
dx
(c)5{ xA/(x-a)()3-x) V^P
4 cos x 1 1
Q.49 If f(x) = (cosx-1) 2 (cosx + 1)2 (cosx-1) 2 , find Jf(x) dx
(cosx + 1)2 (cosx + 1)2 cos 2 x
1
Je/ntan_
-1
/ n t a n xx
Q.50 Evaluate: -sin _1
-1,
(cosx)dx.
o
EXERCISE-III
Q.l If the derivative of f(x) wrtx is — - then show that f(x)is a periodic function.
f(x)
SmX
Q.2 Find the range of the function, f(x)= f —7 .
1 — 2t c o s x + t
x 7 dx_ 1
(a) 0 < J /3 8
(b) 2 e~1/4 < } ex2"x dx < 2e2.
0 Ml
2s dx
(c) a< f — < b then find a & b. (d) ^ < J
i 10+3cosx —2 0
2 + x2 " 6
Q.8 If (j)(x) = cos x - J (x -1) cj)(t) dt. Thenfindthe value of <|>" (x) + cj)(x).
1x d2
Q.9 If y = - f f (t) • sin a(x -1) dt then prove that —^ + a 2 y =/(x).
a9 * A^t*
0 " dx
X
jlntdt
Q.10 If y = x 1 , find 7^- at x = e.
dx
1
Q. 11 If f(x) = x + j [xy2+x2y] f(y) dy where x and y are independent variable. Find f(x).
dx
Q. 12 If fw(9) = — . Show that f' (9). sin 9 + 2 f(9). cos 9 = ~
de I ~- COS0 cosx
r f' fx")
Q. 13(a) Let g(x) = x c . e2x & let f(x) = J e 2t . (312 + 1)1/2 dt. For a certain value of'c', the limit of — ^
0 g' (x)
as x ->• 00 isfiniteand non zero. Determine the value of'c' and the limit.
f t2 dt
J JaTt
(b) Find the constants 'a' (a > 0) and 'b' such that, Lim : — = 1.
x-»o b x - sinx
Q. 14 If f: R -> R is a continuous and differentiable function such that,
x O x 2 x
J f (t) dt + f ' " (3) | dt - j (t ) dt - f ' (1)
3
J 2
(t ) dt + f " (2) J (t) dt
-1 x 1 X 3
equation.
"1-x if 0<x<l
Q.17 Let f(x)= 0 if l < x < 2 • Define the function F(x) = J f(t) dt and show that F is
2
(2-x) if 2 < x < 3 °
continuous in [0, 3] and differentiable in (0,3).
(ilZ?a«sa/ Classes Definite & Indefinite Integration [18]
Q.18 Let f be an injective function such that f(x) f(y) +2 = f(x) + f(y) + ffay) for all non negative real x&
y w ±th £' (0) - 0 & f'' (1) = 2 # f(0). Find f(x) & show that, 3 J f(x) dx - x (f(x) + 2) is a constant.
1/n l/n
^ A
L i m
Q.19 Evaluate : (a) (b) 1+ - 1+ - 1+ - 1+ -
Lim I 1 + 2 + 3n
+— .. . . . bf dx 1 1
(c) n+1 n+2 4n (d) Using ab initio prove that J — = — - —
sin 2kx
Q.20 Prove that sinx + sin 3x + sin 5x + .... + sin (2k- 1) x : k e N and hence
sinx
71/2
prove that,
1 1 1
j £HL^dx=: i+-+_+^+ + 1
sin x 3 5 7 . 2k-l
"J? • 2
Q.21 If Un= J dx, then show that U,, U 2 , U 3 , , Un constitute an AP .
q sin x
Hence or otherwise find the value of Un.
Q. 22 Solve the equation for y as a function ofx, satisfying
X X
n!
(b> I m ; I 1 = jox m . ( l n x ) n d x = (-l) n ^n+i m, n s N.
(m+1
Q. 24 Find a positive real valued continuously differentiable functions/on the real line such that for all x
X
! 2
f (x)= / ( ( / ( t t f + C / ' W ^ j d t + e
Q.25 Let f(x) be a continuously differentiable function then prove that, J [t] f' (t) dt = [x], f(x) - V f (k)
i k=i
where [• ] denotes the greatest integer function and x > 1.
Q.26 Let f be a function such that | f(u) - f(v) I < | u - v | for all real u & v in an interval [a, b]. Then:
(i) Prove that f is continuous at each point of [a, b].
(b-a) 2
(ii) Assume that f is integrable on [a, b]. Prove that, f f(x) dx - (b-a) f(c) , where a < c < b
7t f dx
Q.27 Establish the inequality : — < I 7 = =f <
6 o V4- x - x
Q. 28 Show that for a continuously thrice differentiable function f(x)
f(x)-f(0) = x f ( 0 ) + ® ^ - + i}f"'(t)(x-t) 2 dt
2 o
m
n / v I 1
Q.29 Prove that k£= o("l) k kVK/ 1k +—mT
+ 1= Sk = (o" ^ ( i f\)k / , k + n + 1
(ilZ?a«sa/ Classes Definite & Indefinite Integration [18]
Q.30 Let / and g be function that are differentiable for all real numbers x and that have the following
properties:
(1) /'(x)=/(x)-g(x)
(ii) g'(x)=g(x)-/(x)
(iii) f ( 0 ) =5
(iv) g( 0)=1
(a) Prove that/(x) + g (x) = 6 for all x.
(b) Find/(x) and g (x).
EXERCISE-IV
Q 1
Ftad SJsn,if: Sn=^ +T ^ +7 4 = + +— = = = = . [REE'97,6]
V4n -1 y4n -4 V 3 n '+2n-l
H e sinx 4
?
(d) Let — F(x) = , x > 0 . If f — dx = F (k) - F (1) then one ofthe possible
dx x ' x
values ofkis .
2x
(e) Determine the value of J 0 +sinx) d x [JEE '97,2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 5]
„ 1 + COS X
Q 4 E r a l u a t e [ R E E ' 9 8 - 6 1
(c) If f (x) = {
2 otherwise Then j f(x)dx :
(A) 0 , (B) 1 (D)3
x (C) 2
t> t
(d) For x > 0, let f (x) = j dt. Find the function f(x) + f (1/x) and show that,
1 1+t
f(e) + f(l/e)= 1/2. [JEE 2000, 1 + 1 + 1 +5]
1 2x + 2
Q.9 Evaluate f sin dx.
W 4 X 2 + 8 X + 13
51
iIT/:
t/2 9
cos x r xdx
Q.10 (a) Evaluate } — 53 r r3~ d x . (b) Evaluate J :
0 cos x + sin x / 0 1 + cos a sinx
[REE2001, 3 + 5]
Q. 11 (a) Let f(x) = j ^ 2 - t 2 dt Then the real roots ofthe equation x2 - f ' (x) = 0are
(h) Let T > 0 be afixedreal number. Suppose/ is a continuous function such that for all x e R
T 3+3T
J (x3m + x2m + x m ) (2x2m +3xm + 6)m dx, wherex>0 [JEE 2002 (Mains),4]
n/2 n/4
Q.12 If f is an even function then prove that J f (cos2x) cosx dx= V2 J f (sin2x) cosx dx
0 0
[JEE 2003,(Mains) 2 out of 60]
l
Q-i3 (a) f^dx =
o
r4\
(b) If j x f ( x ) d x = - ^ t 5 , t > 0 , t h e n f
v25y
0
2 5
(A)7 (B) (O-f (D)l
Q15
^W5?^TdXisequalt0
(A) V2x4-2x2+l+c
(B)
more accurate result for c e (a, b) F(c) = ^ (f (a) + f (c)) + — - (f (b) + f (c)). When c = p p ,
2 2 ^
b
i_b - a
Jf(x)dx = ^ ( f ( a ) + f ( b ) + 2f(c>)
a
it/2
jf(x)dx_i_i(f(t) + f ( a))
(b) If/(x) is a polynomial and if Lim— 0 for all a then the degree off (x) can
t->a
atmost be
(A)l (B)2 (C)3 (D)4
(c) If /"(x) < 0, V x s (a, b) and c is a point such that a < c < b, and (c,/(c)) is the point lying on the curve
for which F(c) is maximum, then/'(c) is equal to
f(b)-f(a) 2(f(b)-f(a)) 2f(b)~f(a)
(A) (B) (C) (D)0
b-a b-a 2b-a
l + Vl + 3cos 2 20 ^ _ x+1
Q.l In +C Q.2 - 7 + C
cos 20 x + x +1
1 x j o x 3 f x - iN
1
Q.3 - /n(cosx + sinx) + - + - (sin 2x + cos 2x) + c Q.4 — I all-1 x X
-0 tan - -——/ . 7 \- -——In +c
2 o 8 4(x - 1 ) 16 VX + V
1/2 + C
Q.ll J ( x + V ^ " ) ' (x+VX 2 + 2
f cosx \ 1 (sinx
- sin a In • + Jsin 2^x-sin 2""^ +, ^Q.13 —^
3(l+4tan tttx)1
C +c
Q.12 cos a. arc cos v cosa y 8(tan x)
,1 , x x
Q.14 - In tan- + - sec2 - +tan - + c Q.15 V^Jl^x-2-Jl^ + arc cos Vx+c
2
Q.16 (a + x) arc tan - ^ax + c (x 2 + l \l/x +1 2-31nfl+-^
Q.17
9x V x
xe"
Q.18 xln (lnx) - —— + c Q.19 In x + c
lnx x
v l+xe j l+xe
t4 t2 1 z -1
Q.20-/n(l-x4) + c Q.21 6 — - — +1 + ~/n(l + t ) - tan 1 + C where t = x1/6
4 2 2
1 + -yjcOSj
Q. 2 2 . +2tan" 1 Jcosf
v
-In +c Q.23 - +C Q24. sin"1 —sec — + C
ycosf 1 - ycosi vx-ly v.2 2j
~ 1 , (4+3sin x+3cos x) F
X 71 ^
Q.25 —In- —+c Q.2« 2 sin x - cos x —p=ln tan + C
24 (4-3sin x-3cos x) V2
Q 27 1 VT+sin x-cos x
+ arc tan (sin x+cos x)+c Q.28 -^n(secx) - ^ ^n(sec2x) +^n(sec3x) + c
2V3 V3 -sm x+cos x
1 x sin x +cosx
Q.29- In cotx+cota+^/cot 2 x+2cotacotx-l +c Q.30 — +c
V sina xcosx-smx
' x ^ Vcos2x
Q.31 2x-3arctan tan—+1 +c Q.32 - x - cotx . In (e (cosx + Vcos2x)j + c
v 2 , smx
_ 1, X 1 2X
Q.34 —lntan tan —+c Q.35 c -
2 2 4 2 (x2-l)2
ax +b
Q.36 c - ecos x (x + cosec x) Q.37 sin-1 +k Q.38 ex J ^ + c Q.39 20>>
+c
cx J 9^7x-10-x 2
_ lnx I 2— /r l+2u
Q.40 arcsecx—, +c Q.41 In , V3tan 1
' + V3tr~ + c where u = 3
4 2
Vu +u + l V3 V 1+x
i
1 . f V51 - 1 1+x
Q.42 - tan t + —r= ~7= - |sin 1 x - ^/l-x 2 j + c where t = h^-
2V5 vv5t + 1 x
.^2 sin 2x 7 6x
Q.43 tan +c Q.44 4 / n x + - + 6 t a n - 1 ( x ) + j +C
v sinx + cosxy X ITX
-2 x^ n1 x4- x - 22 15 , V T + x - i
Q.47 — - J — - + c Q.48 + —8 In +c
a-p y x-a 4x2 y l + x 71 + X + 1
'1-0
Q.49 - —/n
n
V2 l V 2 - t 2 vl + ty where t = cos9 and 9 = cosec'(cotx)
\
a a
Q.50 cosec— tan -1 cosec—
2 v, 2x
y 2/
EXERCISE-II
2 ^
Q.l — Q.2 /n2 Q.3 6 - 2e Q.4 - - 1 Q.5 Q.6 £ In2
ft 2 64 8
f 22 7t
^ 7t
Q.7 1 - sec(l) Q.8 — Q . 9 2 V2 + | (3 V3 - 2V2) Q.12 Q.13-(l-ln4)
2n + l 17 J
2 2 2 2
Q.32—5-cos7ixforO<x< 1; for x> 1 & — 2 f o r x ^ ° Q- 3 3 — Q.36-
71 71 71 4 %
167t _ rr 271 Tt 71 +
4
Q.44 (a) — 2V3 (b) i-J^b2 Q.45 - / n 2 Q.47
666
32
Q.49 -2ti - — Q.50 —--(l+/n2) + -
8 4 2
EXERCISE-III
, 71 TC ,
Q.2 - - , - (• Q.3 cont. & der. at x = 0
Q.4 g(x) is cont. in (-2, 2); g(x) is der. at x = 1 & not der. at x = 0 . Note that;
X x2 if 0<x<l
-T
Q.16 x = 2 or 4 Q.17 F(x)= \ if l<x<2
M . 1 k if 2<x<3
3 2
I „ VN+I
Q.4 I rln
-C1I I
2vn vn-i
3 1 1 x n
Q.5 (a) C, (b) A; (c) - t a n ^ x - - / n ( l +x) + - /n(l +x 2 ) + y f - r + c, (d) -
7ta
1 57t_J. if a e (0,7t)
Q.10 (a) sin a
4 3 , (b)I 7t
(a - 27i) if a e (71,27:)
sin a
m+l
+ 6 x m 1 C
Q.ll (a) A (b) C, (c) B, (d) 1 •+
47t -1
Q.13 (a) B, (b) A, (c) 2%, (d) ^ tan
f f 1 \ e . fi\ A
Q.14 (a) C, (b) C, (c) ^ ecos + —sin -1
V 2 k2J J
QUESTION BANK ON
DETERMINANT
&
MATRICES
a2 a 1
Q.l The value ofthe determinant cos (nx) cos (n+1) x cos (n+2) x is independent of:
sin(nx) sin(n+l)x sin(n+2)x
-l
(A) 2 A (B) (C) (D)A2
1+a 1 1
Q.3 If a, b, c are all different from zero & 1 1+b 1 = 0, then the value of a -1 + b -1 + c_1 is
1 1 1+c
(A) abc (B) a"1 b"1 c"1 (C) - a - b - c (D) - 1
cos9 -sin 6
Q.6 IfA
sine cose}A-lissivenby
(A)-A (B)AT (C)-A T (D)A
Q.7 Ifthe system of equations ax+y+z = 0, x+by+z = 0 & x+y+cz = Q (a, b, c ^ 1) has a non-trivial
(A)
'1 na^l (\ nM (\ na^
(B) 0 (C) CD)
v0 \j v 1 , vo o, V° n
2
2 3 3 5 5 2
(A) - 1 0 (B) - 1 0 (C) - 1 0 (D)none of these
x + 3x x - 1 x+3
4 3 2
Q.13 If px + qx + r x + s x + t = x+1 2 - x x - 3 then t =
x - 3 x+4 3x
(A) 33 (B) 0 (C) 21 (D) none
Q.14 IfA and B are invertible matrices, which one ofthe following statements is not correct
(A) Adj. A = | A| A-1 (B) det (A-1) = |det (A)|_1
1 1 !
(C) (A + B)- = B- + A~ (D) (AB)-1 = B"1 A"1
a" +1 ab ac
Q.15 If D 2
ba b +1 be then D =
ca cb c2 +1
(A) 1 + a2 + b 2 + c2 (B) a2 + b2 + c2 (C) (a+b +c) 2 (D) none
b^l
Q.16 IfA= , c ^ j satisfies the equation x2 - (a + d)x+k = 0, then
Q. 18 Identify the incorrect statement in respect of two square matrices A and B conformable for sum and
product.
(A) tr(A + B) = tr(A) + tr(B) (B) tr(aA) = a t r (A\ a s R
(C) tr(AT) - tr(A) (D) tr(AB) * tr(BA)
Q.20 IfAandB are non singular Matrices ofsame order then Adj. (AB)is
(A) Adj. (A) (Adj. B) (B) (Adj. B) (Adj. A)
(C) Adj. A+Adj. B (D) none of these
X-rX X X
1 logxy logxz
Q. 23 For positive numbers x, y & z the numerical value ofthe determinant lOgy X l lOgy is
logzx logzy 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) none
x
c1 X
C, X
C:
y y
Q. 29 The determinant c, c y
C;
z z Z
Cj c C:
Q.32 Give the correct order of initials T or F for following statements. Use T if statement is true and F if it is
false.
Statement-1: IfAis aninvertible 3 x 3 matrix and B is a 3 x 4 matrix, then A"'B is defined
Statement-2 : It is never true that A+ B, A - B, and AB are all defined.
Statement-3: Every matrix none ofwhose entries are zero is invertible.
Statement-4: Every invertible matrix is square and has no two rows the same.
(A) TFFF (B)TTFF (C) TFFT (D)TTTF
1 CO3 CO2
Q.33 If co is one ofthe imaginary cube roots ofunity, then the value ofthe determinant (O3 1 a
o 2 CO 1
Q. 3 6 A and B are two given matrices such that the order ofA is 3 x 4, if A' B and B A' are both defined
then
(A) order of B' is 3 x 4 (B) order of B'A is 4 x 4
(C) order of B'A is 3 x 3 (D) B'A is undefined
Q.37 Ifthe system of equations x+2y+3z = 4, x+py+2z = 3, x+4y+pz = 3 has an infinite number of
solutions, then :
(A) p = 2 , p = 3 (B) p = 2 , p = 4 (C) 3p = 2 p (D) none of these
a b a+b a c a+c
Q.39 Let Dj = c d c + d and D-JL = b d b + d then the value of Ei where b * 0 and
a b a-b a c a +b+c D„
ad * be, is
(A)-2 (B)0 (C) - 2b (D)2b
cos0 -sin 9
Q. 40 For a given matrix A= which of the following statement holds good?
sin 9 cosO
71
(A) A = A -1 V9eR
(B) A is symmetric, for 9 = (2n + 1) — , n e l
(C) A is an orthogonal matrix for 9 6 R
(D) A is a skew symmetric, for 9 = nTt; n € I
1 + a x (1 + b )x (1 + c )x
2 2 2 2 2 2
Q.41 If a + b + c =-2and f(x) = (l + a )x l + b x (l + c )x then f (x) is a polynomial of degree
(l + a 2 )x (l + b 2 )x l + c 2 x
x 3 2
Q.42 Matrix A= 1 y 4 , if x y z = 60 and 8x + 4y + 3z = 20, then A (adj A) is equal to
2 2 z
64 0 0 88 0 0 68 0 0 34 0 0
(A) 0 64 0 (B) 00 88 0 (C) 0 68 0 (D) 0 34 0
0 0 64 0 88 0 0 68 0 0 34
Q.44 IfA is matrix such that A 2 +A+2I = 0 , then which of the following is INCORRECT?
1 1
Q. 46 The number of solution ofthe matrix equation X2 IS
v 2z J3 /
(A) more than 2 (B)2 (C) 1 (D)0
Q. 47 If x, y, z are not all simultaneously equal to zero, satisfying the system of equations
(sin30)x-y + z = O
(cos20)x + 4y + 3z= 0
2x+7y+7z=0
then the number of principal values of 0 is
(A) 2 (B)4 (C)5 (D)6
1 2 0 2 - 1 5
Q.48 Let A+2B 6 - 3 3 and 2 A - B = 2 - 1 6
-5 3 1 0 1 2
then Tr (A) - Tr (B) has the value equal to
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C)2 (D)none
a 2z +, bu2
c c
c
u2 , Jl
Q.49 For a non - zero, real a, b and c b +c = a abc, then the values of a is
a a
a
c_2 +, _a 2
b
Q. 51 Ifthe system of equations, a2 x - ay = 1 - a & bx+(3 - 2b) y=3 + a possess a unique solution x = 1,
y = 1 then:
(A) a= 1; b = - 1 (B) a = - l , b = l
(C) a = 0, b = 0 (D) none
1 1 1
(A) a - 1, c = - 1 (B) a = 2, c = - (C)a = - 1, c= 1 (D)a=-,c=-
at
Q.58 IfAj, A3, A2n_| are n skew symmetric matrices ofsame order then B = ]T(2r~ l ) ( A 2 r l ) 2 r i will
r=l
be
(A) symmetric (B) skew symmetric
(C) neither symmetric nor skew symmetric (D) data is adequate
x 3x + 2 2x-l
Q. 59 The number of real values of x satisfying 2 x -l 4x 3x + l = 0 is
7x-2 17x + 6 12x-l
(A) 3 (B)0 (C) more than 3 (D)l
X-l X X+ l
Q.60 Number of real values of X for which the matrix A= 2 - 1 3 has no inverse
X+3 X-2 X+l
Q.62 If every element of a square non singular matrix Ais multiplied by k and the new matrix is denoted by B
then | A-11 and | B_11 are related as
mx mx-p mx+p
n n+p n-p
Q.63 Iff'(x) = theny = f(x) represents
mx + 2n mx + 2n + p mx + 2 n - p
(A) a straight line parallel to x« axis (B) a straight line parallel to y- axis
(C) parabola (D) a straight line with negative slope
1 -1 1 "4 2 2"
Q.64 Let A= 2 1 - 3 and 10B = - 5 0 a . If B is the inverse of matrix A, then a is
1 1 1 1 -2 3
(A)-2 (B)-l (C)2 (D) 5
x — 1 (x-1)2 X
„3
x-1 x 2' (x + 1)
Q.65 If D(x) = 2
then the coefficient ofx in D(x) is
(x + 1) (x + 1)
Q.67 Matrix A satisfies A2 = 2A-1 where I is the identity matrix then for n > 2, An is equal to (n s N)
(A)nA-I (B) 2 n _ 1 A - ( n - 1 ) 1 ( C ) n A - ( n - l ) I (D^^A-I
Q.73 If A B and C are n x n matrices and det(A) = 2, det(B) = 3 and det(C) = 5, then the value ofthe
det(A 2BC~') is equal to
12 18 24
(A) 7 (B) (C) CD)
'ABC N ' A ( B C ) 2
^ 'A(BC) 3 ^
tr(A) + t r + t. + t. + + 00 =
8
a-x b b
Q.79 If x = a + 2b satisfies the cubic (a, b eR) f (x)= b a-x b =0, then its other two roots are
b b a-x
(A) real and different (B) real and coincident
(C) imaginary (D) such that one is real and other imaginary
-1 2 1
Q.80 A is a 2 x 2 matrix such that A J j = 2^ and A J j = ^ , The sum ofthe elements ofA, is
(A)-l (B)0 (C)2 (D)5
Q. 81 Three digit numbers xl7,3y6 and 12z where x, y, z are integers from 0 to 9, are divisible by a fixed
x 3 1
constant k. Then the determinant 7 6 z must be divisible by
1 y 2
(A)k (B)k2 (C)k 3 (D) None
28 25 38
Q,83 Let N = 42 38 65 , then the number of ways is which N can be resolved as a product of two
56 47 83
divisors which are relatively prime is
(A) 4 (B) 8 (C)9 (D)16
1 1 1
Q. 84 If A B, C are the angles of a triangle and 1 + sin A 1 + sinB 1 + sin C = 0, then
sin A + sin A sin B +sin B sin C + sin C
the triangle is
(A) a equilateral (B) an isosceles
(C) a right angled triangle (D) any triangle
L
x 1 T. x — 16x T. /n (1 + sin x)
Q.85 L e t a =x—/nx
^ x/nx Lim ; c = Lim —^ and
x->o 4x + x x-^o x
3
. T• (X+1) — — r a b
d= Lim — j — then the matrix c d is
x->-i 3(sin( xK+1) - (x +1))
+ l)-[X + l))
(A) Idempotent (B) Involutary (C) Non singular (D) Nilpotent
Q.86 Ifthe system of linear equations
x + 2ay + az = 0
x + 3by + bz — 0
x + 4cy + cz = 0
has anon-zero solution, then a, b, c
(A) are in G .P. (B) are in H.P.
(C) satisfy a + 2b + 3c = 0 (D) are in A. P.
Q. 87 Give the correct order of initials T or F for following statements. Use T if statement is true and F if it is
false.
Statement-1: If the graphs of two linear equations in two variables are neither parallel nor the same,
then there is a unique solution to the system.
Statemeat-2: If the system of equations ax + by = 0, cx + dy = 0 has a non-zero solution, then it has
infinitely many solutions.
Statement-3: The system x + y + z= l,x = y, y = l + z i s inconsistent.
Statement-4: Iftwo of the equations in a system of three linear equations are inconsistent, then the
whole system is inconsistent.
(A) FFTT (B)TTFT (C) TTFF (D)TTTF
1 + x 2 - y2 ~ z2 2(xy + z) 2(zx-y)
2 2 2
Q.88 Let A 2(xy-z) 1+y -z -x 2(yz + x) then det. Ais equal to
2 2 2
2(zx + y) 2(yz-x) 1+z -x -y
TC 7T It
Q.93 The value of 9 lying between -— & — and 0<A< — and satisfying the equation
7t
(A) A= - , 9 (B)A=^=e
"i
71
(C) A = - , 9
I
x a b
Q. 95 The solution(s) of the equation a x a = 0 is/are :
b b x
(A) x = - ( a + b ) (B) x = a (C) x = b (D) - b
1 be bc(b + c) 1 ab a + b
(A) 1 ca ca (c + a) (B) 1 be b + c
1 ab ab(a + b) 1 ca 1c + 1
a
"a b"
Q.99 IfA= (where be 7= 0) satisfies the equations x2 + k = 0, then
_c d_
(A) a + d = 0 (B) k = - | A| (C) k = |A| (D) none of these
Q.100 The value of 6 lying between 9 = 0 & 9 = 7t/2 & satisfying the equation :
lbt 71
(C) 24 (D) 24
1 2 2
Q.l02 LetA= 2 1 2 , then
2 2 1
MATHEMATICS
XII (ALL)
mimmemm
&
MATRICES
C O N T E N T S
DETERMINANT
KEY CONCEPT. Page -2
EXERCISE-I Page -5
EXERCISE-II Page -9
EXERCISE-III Page -10
MATRICES
KEY CONCEPT. Page -13
EXERCISE-I Page -18
EXERCISE-II Page -20
EXERCISE-III Page -22
bl
1. The symbol is called the determinant of order two.
Its value is given by : D = a 1 b 2 -a 2 b 1
a, bj q
2. The symbol a 2 b2 02 is called the determinant of order three.
a3 bj c3
b2 c2 bx c, bi Ci
Its value can be found as : D = a b c - «2 b c + ag b C OR
3 3 3 3 2 2
b2 c2 a
2 c
2 a2 b2
= a
i - b, a 3 + Cl a and so on.
c3 c3 3 b
3
In this manner we can expand a determinant in 6 ways using elements of;
R j , R^, R3 or Cj, C 2 , C3 .
3. Following examples of short hand writing large expressions are:
(0 The lines : ajX + bjy + Cj = 0. (1)
a2X + b2y + c2 = 0. (2)
a3x + b3y + c3 = 0. (3)
x y1
(iv) Equation of a straight line passsing through (Xj, y,) & (x^ y2) is Xl yi 1 = 0
MINORS : 2 y 1
The minor of a given element of a determinant is the determinant of the elements which remain after
deleting the row & the column in which the given element stands. For example, the minor of a} in (Key
a
i c,
Concept 2) is & the minor of b2 is
3 3 b c
»3 c3
Hence a determinant of order two will have "4 minors" & a determinant of order three will have
"9 minors".
COFACTOR :
If Mjj represents the minor of some typical element then the cofactor is defined as :
Cy = (-1 )1+J. Mjj ; Where i & j denotes the row & column in which the particular element lies. Note
that the value of a determinant of order three in terms of 'Minor' & 'Cofactor' can be written as :
D = anM n - a12M,2 + a13M13 ORD = ajjCjj + a12C12 + a13C13 & so on
D & D' are transpose of each other . If D' = - D then it is S K E W SYMMETRIC determinant but
D' = D => 2D = 0 => D = 0 => Skew symmetric determinant of third order has the value zero.
P - 2 : If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant be interchanged, the value of determinant is
changed in sign only. e.g.
a
i bi Cl A
2 B2 C2
Let D = A
2 b2 c2 & D' = i a
BI CJ Then D' = - D .
A
3 b3 C 3 A3 B3 C3
P - 3 : If a determinant has any two rows (or columns) identical, then its value is zero,
B,
P - 4 : If all the elements of any row (or column) be multiplied by the same number, then the determinant is
multiplied by that number.
KA, KB, KC,
P - 6: The value of a determinant is not altered by adding to the elements of any row (or column) the
same multiples of the corresponding elements of any other row
D' = a
2 b
2 C
2 Then D ' = D
A3+NA2 B3+NB 2 C3+NC2
Note : that while applying this property ATLEAST ONE ROW (OR COLUMN) must remain
unchanged .
P - 7: If by putting x = a the value of a determinant vanishes then (x-a) is a factor of the determinant.
A
3 b3 C3 A3 B3 C3
b, CL A
I AI A2 A3 1) 0 0
PROOF : Consider 2 b2 c2 A X B, B2 B3 0 D 0
3 b3 c3- A CI c2 c3 0 0 D
ax by cz a b c 1 a a2-be
2 2 2 2
(d) x y z = X y z (e) 1 b b - ca = 0
1 I 1 yz zx xy 1 c c2 - ab
Q.2 Without expanding as far as possible, prove that :
a 2 +2a 2a+l 1 1 1 1
(a) 2a+l a+2 1 = ( a - l ) 3 (b) x y z = [(x-y) (y-z) (z-x) (x+y+z)]
3 3 1 x3
y
3
z3
x 3 +l x 2 x
Q.3 If y 3 +l y 2 y = 0 and x , y , z are all different then, prove that xyz = - l .
z3 + l z 2 z
18 40 89
Q.4 Using properties of determinants or otherwise evaluate 40 89 198
89 198 440
a-b-c 2a 2a
Q.5 Prove that 2b b-c-a 2b = (a + b + c)3
2c 2c c-a-b
1 + a2 - b 2 2ab -2b
Q, Prove that 2ab 1-a 2 +b2 2a = (1 +a 2 + b2)3
2 2
2b -2a 1-a - b
a b-c c+b
Q.9 Prove that a+c b c-a (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2).
a-b b+a c
n! (n+1)! (n+2)!
Q. 13 For a fixed positive integer n, if D = (n+1)! (n+2)! (n+3)! then show that 3
- 4
(n+2)! (n+3)! (n+4)!
(n!)
is divisible by n.
x + 2 2x + 3 3x + 4
Q.14 Solve for x 2x + 3 3x + 4 4x + 5 = 0.
3x + 5 5x + 8 10x + 17
a-x c b
Q 15 If a + b + c = 0 , solve for x: c b- x a = 0.
b a c- x
--—r-
).16 If a2 + b2 + c2 = 1 then show that the value of the determinant
pa qb rc a b c
Q. 17 If p + q+r = 0 , prove that qc ra pb = pqr c a b
rb pc qa b c a
a a3 a 4 - 1
Q.'l8 If a, b, c are all different & b b3 b 4 - 1 = 0, then prove that:
c c3 c 4 - 1
be a a 2 1 a 2 a3
Q.20 (a) Without expanding prove that ca b b
2
= 1 b2 b3
ab c c2 1 c2 c 3
a2 b2 c2 a 2 b2 c2
(b) (a + I)2 (b + l)2 (c + l)2 = 4 a b c
(a - I)2 (b-1) 2 (c - l)2 1 1 1
-be b2 + be c2 + be
Q.22
2
Prove that a + ac -ac c2 + ac = (ab + be + ca)3
a 2 + ab b2 + ab -ab
x 2 - a2 x2-b2 X -C
2 2
Q.23 Solve (x-a) 3 (x-b) 3 (x-c) = 0 where a, b, c are non zero and distinct
3 3
(x+a) (x+b) (x+c)
x-2 2x - 3 3x - 4
Q.24 Solve for x : x - 4 2x - 9 3x - 16 = 0.
x-8 2x - 27 3x - 64
1 1 1
a+x b+x c+x
1
Q.25 If a+y 1 1 where Q is the product of the denominator, prove that
b+y c+y
1 1 1 y
a+z b+z c+z
P = (a - b) (b - c) (c - a) (x - y) (y - z) (z - x)
(s-a) 2 (s-a) :
(s-b) 2 b2 (s-b)'
Q.27 If 2 s = a+b + c then prove that = 2 s3 (s - a) (s - b) (s-c).
(s-c) 2 (s-c) 2
-b 2 c 2 ab(c 2 +a 2 ) ac(a 2 +b 2 )
2 2 2 2 2 2 3
Q.29 Show that ba(b 2 +c 2 ) ' -c 2 a 2 bc(a 2 +b 2 ) = (a b + b c + c a ) .
ca(b 2 +c 2 j cb(c 2 +a 2 ) -a 2 b 2
[267]
fc Ban sal Classes Determinant & Matrices
2bc - a b2
Q.31 Show that „2 2ac-b 2 a2 = (a3 + b3 + c3 - 3 abc)2.
2ab - c'
a! 1, + b) m] a! 12 + bj m2 a, 13 + bj m3
a2 li + b2 m i a2l2 + b2m2 a 2 l 3 +b 2 m 3 = 0.
a 3 l 1 +b 3 m 1 a 3 l 2 +b 3 m 2 a 3 l 3 +b 3 m 3
2 a+p+y+8 ap + y5
Q.34 Prove that oc + p + y+5 2 (a + P)(y +5) ap (y+5) + yS (a+P) = 0.
a p + y8 aP(y+5) + y 8 ( a + P) 2aPy8
Q.35 If ax2 + 2 hxy + by2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = (lLx + rrijy + n1) (l2x + ir^y + n2), then prove that
a h g
h b f =0.
g f c
Q.36 Prove that
1 cos2 ( A - B ) cos2 (A - C)
2
cos ( B - A ) 1 cos2 (B-C) : 2sin2(A- B)sin2(B - C)sin2(C - A)
cos2 ( C - A ) 2
cos (C - B ) 1
Q.37 If axj2 + byt2 + czj2 = ax^ + by22 + cz22 = ax32 + by32 + cz32 = d and
ax^xg + by2y3 + cz2z3 = ax3xt + by3yj + cz3zj = axjx2 + byjy2 + CZ[Z2 = f, then prove that
x z
i yi i d + 2f 1/2
x2 y 2 z2 = (d-f> (a,b,c*0)
abc
x3 y3 z3
Q.38 If ( x r x 2 ) 2 + ( y r y2)2 = a 2 , (x,-^) 2 + (y 2 -y 3 ) 2 = b2 and (X3-Xl)2 + (y 3 - Yl ) 2 = c2
xi yi 1
prove that 4 x2 y2 1 (a + b + c) (b + c - a) (c + a - b) (a + b - c ) .
x3 y 3 1
50 Sj S2
Q.39 If Sr = a r + pr + y r then show that 51 s2 S3 = (a - 3) (P - y)2 (y - a) 2 .
52 S3 S4
z + ay + a2x + a3 = 0
Q.3 Solve the system of equations ; z + by + b2x + b3 = 0
z + cy + c2x + c3 = 0
Q.4 For what value of K do the following system of equations possess a non trivial (i.e. not all zero)
solution over the set of rationals Q?
x+Ky + 3 z = 0 , 3 x + K y - 2 z = 0 , 2 x + 3 y - 4 z = 0,
For that value of K, find all the solutions of the system.
Q.5 Given x = cy+bz ; y = az + cx ; z = bx+ay where x, y, z are not all zero, prove that
a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 abc = 1.
X Y Z
Q.6 Given a = —— ; b = —— ; c = where x, y, z are not all zero , prove that :
y- z z - x x - y
1 + ab + be + ca = 0.
Q.7 If sin q ^ cos q and x, y, z satisfy the equations
x cos p - y sin p + z = cos q + 1
x sin p + y cos p + z = 1 - sin q
x cos(p + q) - y sin (p + q) + z = 2
thenfindthe value of x2 + y2 + z2.
Q.8 IfA, B and C are the angles of a triangle then show that
sin 2A-x + sin C*y + sin B-z = 0
sin C x + sin 2B-y + sin A-z = 0
sin B x + sin A-y + sin 2Cz = 0
possess non-trivial solution.
Q.9 Investigate for what values of A , u the simultaneous equations x + y + z = 6 ;
x + 2 y + 3 z = 1 0 & x + 2 y + A,z = p, have ; (a) A unique solution .
(b) An infinite number of solutions . (c) No solution .
Q.IO For what values of p, the equations : x + y + z = l ; x + 2y+4z = p &
2
x+4y+10z = p have a solution ? Solve them completely in each case .
Q.ll Solve the equations : K x + 2 y - 2 z = l , 4x + 2 K y - z = 2 , 6x + 6y+Kz = 3
considering specially the case when K = 2 .
Q.12 Solve the system of equations:
ax + y + z = m s x + ay + z = n and x + y + az = p
Q.13 Find all the values of t for which the system of equations ;
( t - l ) x + ( 3 t + l ) y + 2tz = 0
(t - 1) x + (41 - 2) y + (t + 3) z = 0
2 x + ( 3 t + l ) y + 3 ( t - l ) z = 0 has non trivial solutions and in this contextfindthe ratios of x: y: z,
when t has the smallest of these values.
ap a p
Q.15 If bc + qr = ca+rp = ab + pq = - 1 showthat bq b q = 0.
cr c r
Q. 16 If x, y, z are not all zero & if ax+by + cz = 0, bx+ cy + az = 0 & cx + ay + bz = 0, then prove that
x: y: z= 1 : 1 : 1 OR 1: co: © 2 O R 1 : CD2: co, where© is one ofthe complex cube root of unity.
EXERCISE-III
Q.4
(i) Let a, b, c positive numbers. The following system of equations in x, y & z.
x! . iL _Z_ ±_ x2 y2 z2
a- 2 + b2 c2 2
'2 + 2
1 l+i+o 2 <d2
(ii) If co 1) is a cube root of unity, then 1-i -1 Q 2 - 1 equals :
- i -i+CD-1 - 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C)i (D) co [IIT '95,1+1]
1 a a
Q.8 The parameter, onwhich the value ofthe determinant cos(p-d)x cospx cos(p+d)x doesnot depend
sin(p-d)x sin px sin(p+d)x
upon is:
(A) a (B)p (C) d (D)x
[ JEE '97, 2 ]
6i -3i 1
Q.9 If 4 3i - 1 = x + iy, then :
20 3 i
(A) x = 3 , y = 1 (B) x = 1, y = 3 (C)x = 0 , y = 3 (D)x = 0 , y = 0
[ JEE '98 , 2 ]
Q.IO
1 x x+1
(i) If f(x) = 2x x (x-l) (x+l)x then f(100) is equal to :
3x (x-l) x(x-l)(x-2) (x+1) x (x-l)
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 100 (D) -100
(ii) Let a, b, c, d be real numbers in G.P. If u, v, w satisfy the system of equations,
u + 2v + 3w = 6
4u + 5v + 6w = 12
6u + 9v = 4 then show that the roots of the equation,
Q.18 The value of A for which the system of equations 2x - y - z = 12, x - 2y + z = -4, x+y + Az = 4 has no
solutionis
(A) 3 (B)-3 (C) 2 (D)-2
[JEE 2004 (Screening)]
»2I
(b) Column Matrix : A= having one column, (m x 1) matrix
(or column vectors)
l
ml
Note (i) In a square matrix the pair of elements a. & a. are called Conjugate Elements.
faa a ^
n 12
eg-
V a21 a 22 y
(ii) The elements a n , a22, a33, am are called Diagonal Elements . The line along which
the diagonal elements lie is called "Principal or Leading" diagonal.
The qty E a H = trace of the matrice written as, i.e. tr A
"b
A = a a
( i> 2> a
n) & B
1xn nx1
AB = [a1b1 + a 2 b 2 + + anbj
A= ; B = ; AB = BA =
AB * BA (in general)
"l 1" "-1 1" "0 0"
2. AB = _2 2_ 1 -1 0 0 => AB = O =t> A = 0 or B = 0
Note: IfA and B are two non- zero matrices such that AB = O then A and B are called the divisors of
zero. Also if [AB] = O => | AB | =>|A| | B | = 0 = > | A | = 0 or | B | = 0 but not the converse.
IfA and B are two matrices such that
(i) AB = B A => A and B commute each other
(ii) AB = - B A => A and B anti commute each other
Matrix Multiplication Is Associative:
If A, B & C are conformable for the product AB & BC, then
(A.B).C = A.(B.C)
Distributivity :
A (B + C) = AB + AC"
Provided A, B & C are conformable for respective products
(A + B) C = AC + BC_
POSITIVE INTEGRAL P O W E R S O F A SQUARE MATRIX :
2 3
For a square matrix A, A A = (A A) A = A (A A) - A .
Note that for a unit matrix I of any order, Im = I for all m e N.
6. MATRIX POLYNOMIAL:
If f (x) = a0xn + ajX"-1 + a2xn_2 + + anx° then we define a matrix polynomial
n n n 2
f (A) = a0A + atA -' + a2A " + + aV
where A is the given square matrix. If f (A) is the null matrix then A is called the zero or root of the
polynomial f(x).
DEFINITIONS:
(a) Idempotent Matrix: A square matrix is idempotent provided A 2 =A.
Note that A" = A V n > 2 , n e N.
(b) Nilpotent Matrix: A square matrix is said to be nilpotent matrix of order m, m e N, if
Am = 0 , A m_1 ^0.
(c) Periodic Matrix: A square matrix is which satisfies the relation AK+1 =A, for some positive integer K,
is a periodic matrix. The period of the matrix is the least value of K for which this holds true.
Note that period of an idempotent matrix is 1.
(d) Involutary Matrix: IfA 2 = I , the matrix is said to be an involutary matrix.
Note that A=A - 1 for an involutary matrix.
7. The Transpose Of A Matrix : (Changing rows & columns)
Let Abe any matrix. Then, A = a;j of order m x n
T
=> A or A' = [ a.. ] for 1 < i < n & 1 < j < m of order n xm
T T
Properties of Transpose: If A & B denote the transpose of A and B ,
(a) (A± B)T = AT ± BT ; note that A & B have the same order.
IMP. (b) (AB)T = B T A T A & B are conformable for matrix product AB.
(c) (AT = A
(d) (k A)T = kAT k is a scalar .
General : (A^A^,, An)T = A j , , A j , A^ (reversal law for transpose)
^Bansal Classes Determinant & Matrices [15]
8. Symmetric & Skew Symmetric Matrix :
A square matrix A = [ a ;j j is said to be,
symmetric if,
a.. = a.. V i & j (conjugate elements are equal) (Note A=A 1 )
. n(n +1)
Note: Max. number of distinct entries in a symmetric matrix of order n is — - — .
and skew symmetric if,
&..= -&.. V i & j (the pair of conjugate elements are additive inverse
of each other) (NoteA = - A T )
Hence If A is skew symmetric, then
a11
. = - a.1..1 => a.li = 0 V i
Thus the digaonal elements of a skew symmetric matrix are all zero, but not the converse.
Properties Of Symmetric & Skew Matrix :
P - 1 A is symmetric if AT = A
A is skew symmetric if AT = - A
P - 2 A + AT is a symmetric matrix
A - AT is a skew symmetric matrix.
Consider (A+A T ) T = AT + (AT)T = AT + A = A + AT
A + AT is symmetric.
Similarly we can prove that A - AT is skew symmetric.
P - 3 The sum oftwo symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix and
the sum of two skew symmetric matrix is a skew symmetric matrix.
Let AT = A ; BT = B where A & B have the same order.
(A+B) T = A + B
Similarly we can prove the other
P - 4 If A& B are symmetric matrices then,
(a) A B + B A is a symmetric matrix
(b) AB - BA is a skew symmetric matrix.
P - 5 Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as a sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
A = ^ (A + AT) + ~ (A - AT)
J
P
Symmetric Skew Symmetric
V. Imp. Theorem: A (adj. A) = (adj. A).A= |A| I n , If Abe a square matrix of order n.
(!%Bansal Classes Determinant & Matrices [16]
Note : If A and B are non singular square matrices of same order, then
® | adj A| = | A| n ~'
(ii) adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
(iii) adj(KA) = K""1 (adj A), K is a scalar
Inverse Of A Matrix (Reciprocal Matrix) :
A square matrix A said to be invertible (non singular) if there exists a matrix B such that,
AB = I = B A
B is called the inverse (reciprocal) ofA and is denoted by A - ' . Thus
A-' = B O A B = I = B A .
We have, A. (adj A) = | A | IN
A- 1 A (adj A) = A - 1 In |A|
In ( a dj A) = A - 1 | A | In
(adj A)
A- 1 =
|A|
Note : The necessary and sufficient condition for a square matrix Ato be invertible is that IA | * 0.
Imp. Theorem : If A & B are invertible matrices ofthe same order, then (AB)"1 = B 1 A -1 . This is reversal
law for inverse.
Note
(0 If A be an invertible matrix, then AT is also invertible & (A 1 ) -1 = (A_1)T.
(ii) If A is invertible, (a) (A"1)"1 = A ; (b) (A*)"1 = (A"])k = A-k, k e N
(iii) IfA is an Orthogonal Matrix. AAT = I = ATA
(iv) A square matrix is said to be orthogonal if, A - 1 = A T .
1
(v) I A"11 = 7T7
S Y S T E M O F E Q U A T I O N & C R I T E R I A N F O R C O N S I S T E N C Y
GAUSS - JORDAN METHOD
x +y+ z = 6
x-y +z=2
2x + y — z = 1
' x+y+z N (6}
or x-y+z _ 2
,2x+y- Z > 10
f \
(\ 1 o X (
1 -1 1 y 2
u 1 -ij w 10
AX = B A' 1 A X = A 1 B
(adj. A).B
X = A1B =
1
r 1
If (adj A) . B = null matrix = O If (adj A) , B * O
EXERCISE-I
"l 2 2 2 1 1 10
Q.l Given that A= 2 2 3 c= 2 2 1 D= 13 and that Cb=D. Solve the matrix equation Ax=b.
1 -1 3 1 1 1 9
? ^ ?
0 1 0 0 0 0
Q.3 If, E = 0 0 1 andF = 1 0 0 calculate the matrix product EF & FE and
0 0 0 0 1 0
showthat E 2 F + FE2 = E .
Q.4 If A is an orthogonal matrix and B = AP where Pisa non singular matrix then show that the matrix
PB_1 is also orthogonal.
0 1 0
Q.5 Define A= 3 0 Find a vertical vector V such that (A8 + A6 + A4 + A2 +1)V = 11
(where I is the 2 x 2 identity matrix).
1 2 5
Q. 11 Express the matrix 2 3 - 6 asa sum ofalower triangular matrix& an upper triangular matrix with zero
-10 4
in its leading diagonal. Also Express the matrix as a sum ofa symmetric & a skew symmetric matrix.
Q. 12 Find the inverse of the matrix:
2 -1
Q.17 Matrices A and B satisfy AB = B"1 where B = 2 0 , Find
(I) withoutfindingB"1, the value of K for which KA - 2B"1 +1 = 0
(ii) WithoutfindingA-1, the matrix X satisfying A~'XA= B
(iii) the matrixA using A -1
1 1 1
2 4 1 2 3 1 0 1
Q.19 Given A = B = 3 4 . Find P such that BPA = 0 1 0
2 3 1
Q.20 Use matrix to solve the following system of equations.
x+y+z=3 x+y+z=6 x+y+z=3 x+y+z=3
(i) x+2y+3z=4 (ii) x-y+z=2 (iii) x+2y+3z=4 (iv) x+2y+3z=4
x+4y+9z=6 2x+y-z=l 2x+3y+4z=7 2x+3y+4z=9
EXERCISE-II
"2 l" "9 3"
Ql GivenA 2 1_ ;B= 3 1 . I is a unit matrix oforder 2. Find all possible matrix X in the following cases.
(l) AX = A (ii) XA = I (!) XB = 0 butBX^O.
Q.2 IfA& B are square matrices of the same order & Ais symmetrical, show that B' AB is also symmetrical.
-l
1 -tanf 1 tanl cos 8 -sinG
Q3 Show that, tan§ 1 -tanf 1 sinG cosG
1 2 a b
Q.4 If the matrices A = 3 4 and B = c d
d-b
(a, b, c, d not all simultaneously zero) commute, find the value of . Also show that the
a + c-b
a-p 2p/3"
matrix which commutes with Ais of the form p a
1 1
Q.5 If the matrix A is involutary, show that — (I + A) and — (I - A) are idempotent and
i(I+A)^(I-A)=0.
Q.6 Prove that
/ „ I
CO | adj (adj A) | = | A , where Ais a non-singular matrix of order 'ri.
(ii) adj (adj A) = |A|n 2 . A, where | A| denotes the determinant of co-efficient matrix.
"-5 1 3" [1 1 2
Q.7 Find the product oftwo matrices A& B, where A= 7 1 -5 & B = 3 2 1 and use it to
1 -1 1 2 1 3
solve the following system of linear equations,
x + y + 2z = 1 ; 3x + 2y + z = 7 ; 2x + y + 3z = 2 .
1 2
Q.8 If A = 2 4 then, find a non-zero square matrix X of order 2 such that AX = O. Is XA = O.
1 2]
If A= 2 3 J, is it possible tofinda square matrix X such that AX = O. Give reasons for it.
cosx -sinx 0
Q.12 If F(x) sinx cosx 0 then show that F(x). F(y) = F(x + y)
0 0 1
Hence prove that [ F(x) ] 4 = F(- x).
X X
1 2 3 1 1 2 1 2
Q.13 IfA : 3 4 ;B = 1 0 ;C= 2 4 andX= X3 X4 then solve the following matrix equation.
(a) AX = B - 1 (b) (B - I)X = IC (c) CX = A
"3 - 2 1 X b
Q 14 Determine the values of a and b for which the system 5 - 8 9 y -
3
2 1 a z -1
(i) has a unique solution ; (ii) has no solution and (iii) has infinitely many solutions
0 1 -1
Q.15 Let X be the solution set ofthe equation AX = I, whereA= 4 - 3 4 and I is the corresponding
3 - 3 4
-1 1
Q .16 Determine the matrices B and Cwith integral element such that A= = B3 + C3
0 - 2
0 2P y
Q.17 IfA= a B - y is an orthogonal matrix,findthe values of a , P, y.
a -p y
k m
Q.18 If A= and kn * Im ; then show that A2 - (k + n)A + (kn - /m) I = O.
/ n
Hence find A 1 .
X
1
n
Q. 19 Evaluate Lim X
1
n
~1 f X " 3 -3 z
Q.20 Given matrices A= 2 X y 5;B = - 3 2 -3
1 y 3_ z -3 1
Obtain x, y and z if the matrix AB is symmetric.
Q.2 IfA = a2 2
a
and | A31 =125, then a =
"V3
2 1 1 T T 2005
Q.6 IfP = > A= 0 1 and Q = PAP and x = P Q P, then x is equal to
1 A
2 2 .
EXERCISE-II
Q 1. x = - 7 , y = - 4
Q 2.. ( a ) x = l , y = 2 , z = 3 ; consistent (b) x = 2 , y = - l , z = l ; consistent
13 7 35
(c) x = y , y = - - , z = - — ; consistent (d) inconsistent
1-2X
If K=2,then x = X,y =—-— andz = 0 where X e R
, , 4-5K 13K-9 ,
If X = 5 then x = — - — ; y = — - — and z = K where K e R
EXERCISE-III
Ql. x= 1, y = 4 , z = - 1 Q 3. ( i ) p * 2 , q = 3 ( i i ) p * 2 & q * 3 (iii) p = 2
4d4
Q 4. (i) d (ii) a Q 5.
a(a+d) 2 (a+2d)3 (a+3d)2 (a+4d)
MATRICES
EXERCISE-I
1 0 o" "0 0 o"
0 1 0 , FE = 0 1 0
Q . l x 1 = l , X2 = - 1 , X3 = l Q.2x=|, y=2 Q.3EF = 0 0 1
0 0 0 ?
-3 -3
1 -12
Q.IO f(a)= 1/4,a= 1/2 Q.ll
-5 ® 2 ,(b)X = 1 2
, (c) no solution
13 5 -12 Q. 13(a) X= 2 - 1 - 2
1 n -m cosx sinx
Q.19 Q.20 3 3 ,(3,3,-1)
^ ^ kn-/m - / k -sinx cosx
EXERCISE-III
Q.l Q.2 A Q.5 C Q.6 A Q.7 (a)A, (b)B, (c)A
Advise: Do not spend more than 10 minutes for each problem and then read
the solution and then do it.
Q.l If the sum ofthe roots ofthe equation 2 3 3 3 x _ 2 +2 l l l x + 1 = 2 222x+2 +1 is expressed in the form q find
2
Q.2 Let K is a positive integer such that 36 + K, 300 + K, 596 + K are the squares of three consecutive
terms of an arithmetic progression. Find K. [6]
Q. 3 Find the number of 4 digit numbers starting with 1 and having exactly two identical digits. [6]
Q.4 A chord ofthe parabola y2 = 4ax touches the parabola y2 = 4bx. Show that the tangents at the extremities
of the chord meet on the parabola by2 = 4a2x. [6]
Q. 5 Consider a circle S with centre at the origin and radius 4. Four circles A, B, C and D each with radius
unity and centres (-3,0), (-1,0), (1,0) and (3,0) respectively are drawn. A chord PQ of the circle S
touches the circle B and passes through the centre of the circle C. If the length of this chord can be
expressed as , find x. [6]
x72 s dx
Q.6 Integrate J (j _ x ) t6l
n/2 .
r 1 — sm 2x a
Q.7 If J " ^ s j n 2 x ) 2 d x = — where a, b are relatively prime find a + b + ab. [6]
Q.8 A bus contractor agrees to run special buses for the employees of ABC Co. Ltd. He agrees to run the
buses if atleast 200 persons travel by his buses. The fare per person is to be Rs. 10 per day if200 travel
and will be decreased for everybody by 2 paise per person over 200 that travels. How many passengers
will give the contractor maximum daily revenue? [6]
Q.9 If the point P(a, b) lies on the curve 9y2=x3 such that the normal to the curve at P makes equal intercepts
with the axes. Find the value of (a + 3b). [6J
Q.10 Let x(t) be the concentration of glucose per unit volume of blood at time t, p being the amount of glucose
being injected per unit volume per unit time. If the glucose is disappearing from the blood at a rate
proportional to the concentration of glucose (K being the constant of proportionality),findx(t). Also find
the ultimate concentration of glucose as t —> oo. [6]
Q. 11 Find the value (s) of the parameter 'a' (a > 0) for each of which the area ofthe figure bounded by the
g2 ^ X + 2 & X -f- 3 ci ^
straight line, y= -r- & the parabola y= . is the greatest. [6]
1+ a 1 +a
Q.13 Five persons entered the lift cabin on the ground floor of an eightfloorhouse. Suppose that each
of them, independently & with equal probability can leave the cabin at any floor beginning with the
first,findout the probability of all 5 persons leaving at different floors. [6]
Q.14 Let u and v be non zero vectors on a plane or in 3-space. Show that the vector w =] u | v+1 v | u
bisects the angle between u and v . [6]
Q.15 Find the distance from the line x = 2 + t , y = l + t , z= - -~t to the plane x + 2y+6z= 10.
[6]
Q.16 If 9 is the angle between the lines in which the planes 3x - 7y - 5z = 1 and5x-13y + 3z + 2 = 0cuts
the plane 8x - 11 y + 2z = 0,findsinB. [6]
Q.17 Suppose u, v and w are twice differentiable functions of x that satisfy the relations au + bv + cw = 0
u v w
where a, b and c are constants, not all zero. Show that u' v' w' = 0. [6]
U J 12 J k2)
f TN
Q.19 Ifthe normals to the curve y = x2 at the points P, Q and R pass through the point 0, - ,findthe radius
v 1)
of the circle circumscribing the triangle PQR. [6 j
Q.21 Find the equation of a line passing through (- 4, -2) having equal intercepts on the coordinate axes.
[6]
Q.22 Let S be the set of all x such that x4 - 1 Ox2 + 9 < 0. Find the maximum value of f (x) = xJ — 3x on S.
[6]
P(38C2Q)
from the remaining. If the probability that two cards drawn are both aces is 40 r . 20r ,findp. [6]
[N e> •
^ x 2 y2
Q.25 A circle intersects an ellipse - y + — = 1 precisely at three points A,
/ a b
v / B, C as shown in the figure. AB is a diameter of the circle and is
perpendicular to the major axis of the ellipse. If the eccentricity ofthe
ellipse is 4/5, find the length of the diameter AB in terms of a. [6]
Q.26 Suppose R is set of reals and C is the set of complex numbers and a function is defined as f: R -» C,
-ft /
f (t) = -—— where t e R , prove that / is injective. [6]
Q. 27 Circles A and B are externally tangent to each other and to line t. The sum of the radii of the two circles
is 12 and the radius of circle A is 3 times that of circle B. The area in between the two circles and its
\l
brc
external tangent is a v 3 - ~ thenfindthe value of a + b. [6]
0 1 0
Q. 2 8 Define a matrix A r 8 6 4 2
3 0 . Find a vertical vector y such that (A + A + A + A +1) y = 11
where I is a unit matrix of order 2. [6]
Q. 29 A circle is inscribed in a triangle with sides of lengths 3,4 and 5. A second circle, interior to the triangle,
is tangent to the first circle and to both sides of the larger acute angle of the triangle. If the radius of teh
sink
second circle can be expressed in the form where k and w are in degrees and lie in the interval
cos w
(0,90°), find the value of k + w. [6]
ax2 - 24x + b = x
Q.30 If the equation 5 > has exactly two distinct real solutions and their sum is 12 then find
x2-l
the value of (a-b). [8]
Q.31 If a, b, c and d are positive integers and a < b < c < d such that a, b, c are in A.P. and b, c, d are in G.P.
and d - a = 30. Find the four numbers. [8]
Q .32 Let the set A = {a, b, c, d, e} and P and Q are two non empty subsets ofA. Find the number of ways in
which P and Q can be selected so that P n Q has at least one common element. [8]
Q. 3 3 If the normals drawn to the curve y = x2 - x + 1 at the points A, B & C on the curve are concurrent at
the point P (7/2,9/2) then compute the sum ofthe slopes ofthe three normals. Also find their equations
and the co-ordinates of the feet of the normals onto the curve. [8]
Q.38 If J
f (7t 4 6 ) t a n 6 d0 = rc /n k - — , find the value of (kw), where k, w e N. [8]
-
,„ 1-tanO
71/4
w
1
Q. 3 9 Given a function g, continuous everywhere such that g( 1) = 5 and j g (t) dt = 2.
0
1 x
If f(x) = - J (x -1) 2 g (t) dt, then compute the value of f"' (1) - f " (1). [8]
20
Q.40 Let f: [0,1 ] —> R is a continuous function such that Jf(x)dx = 0. Prove that there is c e (0,1) such
Q.43 Urn-1 contains 3 red balls and 9 black balls. Urn-II contains 8 red balls and 4 black balls. Urn-Ill
contains 10 red balls and 2 black balls. A card is drawnfroma well shuffled back of 52 playing cards. If
a face card is drawn, a ball is selected from Urn-I. If an ace is drawn, a ball is selected from Urn-II. If
any other card is drawn, a ball is selected from Urn-Ill. Find
(a) the probability that a red ball is selected.
(b) the conditional probability that Urn-I was onefromwhich a ball was selected, given that the ball selected
was red. |8]
AB x FEE x BE)) • What can you say about the values of (AB X BE) X BD and (AB X BD) X BC.
Calculate the volume of the tetrahedron ABCD and the vector area ofthe triangle AEF where the
quadrilateral ABDE and quadrilateral ABCF are parallelograms. • [8]
Q.49 Find the equation ofthe line passing through the point (1,4,3) which is perpendicular to both of the lines
x— 1 y+3 z 2 x+2 y-4 z+l
-—— - —— = — a n d —-— = —-— - ——
2 1 4 3 2 -2
Also find all points on this line the square of whose distance from (1,4,3) is 357. [8]
Q.50 Find the parametric equation for the line which passes through the point (0,1,2) and is perpendicular to
the line x = 1 +1, y = 1 - 1 and z = 2t and also intersects this line. [8]
Q.51 Suppose that r ; * r2 and r ^ = 2 (r,, r, need not be real). If r, and r, are the roots of the biquadratic
x4 - x3 + ax2 - 8x - 8 = 0 find r,, r2 and a. [8]
2 2
x 2 +y 2
Q.55 Given x, y e R, x + y > 0. If the maximum and minimum value ofthe expression 3
x +xy + 4y 2
31-2
M and m, and A denotes the average value of M and m, compute (2007)A, [8]
Q.56 Prove that the triangle ABC will be a right angled triangle if
A B C A B C J.
cos— cos~cos— - sin— sin— sin — [8]
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
fa B ansaIClasses Determinant & Matrices [6]
Q. 5 7 A point P is situated inside an angle of measure 60° at a distance x and y from its sides. Find the distance
of the point Pfromthe vertex of the given angle in terms of x and y. [8]
Q.58 In AABC, a = 4 ; b = 3 ; medians AD and BE are mutually perpendicular. Find 'c' and 'A'. [8]
Q.59 The lengths ofthe sides of a triangle are log,012, log1075 and logj0«, where n e N. Find the number of
possible values of n. [8]
Q.60 A flight of stairs has 10 steps. A person can go up the steps one at a time, two at a time, or any
combination of 1 's and 2's. Find the total number ofways in which the person can go up the stairs.
[8]
b x a
fe / _eb/x
Q.61 Let a and b be two positive real numbers. Prove that J dx = 0 [81
a
x
Q.62 Let/(x) = 2 kx + 9 where k is a real number. If 3/(3) =/(6), then the value of / ( 9 ) - / ( 3 ) isequalto
N, where N is a natural number. Find all the composite divisors of N. [8]
Q. 6 3 Line / is a tangent to a unit circle S at a point P. Point A and the circle S are on the same side of I, and the
distancefromA to / is 3. Two tangents intersect line I at the point B and C respectively. Find the value of
(PB)(PC). [8]
Q. 64 A triangle has one side equal to 8 cm the other two sides are in the ratio 5:3. What is the largest possible
area ofthe triangle. [8]
Q.65 In triangle ABC, max {ZA, ZB} = ZC + 30° and — = V3 + 1, where R is the radius of the
circumcircle and r is the radius of the incircle. Find ZC in degrees. [8]
2
Q.66 The parabola P: y = ax where 'a' is a positive real constant, is touched by the line L: y = mx - b (where
m is a positive constant and b is real) at the point T.
Let Q be the point of intersection of the line L and the y-axis is such that TQ = 1. If A denotes the
1
maximum value of the region surrounded by P, L and the y-axis, find the value of — . [8]
Q.67 A point moving around circle (x+4)2 + (y + 2)2=25 with centre C broke awayfromit either at the point
A or point B on the circle and moved along a tangent to the circle passing through the point D (3, - 3).
Find the following.
(i) Equation of the tangents at A and B.
(ii) Coordinates of the points A and B.
(iii) Angle ADB and the maximum and minimum distances of the point Dfromthe circle.
(iv) Area of quadrilateral ADBC and the AD AB.
(v) Equation of the circle circumscribing the ADAB and also the intercepts made by this c ircle on the
coordinate axes. [10]
7 7 7
Q.68 If £ » 2 x . = l and ]T(/ + l) 2 x. =12 and £ ( z + 2) 2 x, =123,
;=i ;=i ;=i
7
then find the value of ^T(/ + 3) 2 x. . [10]
1=1
Q.70 The triangle ABC, right angled at C, has median AD, BE and CF. AD lies along the line y = x + 3, BE lies
along the line y = 2x + 4. If the length of the hypotenuse is 60, find the area of the triangle ABC.
[10]
2 2 2 2
Q.71 Let W, and W2 denote the circles x + y + lOx - 24y - 87 = 0 and x + y - lOx - 24y + 153 = 0
respectively. Let m be the smallest positive value of 'a' for which the line y=ax contains the centre of a
P
circle that is externally tangent to W2 and internally tangent to W,. Given that m1 = ~ wherep and q are
q
relatively prime integers, find [p + q). [10]
n
3 b-j3
Q.72 If rdx = a where a, b, c e N and b, c are relatively prime, find the value of
5j J 6 (l + sinx) c
a + b + c + abc. [10]
l
dX
Q.73
V
If f . r~= = Va - Vb --JL where a,b,c e N, find the value a2 + b2 + c2. [10]
J Vl + x + Vl —x + 2 VC
Q.75 Let f (x) be a differentiable function such that f (x) +/(x) = 4xe~x • sin 2x and/(0) = 0. Find the value
f ' (1) = 2, then find the area enclosed by y = f(x), x2 + y2 = 2 and x - axis. [10]
Q.77 The equation Z10 + (13 Z - l)10 = 0 has 5 pairs of complex roots a p b,, a2, b2, a3, b3, a4, b4, a5, b5.
(,1 c)
Q.80 If a, b, c are the sides of triangle ABC satisfying log + log a - log b = log 2. Also
V a/
a(l - x 2 ) + 2bx + c(l + x ) = 0 has two equal roots. Find the value of sin A + sin B + sin C. [10]
1 ^ sin(nx) =
a + bVb
Q.81 For x g (0, n/2) and sin x = —, if Zu ~~ then find the value of (a + b + c),
3 n=0 3 c
where a, b, c are positive integers.
e„ix - e„ - i x
(You may Use the fact that sin x = ) [10]
2i
Q.82 /Two distinct numbers a and b are chosen randomly from the set {2, 2 2 ,2 3 , 24, , 225}. Find the
probability that logab is an integer. [10]
OBJECTIVE
Select the correct alternative. (Only one is correct):
Q.83 A child has a set of96 distinct blocks. Each block is one oftwo material (plastic, wood), 3 sizes (small,
medium, large), 4 colours (blue, green, red, yellow), and 4 shapes (circle, hexagon, square, triangle).
How many blocks in the set are different from "Plastic medium red circle" in exactly two ways? ("The
wood medium red square" is such a block)
(A) 29 (B)39 (C) 48 (D)56
where
Q.84 The sum ^ ( - ^ ( i k j ( rj = e(
*mls
Q.85 If A > 0, c, d, u, v are non-zero constants, and the graphs of / (x) = j Ax + c | + d and
u+c
g (x) = - j Ax + u | + v intersect exactly at 2 points (1,4) and (3,1) then the value of ~~~~~~ equals
(A) 4 (B)-4 (C) 2 (D)-2
4 3 2
Q. 8 6 Consider the poiynomial equation x - 2x + 3x - 4x + 1 = 0. Which one of the following statements
describes correctly the solution set of this equation?
(A) four non real complex zeroes. (B) four positive zeroes
(C) two positive and two negative zeroes. (D) two real and two non real complex zeroes.
equals
(A) 6 (B) 8 (C) 10 (D) 11
Q.90 Triangle ABC is isosceles with AB =AC and BC = 65 cm. P is apoint on BC such that the perpendicular
distances from P and AB and AC are 24 cm and 36 cm respectively. The area of triangle ABC in sq. cm
is
(A) 1254 (B) 1950 (C)2535 (D)5070
Q.91 The polynomial function f(x) satisfies the equation f ( x ) - f ( x - 2 ) = (2x- l) 2 forallx. Ifpandqarethe
coefficient of x2 and x respectively in f (x), then p + q is equal to
(AO 0 (B) 5/6 (C) 4/3 (D) 1
Q.92 Three bxes are labelled A, B and C and each box contains four balls numbered 1,2,3 and 4. The balls
in each box are well mixed. A child chooses one ball at randomfromeach of the three boxes. If a, b, and
c are the numbers on the balls chosen from the boxes A, B and C respectively, the child wins a toy
helicopter when a = b + c. The odds in favour of the child to receive the toy helicopter are
(A) 3:32 (B)3:29 (C)1 : 15 (D)5:59
f ( \
\ 5J 1 13 J/
25 3 33 16
(A)- (B)-- ( Q - - CD)-
Q. 94 Three positive integers form thefirstthree terms of an A.P. If the smallest number is increased by one the
A.P. becomes a G.P. In original A.P. if the largest number is increased by two, the A.P. also becomes a
G.P The statements which does not hold good?
(A) first term ofA.P. is equal to 3 times its common difference.
(B) Sn = n(n+ 11)
(C) Smallest term of the A.P. is 8
(D) The sum of thefirstthree terms of an A.P. is 36.
Q.9 5 If the line 2x + 9y + k = 0 is normal to the hyperbola 3x2 - y2 = 23 then the value of k is
(A) 31 (B) 24 (C) - 31 (D) - 24
Q. 96 The line 2x - y = 1 intersect the parabola y2 = 4x at the points A and B and the normals at A and B
intersect each other at the point G. If a third normal to the parabola through G meets the parabola at C
then which of the following statements) is/are correct.
(A) sum of the abscissa and ordinate of the point C is - 1.
(B) the normal at C passes through the lower end of the latus rectum ofthe parabola.
(C) centroid of the triangle ABC lies at the focus of the parabola.
(D) normal at C has the gradient - 1.
(A) (j) (x) attains its extrema at 0, ± ^ (B) (j) (x) increases in (- l/V2 , o)u (l/V2,00)
(C) cf> (x) attains its local maxima at 0. (D) (j) (x) decreases in \/4l, o)u ( l / , 00)
. lit
(in x \ sm 3 sin x
Q.98 If tan — ~ = - — where 0 < x < n, then the value of x is
V 3 , cos 271 cosx
3
it 5n 77t 1 Itc
(A)^ (B)- ( O - (D) —
equation of PQ : ^ y + x ^ l
1
P (from origin) = — result ]
J( 1 - x ' ) 2 \ 5
dx =
J ,10 i ,v
-dx Taking x2 out of the bracket
f - ^ U d x - 2
Put x "2 - 1 = t = —r dx = dt
J (x-'-l) 1 X
r dt
- J - -1 _1 1
"2 t5 J 2 -
-l
+ C]
xz J
2 tanx
7. Using sin2x
I + tan"x
2 tan x
n/2 l- 7t
/2 ,, .-j
l + tan~ x dx = r (i l - t a n x )V
, " ( l + tan22 x)dx *?(!-tanx) 2
sec xdx
i- J 2 tanx ' (I + tanx) 4 / (l + tanx) 4
o l+
l + tan2 x
put y = tan x => dy = sec2x dx
-Ci - y) dy
io+y)"
now put l + y = z dy = dz
CO
(2-z) -6z + 4 I1
f -dz = - i_3 a = l , b = 3 => l +3 + 3 = 7 Ans. ]
l JZ 1 13
n/2,
nu _ . a
Alternatively: I = f - — — — m . dx
Q (cosx +sinx) 4
integrating by parts
rc/2 ti/2 */2
(cos x - sin x) (sin x + cos x) dx
dx
(cos x +sin x)~ 0 + 01 (cosx + sinx)3
{(-!)-(!)}+ J -
+ sin 2x
2tanx
using sin 2x :
1 + tan x
-2> lt V2
r sec2 x 2 1 °fdt 2 1
. dx i3 - i 3f ? - —
3 +3- j + jtWMD
3 3 ^ (1 + tanx)2 3 3 h
2 1
a = 1, b = 3 => 1 + 3 + 3 = 7 Ans. ]
3 ~3
Let the number of passengers be x (x > 200)
2
Fair changed per person = 10 (x -100)
100
2x , 2x'
Total revenue = x 10-(x-200) = lOx - — ( x - 2 0 0 ) = lOx - + 4x
100 100 100
2x
f(x)= 14x-
100
4x
f'(x) = 14 =0 x = 350
100
f"(x) <0 => x = 350 gives maxima]
Given 9y2 = x3
— = /t •
d x
— = +2t'
d y
dt ' dt
dy _ dy dt _ t 2 t
slope of the normal = - ~
dx dt dx 2t 2
normal makes equal intercept
hence - 1 t=2
A =
"| 2r (a2 - a x ) - (x2 + 2ax + 3a2) dx
11.
14. cos a =
wjjuj I u II w! UI w!
(u • v)+ j V 11 u
cos a ....(1)
z' -
15. The line is — =^ = —2. - t ....(1)
1 1 \
2
A A | A A A J A'
i j k
v, = nj xn, = 3 -7 - 5 = -23(3i+ 2 j - k )
8 -11 2
|||ly vector v2 along the line of intersection of the planes 5x-13y + 3z = 0 and 8x - 11 y + 2z = 0 is
i J k
v2 = n 3 x n 4 = 5 -13 3 7 (i + 2j + 7k)
8 -11 2
— <
cosA-— ] - — <f cosB —0 _ I
2
» — <
( cosC —0
I 2J 4 I 2J 4 I 2y 4
19. y = x2; x = t; y = t2
dy
= 2x = 2t
dx
slope of normal m
2t
equation of normal
1
y -1 2 = - — (x -1) or 2t(y -1 2 ) = - x +1
2X
if x = 0; y = -
' 3 22
2t — t t=0
v2
or 3 - 2t2 = 1 => t= 1 or - 1
hence one of the point is origin and the
other two are (-1, l)and(l, 1)
=> PQR is arighttriangle
radius of the circle is 1
its equation is x2 + (y - 1 )2 = 1 x2 + y2 - 2y = 0 ]
+C
3 3 xy
25. e=
b
1 _ JL _ 2 ....(1) ^a cos 8,
^°
a" 25 ~ 25 ' a ~ 5
now radius of the circle r = a - X C(X,0l)(a,0)
(where X, 0 is the centre of the circle)
— — i 3
also r=AC = b sin 9
a - X = b sin 9 where X = a cos 9
a(l -cos9) = b sin 9
a2(l - cos 9)2 = b2(l - cos 9)(1 + cos 9)
a2(l - cos 9) = b2(l + cos 9)
1 -cos9 _ 9
l + cos9 ~ 25
25 - 25 cos 9 = 9 + 9 cos 9
16 = 34 cos 9
8 15
cos 9 = — ; sin 9
17
3a 15 18
AB = 2b sin 9 = 2 • a Ans. ]
5 ' 17 17
A 6
29. Radius of the first circle = — = — = 1
S 6
1-r
sur ....(1) (r < 1)
1+r
also sin C :
sin2 c = i
1 - r \2 I
5 5(1 - r)2 = (1 + r)2 V5(l-r) = 1 + r
l+tj
s
^ j< — ———
Vs-i sin 18—„.
, ,...
V5 - 1 = ( V 5 + l ) r => k + w = 54° Ans. ]
V5+1 cos 36°
2a + (3 = a ..(1)
J i , , ^ ^ o i o i - W .
a 2 + 2ap = 23 ••(2)
and a2P = p ..(3)
Also given a + P = 12 ..(4)
from (2) and (4)
a 2 + 2a(12 - a) = 23
a 2 + 24a - 2a 2 = 23
fa B ansa I Classes Determinant & Matrices [20]
a 2 - 24a + 23 = 0
a = l (rejected) since
a = 23; .'. p =—11
a = 35 from (4)
and b = a 2 p = 529 x - l l
=> b =-5819 => a - b = 35-(-5819) = 5854 Ans.]
A - D , A, A + D, ^ ± D ) 1
A
. (a) (b) (c) , (d)
Given d - a = 30
=> D2 + 3AD = 30 A
D2 = 3A(10-D)
D2
A
~ 3(10-D) •'" (1)
since A' is a + ve integer
0 < D < 10 ....(2)
Also since '3' is prime and A is an integer
D2 must be divisible 3
;=> D must beoftheformof3K
possible values of D are 3,6,9
3
D = 3 => A = - (rejected)
D = 6 => A = 3 (rejected)
D = 9 => A = 27
Numbers are 18,27,36.48 Ans. ]
x + m 1y x + x + my „ dy
X = 0 gives Y= Hence -=0 =>2x + y-^-=0
m 2 dx
x2 + =
C ; passes through (1,4): C-9
• is
conic • —*2 + —y2 =11 with e 1 focii are (0, 3) & (0, - 3)
9 18 V2
Equation of the circles are;
(x - 1 )2 + (y - 4)2 + A (x + 2 y - 9) = 0 where x + 2 y - 9 = 0 is the tangent to the ellipse at (1,4)]
2xy + 2x + 2y + 1 = 0
Let the combined equation of the asymptotes is
2xy + 2x + 2y + c = 0
put D = 0 to get c = 2
hence combined equation of the asymptotes are
xy + x + y+ l = 0
36. Note
now that (tan
d2pQ =C( Q- -sin A)22 + (cot C - cos B)2 denotes the square of the distance PQ
OP) Q(tanC, cotC)
d2pQ= [ V ( t o C - c o t C ) 2 + 2 - l
d2
min= (V2-1)2 ^ 3 - 2V2
=> a = 3; b = 2 => a3 + b3 = 27 - 8 = 19 Ans. ]
x z dx 1 co f (x 2 +l) + ( x 2 - l )
4 dx
- J - x4+kx2+l 211 x 4 + k x 2 + l
71
now proceed, I,1 = — and L1 = 0
2a
71 71
1= a = 2525 Ans. ]
2a 2a 5050
o (-4x) tan
^ 71
—+.X
x(l + tan x)
^
4
, dx = - 4 °f ^ " . d x M °f x(l + tanx) ( 1 - t a n x ) ^
-V2 1-tanl —+ x -J/2 1 - 1 + t a n x -Ti/2 1 ~ t a n x (-2) tan
tan:x
U 1 - tan x
0
/ x\
X
2 f^i±^ldx=9 f + x dx
L
-t/2 tan x J
-ji/2 V tan x j
o
X
2
I - x l° + jJ -dx
Tij 2 ' -*/2 t a n X
71/2
n/2
n
I= „ f -dt
4
+2
J x =—t
0 tant
k/2 n/2
now 1 = f t cott.dt = t/nsint n/2 J/n sin t dt
oi n 0
o
71
I,1 = 0 + - In 2
2
dt
50+1 (50+ty
+
I.F = e = 50 +1; m(50 + t)= f(50 + t)dt = 10 +C
J
2
m(50 +1) = 5(50 +1)2 + C; t = 0; m = 0, C = -5.(50) 2
m(50 +1) = 5(50 +1)2 - 5 (50)2
2 5(50y
m = 5(50 +1)
50 + t
5(50^
m(t= 10) = 5 - 6 0 -
60
25x11 2 250 11
m= — = 91-=50 6 - = 50
60
12 3 4 8 36 10 107
iff 83
Bi
12 156 9
P(B,/A) = Ans, ]
52 12 107 ~ 107
9 4 3 1 8 6 2 1 7 6 3 1
9 5 2 1 8 5 3 1 ; 7 5 4 1 ; 6 5 4 2] (9 cases)
8 4 3 2 7 5 3 2
If we usefivedigits then 7,1,2,3,4 (2 cases)
6,5,3,2,1
4!x 5 !x 9 + 5!x4!x2 11 x 5 ! x 4 ! U_
Hence p =
9! 9! 126
[ odd in favour 11 :115]
249
Ans.l
1400
46. P(E) = 1 - P (value of 5 coins is more • A A ( 5 0 P)
Box B B B B (25 P)
than or equal to Rs. 1.50) •CCC DD (10P+5P)
= 1 - P(A A B B B or A A B B C or A B B B B ) ]
N coins
47 6 on bush-I & 4 on bush-II
Note that AB ;BC ;BD are mutually perpendicular E> BC x BD is collinear with AB and so on
1 r -> -» -» 1 220
Volume = - AB, BC, BD = — cu. units
6 J
hence 2a + b + 4c = 0
and 3a + 2b - 2c = 0
x— 1 y-4 z-3
hence the equation of the lines is —— = —— = —— ....(2) Ans.
—10 16 1
now any point P on (2) can be taken as
1-10X ; 16X + 4 ; >. + 3
distance of P from Q (1,4,3)
(10X)2 + (16^.)2 + X2 = 357
(100 + 256+l)X 2 = 357
X=l or - 1 Hence Q is (-9, 20, 4) or (11,-12, 2) Ans.]
x — 1 y-1 z-0
now given line =t ....(2)
x2 + px + 2. = 0<T and r r
t 2r3r4 = 8 r
3r4
^ r - =>
X y a X a X X a X
52. a X X y X a =
y X a
X a y a X y a X y
= [x (xy - ax) - a(y2 - a2) + x (xy - ax) ]2
= [2x2 (y - a) - a (y - a) (y + a) ]2
= (y - a)2 [2x2 - a(y + a)]2
Hence D = (y2 + a2 - 2ay) (2x2 - ay - a2)2 ]
53. Let
a
[2 1 f i 10
2 2 1 a2 _ 13
1 1 1 9
_a3 _
2a, a
2 a,J "10"
2a, 2a, a
3 = 13
a 9
_ai 2 a3_
i.e. a
i = 1 ; a2 = 3 ; a3 = 5
i.e. x, = 1 ; x, = - 1 ; x. = 1 Ans. ]
1 1 1
(a + b + c) - + - + -
Hence proved ]
b+c c+a a+b
N:
r 2 [cos2 0 + sin 0 cos 0 + 4 sin2 0] (1 + cos 20) + sin 20 + 4(1 - cos 20) 5 + sin 20 + 3 cos 20
Nmax = — " 7 = = —
15 (s
" + VTo)' = M
N„ = — (5 - VlO) = m
5 + VTO 15
M + m _ 2vK) _ 2
A= 2007 x - = 1338 Ans.]
» "15-2-3
B-C A . A A . A A
cos- cos sin — + cos—• sin— -cos z — = 0
2 2 2 2 2
B-C A . A A . A
cos- cos sin — - COS" cos sin —
2 2 2 2
A . A B-C A
cos sin— cos COS—
2 2 ' 2 2
A A A
r cos— - sin— =0 tan— = 1 A = 90°
2 2 2
B-C A
if COS" — - c o s y
(l)and (2) r^
y / „ d ^
w
sin(6O-0) sin©
sine X
2x 2x + y
+ 1 = V3cot6 : cote
y V3y
from (2)
d = y cosec 6
(2x+_y) 2\
2 2
d = y (l + cot 6) 2 2
d =y 2 1+
2
d2 = y:, , (2*+yr
3y
d= ^ V x 2 + y 2 + xy Ans. ]
In AAGE : ..(1)
9 9 4
x.2 4v
„.. 2
In ABGD : — + — = 4 or x2 + 4y2 = 36 .(ii) '2 D
9 9
(i)-(ii) , 15x2 = 45
9+4-3 5 9+16-c
In AADC, cosC =
2(2)(3) 6 2(4)(3)
20 = 25 - c2 or c = V5
1 1 5
A=-absinC=-(3)(4) J1- =VlT sq. units ]
v6y
59. From triangle inequality
log1012 + log1075>logI0n
log]0900>log10n => n < 900 ....(1)
also log1012 + log10n>log1075
log1012n>log1075
12n> 75
75 25
n> or n>
12
0 6.25 900
Hence no. of values = 900 - 7 = 893 Ans. ]
60. x + 2y= 10
where x is the number of times he takes single steps
and y is the number of times he takes two steps
Cases Total number of ways
5!
I: x = 0 and y = 5 = 1 (22222)
5!
6!
II: x = 2 and y = 4 2!-4! 15 (1 1 2 2 2 2 )
7!
III: x = 4 and y = 3
- ^ J j =35 (1 1 1 1 222)
let x = at => dx = a dt
at
V-ea/t dJt
1= J T ....(1) (where b/a = a)
a ,
a
put t= => dt = - —r dy
y y
1
f(ey -e a/ - v )dy a
f (e
l
-e a / t )dt
or I= ....(2)
y ~ i
from(1)and(2) 21 = 0 => 1 = 0 Ans.]
f(3) 23k +9 =
1
62. J ^ j = 2^+9 3; /(9)
~/(3) =
^ + 9)
~(23k + 9) =
^~23k "" ( 1 )
3(23k + 9) = 26k + 9
=> 26k-3(23k)-18 = 0
23k = y
y2 - 3y - 18 = 0
(y-6)(y + 3) = 0
y = 6; y = - 3 (rejected)
3k
2 = 6
now f (9) - f (3) = 29k - 23k { from (1)}
3k 3 3k
= (2 ) - 2
= 63 - 6 = 2 1 0
hence N = 210 = 2 • 3 • 5 • 7
Total number of divisor = 2 • 2 • 2 • 2 = 16
number of divisors which are composite = 16 - (1,2,3,5,7) = 11 Ans. ]
|||ly PC = (s - c)
s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)
(PB)(PC) = (s - b)(s - c) =
s(s-a)
V3-1 V6+V2 . B B
sm — sm—
4 2 2
B V6+V2 V3-1
Let siny =x yields x •X + = 0,
V6-V2 V2 B B
whose solutions are x = and x = — . It follows that — = 15° or — = 45°. The second
solution is not acceptable, because A > B. Hence B = 30°, A = 90° and C = 60° ]
•2 = •(2)
4x4
u ax 3 mx2 3 2
axn mx„
now A = J(ax2 - m x + b)dx = + bx 5. + bxo
axQ3 3 3 ax„3
= —- - ax^o + ax„o = —^
3 3
f1 2^
2 a 2 ,x, 6
A
V
4x 4 ) 36
let _
A2 = f (x0) =
36
1
A l••max i7 ' Amax = — = 12 Ans. ]
? 2 36 144' |2
67.
x = 0; /. y= 1 25x = - 2 5
x = - 1; y:
points A and B are (0, 1) and (-1,-6) Ans.
(iv) Circle circumscribing A DAB will have points A and B as its diametrical extremities
x2 + y2 — x(—1) — y(—5) — 6 = 0
x2 + y2 + x + 5y - 6 = 0 Ans.
y-intercept = 2-s/f 2 -c =
2 -7(25/4)+ 6 = 7 Ans. ]
X
a = T [(tl+t2 + t 3 ) 2 - 2 X t l t 2 ]
2a ( 2 a - h ) 2a
Z4!12 = (2a-h)
a '3
26
(a = 1 ; h = 15)
C: I y.0
26 n
1
70. Area = - ab ; also a2 + b2 = 3600
AD:y=x+3
solve to get G = (-1,2)
BE : y = 2x + 4
acute angle a between the medians is given by
m
i~m2 2 - 1 _ ]_
tan a • l + m,m-, tan a = ~
1+2 ~ 3
_a
+
b_
—
2(a +b )
or -3 9=
1 - tan 0 tan p j_2b.2a ab
a ' b
1
9ab = 2 x 3600 - a b =400
Area = 400 sq. units ]
71. W,: Cj = (-5,12) W2: C2 = (5, 12)
r, = 16 r2 = 4
now, CC2 = r + 4
CCj = 16 - r
let C(h, k) = c(h, ah)
CC, 2 = (16 - r)2
(h + 5)2 + (12- ah)2 = (16 - r ) 2
CC22 = (4 + r)2
=> (h - 5)2 + (12 - ah)2 = (4 + r)2
By subtraction
20h = 240 - 40r
=> h'= 12-2r - => 12r = 72-6h ...(1)
By addition
2[h2 + 25 + a2h2 - 24ah + 144] = 272 - 24r + 2r2
2 2 2 12 — h\2
h (l + a ) - 24ah + 169 = 136 - 12r + r = 136 + (6h- 72) + [using (1)]
=> 4[h2(l + a2) - 24ah + 169] = 4[64 + 6h] + (12 - h)2 = 256 + 144 + h2
=>
h2(3 + 4a2) - 96ah + 105 • 4 - 36 • 4 = 0
h2(3 + 4a2) - 96ah + 69 • 4 = 0; for 'h' to be real D > 0
2 2
(96a) - 4 • 4 • 69 (3 + 4a ) > 0
576a 2 -69.3 -276a 2 >0
o 69 13
300a2 >207 => a- > — ;
100'
hence m (smallest) = 10
69
So, m2 = p + q = 169 Ans. ]
100'
n
72. 1 = 3 [(1-sinx) sec xdx = 3 J(l-2sinx + sin2 x)sec4 xdx
2 4
5JC/6 5n/6
Jsec2 x(l + tanz x)dx - 2 jsec x tan x - sec2 x dx + jsec2 x(tanz x)dx
5n/6 5n/6 5n/6
n '( \
=3 j((l + 2tan 2 x)sec2 x)dx-2 j(secxtanxsec 2 x)dx
5U/6 571/6
1 2 1
=3 (0)- '.JL^
a/3 3 3V3 V 3V3j
1
11 2 3V3-8 11 + 6V3-16
+ + =3
IV3 9V3 } 3 3^3 9a/3 3 3V3 9V3
1
dx
73.
0 Vl + X + Vl-X +2
put x = cos20 dx = - 2 sin 20 d0
Jt/4 TT/ 4
j sin 26 d6 tc/4
sin 20 d0 sin 20 d0
1= 2
j V2 cos 6 + V2 sin 0 + 2 = a 2
J JJ
0 cos0 + sin0 +V2 0 ^CQS
+ V2
V4 y
71/4 V4
sin 20 d0 7c/4
l-2sin 2 0
1= d0
1 j ^COS0
Q j Q 11
+1 JQ 1 + COS0
0 cos +
v4
TT/ 4 71/4 71/4 n/4
r 1 n_ m
= 2
- J(1-C°s8>de = J ' sin"
' 01 9
~ 2 l(1-cos9>de
jt/4 71/ 4
= {(cosec2 0 - c o t 0 cosec 0)d0 - 2 J(l-cos0)d0 = - cot 0 + cosec 0 it/4
— 2[0 — sin 0 ] |
n ^
1-COS0 n 1_
= til - l ) - Lim = ( V 2 - l ) - - + V2
Q->o eos0 4 V2 ' 1
7t
2^2-1-
a = 8, b = l , c = 4 => a2 + b2 + c2 = 81 Ans. ]
74. x • g (f(x))f'(g(x))g'(x) = f(g(x))g'(f(x))f'(x)
x g ( / ( * ) ) £ f(g(x)) = f ( g ( x ) ) £ g ( / ( x ) )
x £a*o0) £g(/(x))
/fe(*)> *(/"(*))
a -2a
n o w ,, j/(g(x))dx = l -
0
d i f f e r e n t i a t e w.r.t. 'a'
-2x=f-(/ng(/(x))) In ( g ( / ( x ) ) ) = - x 2 + C
dx
put x = 0, C = 0
g(/(x))= e 5 Hence g ( / ( 4 ) ) = e~ 1 6 k = 16 A n s . ]
yex = 4 | x s i n 2 x dx
I IT
cos2x
yex = 4 x + — Jcos 2x dx
xcos2x• + sin2x
yex = 4
2 4
x
ye = (sin 2x - 2 x cos 2x) + C
f(0) = 0 => C = 0
x
y = e~ (sin 2 x - 2 x cos 2 x )
now f ( k u ) = e~k7C ( s i n 2k7t - 2k7t • c o s 2 k r t ) = e""k7t ( 0 - 2k7i)
f ( k u ) = - 271 ( k • e _ k 7 t )
= 1 • + 2e~ 2 7 t + 3e~-3
3 7 t3
1+ . + oo
S e-* +e ,-2n + 2e~ 371
+ + oo
S ( 1 - e _7C ) = e~ n + e ~ 2 n + e ~ 3 n + oo
1
S ( 1 - e" 71 )
1-e"* e71-!
1
S
(e 71 - l ) ( l - e _ 7 t ) (e71-!)2
-2nan
Ans. ]
(e 71 - l ) 2
f(x + h) ' x + h^ _ i
f(x)
Limit f(x). VX
= f(x)- Limit
h->0 h-»0
Jf 1+
-1
xj f(X)T . . f(l + t ) - l
:
f(x) • Limit I = Limit -i '-—
h->0 h x t->0 t
x —
x
Now putting x = 1, y = 1 in functional rule
f(l)
f(x) 2f(x)
f'(x)= — -f'(l) = ——
x x
f(x) _ 2
f(x) ~ X
/n (f(x)) = 2/nx + C
x = 1; f(l) = 0 => C = 0 ; f(x) = x2
Now solving y = x2 and
x2 + y2 = 2
y2 + y - 2 = 0
(y + 2) (y - 1 ) - o
y=l
A= 2j(V2r7-Vy)dy
= 2 - |Vy dy
i 2
d 2
= now JVy y = -y^
n 3 3
i
y 2 ^ 7 dy y=V2sin0
0
x/4 n/4 jr/4
JV2 cos Q-Jl cos 0d9 2
J2 cos 9 de = J(1 + cos29) d0
9 + — sin 28 71 1
2 —
4 2
+ —
fn 1
Hence A=2 - +
I_2
A = sq. units ]
4 2~3 U " J ,
feBansal Classes Problems for JEE-2007 [39]
slO
1
77. 10
Z +Z 10 13 =0
Zy
NIO
'.3-2 = - 1 = cos Tt + i sin Tt
V
J_
13 Z (cos(2m +1)71 + i sin 2mTt + 7t)1,/10
,(2M+L)7T
=e 10
.(2M+L)FL
J_
Z 13- e 10
,3rc
= 1 3 - e ' 10
i—
!
= 13- e 10
J
io
1 J_
Let a and vJ and so on
io
. TC . TI
1
169-13 [e 'T10o + e 'T10o ] + 1
ab.
1 1
3+TT _ 3+7T
: 10 10
169-13 [e +e ] +1
10
= 170-26 Ree
a.b.
1 1
,3JI
Tt 3ti 5n 3u 9Tt
850 - 26 cos — + cos 1- COS + COS + COS—
aibj 10 10 10 10 10
850 - 26[cosl8° + cos54° + cos90° + cos 126° + cos 162°]
:
850 Ans. ]
= (C 0 + c 3 + c 6 + ) + co(C, + c 4 + c 7 + ) + CO2(C2 + c 5 + c 8 +
(1 + co)n = an + cobn + co2cn ....(2)
llliy (1 + co2)n = an + co2bn + cocn ....(3)
a
n + b n + Cn - 3a b C
n n n = (an + b
n + C
n) K + ®bn + ® 2 c n ) (an + ®2bn + ®Cn)
= 2 (l + co) (1 + co2)n
n n
now
= 2 n (- co2)n (- co)n = 2n
X (an - bn )2 = 2(an + cobn + co2cn) (an + co2bn + cocn)
also Z ( a n - b n ) 2 = 2 Ans.
••• ^ I =
hence x 2 + y 2 = 2 n hence proved ]
-1 3 5 -1 3 5 -1 3 5
79. A = 1 2 -3 -5 1 -3 -5 1 -3 -5 ;
A =5> matrix A is idempotent
-1 3 5 -1 3 5 -1 3 5
Hence A 2 =A 3 =A 4 = =A
x = 2, 3,4, 5, oo
.3
now Lim f l x J 3 + 1
X=2 x - l
n—>oo X +X +1
x=2 =2
r3 4 5 9 \
n(n + l) 3 1_ \3 n -n +1
Lim
n->co 1 2 3' ' (n-1) 7 13 21 n +n + l
n(n +1) 3
Lim Ans. ]
n->oo 1-2 n + n +1 2
a + c^
80. Given log + log log 2
a j
''a + c^
=> log = log2
sin(nx)
81. -jn
n=0
emx _ glllX
put sin (nx) =
2i
n
00 „n;x \
sin(nx) 1 e „n;x
-e J_
I 3n
2i I - I -
n=0 2l n=0 n=0V n=0\
_1_ _3 3
2i 3 - eix 3 - e~ix
1—
3 sin x 1 1
= =
2(5-3 cosx) 2(5-3^/1-(1/9)) 2(5-2V2)
62
62 31
Hence P : Ans. ]
600 300
Select the correct alternative. (Only one is correct):
Q.83 A
[Sol. There are 4C2 = 6 ways a block can differ from the given block in exactly two ways
(1) material and size, (2) material and colour, (3) material and shape, (4) size and colour, (5) size and
shape, and (6) colour and shape. Since there is only 1 choicefordifferent material, 2 choices for different
size, 3 choices for a different colour, and 3 choices for a different shape, it follows that the number of
blocks in each of the above categories is (1 x 2), (1 x 3), (l x 3), (2 x 3), (2 x 3) and (3 x 3),
respectively. The answer is the sum of these six numbers = 29 Ans ]
Q.84 C
[Sol. Consider the expansion of (1 + x)99 and put x = i and equate the real part to get C]
Q.85 B
[Sol. f (x) = | Ax + c | + d
g (x) = -1 Ax + u | + v
(-u/A, v)
\ 0 , D
( M K j /
d - / - - ^ ( - c / A d)
-c/A -u/A
Q.86 D
[Sol. f (x) = x4 - 2x3 + 3x2 - 4x + 1 = 0
f 1 (x) = 4x3 - 6x2 + 6x - 4x + 1
= 2(x - l)(2x2 - x + l )
f' (x) = 0 only at x = 1
also f"(x) = 12x 2 - 12x + 6 = 6(2x 2 -2x + 1)>0 VxeR
=> / i s concave up
f" (1) > 0 => x = l is minima
also f (0) > 1; f(l) = - l
=> two positive and two non real complex roots => (D) ]
Q.87 D
[Sol. Notice the patterns
Power of 3 go like this : 3,9,7,1
Power of 7 go like this : 7,9,3,1
Power of 13 go like this : 3,9,7,1
so knowing that we can see that
31001 ^ 3
-71002 9
1 3 1003 ^ 7
so therefore 3 • 9 • 7 = 9 ]
Q.88
[Sol.C
If a polynomial has real coefficients then roots occur in complex conjugate and
roots are 2i, - 2i, 2 + i, 2 - i
hence f (x) = (x + 2i)(x - 2i)(x - 2 - i)(x - 2 + i)
f ( l ) = ( l + 2 i ) ( l - 2 i ) ( l - 2 - i ) ( l - 2 + i)
f (1) = 5 x 2 = 10
.Also f ( l ) = 1 + a + b + c+ d
l + a + b + c + d=10
=> a + b + c + d = 9 Ans. ]
Q.89 D
(k + 2 ) V k - W k + 2 (k + 2)Vk-kVk + 2 1
[Sol. Fk
k(k + 2)2 - k 2 ( k + 2) 2k(k + 2) Vk Vk + 2
_1 1_
T
i = I .vr V3_
j i_
T =
2 2 ,V2 V4.
J
T1 3 .= —
2 and so on
V3 V5.
1 + V2 _ Vl+V2
as k -» 00, sum 1+ => a + b + c = 11 Ans. ]
V2 2V2 ~ V8
x 65-x
now sin 9
24 36
60 x = 24 • 65
x=26
12 5 65-x
sin 9 = — and cos 9 = —
65 65 65-13 132
again, b=
sin 9 sin 29 2 sin 9 2-5 2
13 12
from(l) A= = 169- 15 = 2535 Ans.]
13 13
Q.91 B
[Hint: Let f (x) = ax3 + px2 + qx + r
nowuse f ( x ) - f ( x - 2 ) = x 2 - 4 x +1
compare the coefficients to get
a = 2/3; p = 1; q = - 1/6; hence p + q = 5/6 Ans. ]
Q.92 B
[Sol. n(S) = 4 x 4 x 4 = 64
n(A) = 211 or 312 or 413 or 431 or 422
6 3 3
P(E) = 77 =
64 32 3 + 29
odds in favour 3 : 29 Ans. ]
Q.93 D
r A \ r«
[Sol. tan •sin • n + cos
J Vl3 j)
, . 4 .,5
= - tan TC+ sm — cos —
v 5 13
4 5
= - tan(a - B) where sin a = — and cosy B = —
5 13
4 _ 12
N
'' tan a - t a n p 3 "5" 20-36 ^6
1 + tan a tan P = , 4 12 Ans. ]
1 + - - —
63 63
3 5
ZL 2
slope of normal = - ; slope of line=- —
_ZL _ 2
2x, = 3y(
~3x, -9
line (x j, y j) lies on the hyperbola
4x
3x2 - y 2 =23 3x^ 23 23 xf =23 • 9
=> Xj = 3 or - 3
hence Pis (3,2) or (-3,-2)
k = 24 or - 24 = B, D Ans. ]
Q.96 A,B,C
[Sol. Equation ofAB
y = 2x - 1
solving it
v2 = 4x
y2 = 2(y+l) = y2 - 2y - 2 = 0
but y, + y2 + y3 = 0
but y} + y2 = 2
••• y3 = - 2 (1,2) \ y
2
=4ax
putting in y2 = 4x
x3 = 1
y+2 = (x-1)
v ^y
y + 2 = x - 1 :> x-y-3 =0
hence gradient of chord at C is 1 => (D) is incorrect ]
Q.97 A,B,C
[Sol. <j)' (x) = 2x[/"' (x2) - / ' (1 - x2)]
now / ' (x) is an increasing function then/" (x2) >f (1-x 2 )
1 1
=> X22 > 11 -2X2' =>
=> x > ^ or x < - ^
fn f
7t X
2 cos — + x sin
2 71 13 , J ~ 2 71 71 71 571 ^
[Sol. tan - X
/ S =-cot - + X :
tan - + —+ X tan — + X
^ 71 ^ 7t X 2 3 6 y
2 sin —+ X sin
J J ~ 2 •y
5tt 2n
— + x = n7t+ — - x 2x = n7t +
' 71
TT . . 7T7^
[Sol. (A) 2 cos— + isin — is real
3 3
2n/2
n7t . . nTt
cos— + zsin— is real
6 6
2 2
(D) Break the interval into 100 identical cases favourable length — => Probability = —
a - b = 1 Ans. ]
QUESTION BANK ON
n
- 3 ,x V
Q.5 The value of Limit (where n e N )is
X->°0
L i m |Yx
For a certain value of c, X—>-00 ^
5
+ 7X4 + 2)
'
c
- xl is finite & non zero. The value of c and the value
-J
ofthe limit is
(A) 1/5,7/5 (B) 0, 1 (C) 1,7/5 (D)none
Q.7 Consider the piecewise defined function
r if x<o
/(x) 0 if 0 < x < 4
L
x-4 if x>4
choose the answer which best describes the continuity of this function
(A) The function is unbounded and therefore cannot be continuous.
(B) The function is right continuous atx = 0
(C) The function has a removable discontinuity at 0 and 4, but is continuous on the rest ofthe real line.
(D) The function is continuous on the entire real line
(
,(0,1) (0,1)
(0,1) , fO.l) ,
(
3 x4
Q.IO Lim
1 - 3x + X 2
( -0
1-x3 1
x^x"
Q.ll ABC is an isosceles triangle inscribed in a circle of radius r. IfAB = AC & h is the altitudefromAto BC
and P be the perimeter ofABC then Linl —equals (where A is the area of the triangle)
x sin
r) for - 1 < x < 1 and x * 0
0 for x—0
m
x 2 sin for - 1 < x < 1 and x * 0
vxj
0 for x =0
h(x) = |x| 3 for - 1 < x < 1
Which of these functions are differentiable at x = 0?
(A)/and g only (B)/and/i only (C) g and h only (D)none
Q.13 If [x] denotes the greatest integer < x, then Limit -L jjy x j +123 x] + + [n3 x]j equals
(A) x/2 (B) x/3 (C) x/6 (D) x/4
X — H~ GOS 2x
Q. 16 If f(x) = x2 , x ^ 0 is continuous at x = 0, then
(A) f (0) = | (B) m ] = - 2 (C) {f(0)} = -0.5 (D) [f(0)]. {f(0)} =-1.5
where [x] and {x} denotes greatest integer andfractionalpart function
\
X
Q.17 The value ofthe limit ^ J — — is
n=2
r x + b, x < 0
Q. 18 The function g (x) = can be made differentiable atx = 0.
. cosx, x > 0
(A) if b is equal to zero (B) if b is not equal to zero
(C) if b takes any real value (D) for no value of b
2 4
(A)- (B) 1 (Q- (D) does not exist
x2n-l
Q.23 The function / (x) = Lim — — i s identical with the function
n->co +1
(A) g (x) = sgn(x - 1) (B) h (x) = sgn (tan^x)
(C) u (x) = sgn( | x | - 1) (D) v (x) = sgn (coHx)
Q. 24 The functions defined by f(x) = max {x2 (x - 1 ) 2 ,2x (1 - x)}, 0 < x < 1
(A) is differentiable for all x
(B) is differentiable for all x excetp at one point
(C) is differentiable for all x except at two points
(D) is not differentiable at more than two points.
x /nx
Q.25 f ( x ) = — and g (x) = — . Then identify the CORRECT statement
1 I 1
(A) ^ ^ and f(x) are identical functions (B) y ^ y and g (x) are identical functions
= 1
(C)f(x).g(x)=l V x>0 (D) Vx>0
xf 3
Q.26 If f(3) = 6 & f' (3) = 2, then ( )~3f(*) isgiyen by .
(A) 6 (B) 4 (C) 0 (D) none of these.
Q. 27 Which one of the following functions is continuous everywhere in its domain but has atleast one point
where it is not differentiable?
(A) f (x) = x1/3 (B) f (x) = (C) f (x) = e~x (D)f(x) = tanx
e hH] (x*0)
Q.30 On the interval I = [-2,2], the function f(x) = J
. lo (x = 0)-
then which one of the following does not hold good?
(A) is continuous for all values of x e I
(B) is continuous for x e I - (0)
(C) assumes all intermediate values from f(- 2) & f(2)
(D) has a maximum value equal to 3/e.
L if 2 < x < 3
where [x] denotes step up function then at x = 2 function
(A) has missing point removable discontinuity
(B) has isolated point removable discontinuity
(C) has nonremovable discontinuityfinitetype
(D) is continuous
Q. 3 3 Suppose that / is continuous on [a, b] and that/(x) is an integer for each x in [a, b]. Then in [a, b]
(A) / is injective
(B) Range of / may have many elements
(C) {x} is zero for all x e [a, b] where { } denotes fractional part function
(D) f (x) is constant
Q.34 The graph of function / contains the point P (1,2) and Q(s, r). The equation of the secant line through
f si r+.2 s - 3
P and Q is y = s — 1 x - 1 - s. The value of / ' (1), is
(A) 2 (B)3 (C)4 (D) non existent
3
(A) (-00,00) (B)[0,oo) (Q (D)
2'"
Q.37 The number of points at which the function, f(x) = | x - 0.5 | + I x - 1 | + tanx does not have a
derivative in the interval (0,2) is :
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Q. 3 8 Let [x] denote the integral part of x e R. g(x) = x - [x]. Let f(x) be any continuous function with
f(0)=f(l) then the function h(x) = f(g(x)):
(A) hasfinitelymany discontinuities (B) is discontinuous at some x = c
(C) is continuous on R (D) is a constant function .
Q.39 Given the function f(x) = 2x^x3 - I + 5\/x jl-x4 + lx2 sjx - 1 +3x + 2 then:
(A) the function is continuous but not differentiable at x = 1
(B) the function is discontinuous at x= 1
(C) the function is both cont. & differentiable at x = 1
(D) the range of f(x) is R+.
[2]
feBansal Classes Q. B. onVector,3D&ComplexNo.&Misc.
Q. 43 The domain of definition ofthe function f (x) = log - x - 61 + 16_xC2x-i + 20_3xP 2x-5 IS
3 ' 1 ^
(A) {2} (B) 4'°° -{2,3} (C) {2, 3} (D)
V 4 j
Where [x] denotes greatest integer function.
x 2 - b x + 25
Q 44 If/(x) = —— — forx^ 5 and / is continuous at x = 5, then/(5) has the value equal to
x - 7 x + 10
(A) 0 (B) 5 (C)10 (D)25
Q.45 Let / be a differentiable function on the open interval (a, b). Which of the following statements must be
true?
I. / is continuous on the closed interval [a, b]
n. / is bounded on the open interval (a, b)
III. If a<aj<bj<b, and/(a,)<0</(bj), then there is a number c such that aj<c< bj and/(c)=0
(A) I and II only (B) I and III only (C) H and III only (D) only HI
1 a
cot (x log a X)
LimU
vQ.46 The value of v \ ( a > l )7 is equal to
s e c " 1 ^ log x aj v H
T . sinxcosx n
Q.48 Let a = min L[x2 + 2x + 3,, x s R]J and b = Lim —X _ — X
Then the value of Y arbn~r is
r=0
Q.49 Period of f(x) = nx + n - [nx + n], (n e N where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function is :
(A) 1 (B) 1/n (C) n (D) none of these
(\ lh
1- X "xl -
Q.50 Let f be a real valued function defined by fix) = sin-1 + COS 1
. Then domain of J(x)
v 3 , \ J j
is given by:
(A) [-4,4] (B) [0,4] (C)[-3,3] (D) [-5,5]
[2]
feBansal Classes Q. B. onVector,3D&ComplexNo.&Misc.
Q.51 For the function f (x) = Lhn ^ ^ ^ ^ 2 ^ which of the following holds?
(A) The range of f is a singleton set (B) f is continuous on R
(C) fis discontinuous for allx s i . (D) fis discontinuous for somexeR
r 2x +l ,xeQ
Q.53 The function f(x)= is
• x2 - 2 x + 5 , x g Q
(A) continuous no where
(B) differentiable no where
(C) continuous but not differentiable exactly at one point
(D) differentiable and continuous only at one point and discontinuous elsewhere
T. x-cos(sin _1 x)
O 55 LIM — -
^ x->i/V2 l-tan(sin x)
Q.56 Which one of the following is not bounded on the intervals as indicated
1
-X_1- 1
(A) f(x) = 2 x on (0, 1) (B) g(x) = x c o sX- on (-oo, oo)
(C) h(x) = xe~ on (0, oo) (D) I (x) = arc tan2x on (-oo, oo)
3T0 COtX
Q. 57 The domain of the functionfix)= , ' ' , where [x] denotes the greatest integer not greater than
x rx2
VM J
x,is:
(A) R (B) R - {0}
(C) R - j±Vn : n eI + u {0}j (D)R-{n:neI}
Q. 62 Number of points where the function f (x) = (x2 - 1 ) | x2 - x - 21 + sin( | x |) is not differentiable, is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C)2 (D)3
T. . cor^Vx+T - V x 7) .
Q.63 Limit \ ' r is equal to
X->00 ^2x + lV.X
sec
,x-l
(A) 1 (B)0 (C) TC/2 (D) non existent
2
-x if x < x 0
Q.64 I f f ( x ) = derivable V x e R then the values of a and b are respectively
- ax + b if x > x 0
(A) 2x 0 , - xc (B)-x0,2x0 (C) - 2x0 , - XQ (P)2xjj , - x 0
1 + cos 2llX
x <
1 - sin 7tx 2
Q.65 Let f(x) = x
= 2 • If f(x) is discontinuous at x= — , then
x> 1
J4 + [l2x - 1 - 2
/n(x2 + e x )
Q 68 Let f(x) = . If Limit f( x ) = / and Limit f( x ) = m then :
/n(x + e )
(A) l=m (B)/=2m (C) 21=m (D) / + m = 0
Ll
. lt;
(sin x - t a n x) 2 - ( l - c o s 2 x ) 4 +x 5
Q.70
x ™ — _! 7 _i . 5— is equal
H to
x^o 7.(tan x) +(sin x) +3sin x
7C
(A) ( O . t c ) (B) ~4 ' K
(C) 0, (D) [ 0 , ^
• • rxi2 • • Tx12]
Q. 72 Let y ^ f ~ ~ = / & - = m, where [ ] denotes greatest integer, then:
X X
(A) / exists but m does not (B) m exists but / does not
(C) I & m both exist (D) neither / nor m exists .
tan x _1 sin x
Q.73 The value of limit
t 1 " 1 ' 1 ( (;{ , }/ f ); /) . { ) where { x} denotes thefractionalpart function:
{x}({x}-l)
(A) is 1 (B) is tan 1 (C) is sin 1 (D) is non existent
In (V 2 + 2Vxj
Q.74 If f(x) = — p is continuous at x = 0, then f (0) must be equal to
tan
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) e2 (D) 2
8b 8a" A 2l
2b J
(A) (B) (C) (D)
tan2 {x}
x2 - [x]2 for x > 0
Q.78 Let f(x) = 1 for x = 0 where [ x ] is the step up function and { x} is the fractional
V{x} cot {x} for x < 0
\2
x . t a (cosx)
2 x*0
Q.79 If f(x)= '"(i + x ) " ' " then:
[0 x=0
(A) fis continuous at x = 0 (B) fis continuous at x=0 but not differentiable at x=0
(C) fis differentiable at x = 0 (D) fis not continuous at x = 0.
Q. 84 If 0 is small & positive number then which of the following is/are correct ?
, . . sinG Sm6
(A) — =1 (B) 9 < sin0 <tan0 (C) sin0 < 0 < tan6 (D) — >
e 0 6
x . 2X - x . (to. 2
Q.85 Let f(x) & g(x) = 2xsin —- then:
1 - cosx . V 2 J
x-1
Q.86 Let f(x) = 2 . Then:
2x - 7x + 5
(A) Limit f(x) =_I (B) Limit f ( x ) = _ I (C) Limit f ( x ) = 0 (D) Limit does not exist
Q. 88 If x is a real number in [0,1 ] then the value of Limit Limit [l +cos 2m (n! % x)] is given by
(A) 1 or 2 according as x is rational or irrational
(B) 2 or 1 according as x is rational or irrational
(C) 1 for all x
(D) 2 for all x.
Q.89 If f(x) is a polynomial function satisfying the condition f(x). f(l/x) = f(x) + f(l/x) and f(2) = 9 then:
(A) 2 f(4) = 3 f(6) (B) 14f(l) = f(3) (C) 9f(3) = 2f(5) (D) f(10) = f(ll)
Q. 90 Which of the following function(s) not defined at x = 0 has/have removable discontinuity at x=0 ?
1 (B) f(x)=cos
rx
sinx (C)f(x) = x s i nn- (D) f(x) =
(A) f(x) =
1+ 2 C
x in |xi
Q.92 If f(x) — cos cos ( J ( x ~ OJ ; where [x] is the greatest integerr function of x, then f(x) is
continuous at :
(A)x = 0 (B) x = 1 (C) x = 2 (D) none of these
(C) y = sin (arc tan x); y = , X (D) y = cos (arc tan x); y = sin (arc cot x)
V1 + x2
i smx x<c
Q. 102 A weight hangs by a spring & is caused to vibrate by a sinusoidal force. Its displacement s(t) at time t
is given by an equation of the form, s(t) = — (sin kt - sin ct) where A c & k are positive constants
2
c -k2
with c^k, then the limiting value of the displacement as c —» k is
x x
^
Q 103
T IMIT
Limit v
(cosa)
/
- v(sina)
/
- cos2a W H ,E R E O< a < -
n is.
x- 4 2
A 3)1 V3ALSNV
MATHEMATICS
XII (ABCD)
HOME ASSIGNMENT
Objective: Vector, 3D & Complex
Subjective: Misc. Topics
Q.2 The position vector ofa point P moving in space is given by OP = R = (3cost)i+ (4cost) j + (5sint)k-
The time't' when the point P crosses the plane 4x - 3y + 2z = 5 is
TC 71 71 71
(A) — sec (B) — sec (C) — sec (D) — sec
rh. Zj +z 2
Q.4 If is purely imaginary then ZJ Z is equal to :
2 2
Q.6 If a, b, c are non-coplanar unit vectors such that a x (b x c) = -4= (b+c) then the angle between a & b is
V2
(A) 3 TT/4 (B) TI/4 (C) 7i/2 (D) n
Q. 7 The sine of angle formed by the lateral face ADC and plane of the base ABC of the tetrahedron ABCD
where A s (3, -2,1); B = (3, 1, 5); C s (4, 0, 3) and D = (1, 0, 0) is
2 5 3^3 -2
(C) (D)
^ v^ 7i?
Q.8 Let z be a complex number, then the region represented by the inequality | z + 2 | < | z + 4 | is
given by :
(A) R e ( z ) > - 3 (B) Im(z)<-3
(C) Re(z) < - 3 & I m ( z ) > - 3 (D) R e ( z ) < - 4 & I m ( z ) > - 4
Q.9 The volume of the parallelpiped whose edges are represented by the vectors a = 2 i - 3j + 4k,
b = 3i - j + 2k , c = i + 2j - k is :
(A) 7 (B) 5 (C) 4 (D) none
1
Q. 12 If z be a complex number for which z + - = 2, then the greatest value of | z | is :
Z
Q.13 If the non - zero vectors a & b are perpendicular to each other, then the solution ofthe equation,
? x a = b is :
(A)
v 7 ? •= xa + —— fa x b) K(B)
J r = xb - (a x b)
a. a V > b.b \ '
(C) r = xa x b (D) r = xb x a
where x is any scalar.
x-2 y-3 z-4 x—1 y-4 z-5
Q.14 Thelines—:— = —:— = —— a n d - — = -—— = ——are coplanar if
1 1 K K 2* 1
(A) k = 1 or - 1 (B) k = 0 or - 3 (C)k = 3 o r - 3 (D)k = 0 o r - 1
Q.21 Locus of the point P, for which OP represents a vector with direction cosine
(D) a disc parallel to y z plane with centre on x - axis& radius equal to OP sin 60°
Q.22 A line with direction ratios (2,1,2) intersects the lines f = - j + X(i + j + k) and f = - i + p(2i + j + k) at
A and B, then / (AB) is equal to
(A) 3 (B)V3 ( Q 2V2 (D)V2
Q.23 The vertices ofa triangle are A (1,1,2),B(4,3,1) & C (2,3,5). The vector representing the internal
bisector ofthe angle A is :
(A) 1 + j + 2k (B) 2i - 2j + k (C)2i + 2 j - k (D)2i+2j + k
Q.24 Lowest degree of a polynomial with rational coefficients if one of its root is, V2 + 1 is
(A) 2 (B)4 (C)6 (D) 8
Q.25 A plane vector has components 3 & 4 w.r.t. the rectangular cartesian system. This system is rotated
7T
through an angle — in anticlockwise sense. Then w.r.t. the new system the vector has components :
Q.26 Let a =xi+ 12j - k; b = 2i + 2xj + k & c = i + k. If the ordered set b c a ] is left handed, then:
(A) x e (2,00) (B) x e (-00, - 3) (C)xe(-3,2) (D)xe{-3,2}
Q.27 If cosai + j + k , i + cospj + k & i + j + cosyk (a ^ p * y * 2 n Tt) are coplanar then the value of
2 ot ?p y
cosec —t-cosec — + cosec — equal to
2
2 2 2
(A)l (B)2 (C) 3 (D) none of these
Q.28 The straight line (1+2/)z+(2/-l)z = 10/ on the complex plane, has intercept on the imaginary axis
equal to
Q.30 Which one of the following does not hold for the vector V = a x (b x aj?
(A) perpendicular to a (B) perpendicular to b
(C) coplanar with a & b (D) perpendicular to a x b.
Q.31 Let z,,z 2 &z 3 be the complex numbers representing the vertices ofa triangleABC respectively. If P is
a point representing the complex number z0 satisfying;
a (Zj - z0) + b (z2 - z0) + c (z3 - z0) = 0, then w.r.t. the triangle ABC, the point P is its :
(A) centroid (B) orthocentre (C) circumcentre (D) incentre
Q.32 Given the position vectors ofthe vertices ofa triangle ABC, A=(a) ;B=(b) ; C = (c). A vector r is
parallel to the altitude drawn from the vertex A, making an obtuse angle with the positive Y-axis. If
I r | -2V34 ;a = 2i—j—3k ;b =i + 2 j - 4 k ; c = 3 i - j - 2 k , t h e n f is
(A) — 61 — 8j — 6k (B) 61 - 8 j + 6k ( C ) - 6 i - 8 j + 6k (D) 6i+8j + 6k
Q.33 The complex number, z = 5 + i has an argument which is nearly equal to:
(A) 7t/32 (B) 71/16 (C) 7t/12 (D) 71/8
Q.35 If the equation x2 + ax + b = 0 where a, b e R has a non real root whose cube is 343 then
(7a + b) has the value
(A) 98 (B) - 49 (C) - 98 •'(D) 49
Q.37 Equation ofa line passing through the point with position vector 2i + 3j and orthogonal to the plane
containing the vectors A and B, is
(A) r = (A, + 2)i-(2?i-3)j + A,k (B) r = (X - 2)1 - (2X-3)j + Xk
Q.3 9 Volume of the tetrahedron whose 3 coterminous edges are the vectors A, B and C = 2i + j - 4k is
(A) 1 (B) 4/3 (C) 8/3 (D) 8
Q.42 The vectors a , b , c are ofthe same length & pairwise form equal angles. If a = i + j & b = j + k, the
pv's of c can be :
Q.43 Which of the following locii of z on the complex plane represents a pair of straight lines?
(A) Rez 2 = 0 (B) Imz 2 = 0 (C)|z|+z =0 (D) | z - 1 | = I z - i |
Q.45 Ifa , b , c &d are the pv's of the points A, B, C & D respectively in three dimensional space & satisfy
the relation3a - 2 b + c - 2d=0, then:
(A) A, B, C & D are coplanar
(B) the line joining the points B & D divides the line joining the point A & C in the ratio 2:1.
(C) the line joining the points A & C divides the line joining the points B & D in the ratio 1:1
(D) the four vectors a , b , c & d are linearly dependent
a_b
(A) x = - 1 ; y = 1 & 2 cos
2
v j
f A
x = - 1 ; y = 1 & cos a b + 1I a + b I cos i,-(a + b)
k /
f A > (aAb^
a b
I =-2 cot COS &x = - l , y = 1 (D)none
2 2
v y
Q.48 The lines with vector equations are; r, = -3i + 6j + A, (-4 i + 3 j + 2 kj and
Q.50 The acute angle that the vector 2i - 2j + k makes with the plane contained by the two vectors
2i + 3 j - k and i - j + 2k is given by:
Q.51 The volume of a right triangular prism ABCA, B ,Cj is equal to 3. If the position vectors of the vertices of
the base ABC are A( 1,0,1); B(2,0,0) and C(0,1,0) the position vectors of the vertex Aj can be:
(A) (2,2,2) (B) (0,2,0) (C) (0,-2, 2) (D) (0,-2,0)
[2]
feBansal Classes Q. B. on Vector, 3D & Complex No. & Misc.
A /A. ^
Q.53 Ifa line has a vector equation, r = 2i + 6j + X i - 3j) then which of the following statements holds
good?
(A) the line is parallel to 2 i + 6 j (B) the line passes through the point 3 i + 3 j
(C) the line passes through the point i + 9 j (D) the line is parallel to xy plane
Q.54 If a , b, c are non-zero, non-collinear vectors such that a vector
Q. 5 5 The greatest value ofthe modulus of of the complex number ' z' satisfying the equality z' + = 1 is
z
SUBJECTIVE:
/nx ex - 1 - x -x
Q.2
v Using
6 only
17 the limit theorems Lim = 1 and Lim = 1. EvaluateT 7 77.
x->i x - 1 x->o x /nx-x + 1
Q.3 The three vectors a - 4 i - 2 j + k ; b - 2i - j - k and c = 2 i + k are all drawn from the point with
p.v. i - j . Find the equation of the plane containing their end point in scalar dot product form.
3
Q.6 Evaluate: f| (x - l)(x - 2)(x - 3) |dx
1
Q.7 Given that vectors A, B,C form a triangle such that A = B + C ,finda,b,c,d such that the area of the
triangle is 5-^6 where A = ai + bj + ck; B = di + 3j + 4k & C =3i + j - 2k.
Q.9 Find the distance ofthe point P(i + j + k) from the plane L which passes through the three points
A(2i + j + k), B(i + 2j + k), C(i + j + 2k). Also find the pv of the foot of the perpendicular from P on the
plane L.
vr~-
rVsmsir4x + cosr x Vsin4 x + cos4 x
Q.IO Evaluate: (a) J : dx , x dx
sm xcosx H
\ 1 j smxcos x
Q.ll Find the equation ofthe straight line which passes through the point with position vector a, meets the line
?=b + tc and is parallel to the plane r. ii = 1.
dx
Q.12 Integrate: f- 3
cos x - s i •n 3 x
Q.13 Find the equation of the line passing through the point (1,4,3) which is perpendicular to both of the lines
x-1 y+ 3 z-2 x+2 y-4 z+1
_ = —:— = —:— and —-— = —— = ——
2 1 4 3 2 -2
Alsofindall points on this line the square of whose distance from (1,4,3) is 357.
\2 +n-l
+ n -1
Q.14 Lim
n-»co n
Q.15 If z-axis be vertical, find the equation of the line of greatest slope through the point (2, -1,0) on the
plane 2x + 3y - 4z = 1.
tc/2 k/2 •
f cosx f sinx ,
Q.16 Let I = Jf - dx and J = j — d x , where a> 0 and b> 0.
0 acosx + bsinx 0 acosx + bsinx
_ q(q3-3)
Q.l ,decreasing in q e (-1, 1), q •*• 0
1m V t C i - i (
Q.10 (a) ' z where t = corx;
4 Vt + l + l
(b)
s 1. i r + 1 - 1
+ -/n
2
+ C, where t = tan2x
2 4 Vt +1-4-1
Q.ll r = a + A. ( i - b ) - ^ c '
c.n
A 3)1 V3MSNV
KEY CONCEPTS
THINGS T o REMEMBER :
L LOGARITHM OF A NUMBER :
REMEMBER
The logarithm of the number N to the base 'a' is the exponent indicating
the power to which the base 'a' must be raised to obtain the number N. log, 0 2 = 0.3010
This number is designated as logaN. logI03 = 0.47 71
x
Hence: log N = x <=> a = N ,a>0,a*l&N>0 In 2 = 0.693
y logz>y
v x. log7 y.' log
oz^ " oaa z = logx.
©a y eIn a
3. PROPERTIES OF MONOTONOCITY OF LOGARITHM :
(i) For a> 1 the inequality 0 < x < y & log a x< logay are equivalent.
(ii) For 0 < a < l the inequality 0 < x < y & log a x>log a y are equivalent.
(iii) If a > 1 then loga x < p => 0 < x < ap
(iv) If a > 1 then logax > p => x > ap
M If 0 < a < 1 then log a x<p => x > ap
(vi) If 0 < a < 1 then log. x > p 0 < x < ap
NOTETHAT:
y If the number & the base are on one side ofthe unity, then the logarithm is positive; If the number &
the base are on different sides of unity, then the logarithm is negative.
The base of the logarithm 'a' must not equal unity otherwise numbers not equal to unity will not have
a logarithm & any number will be the logarithm of unity.
7
Q.14 Calculate: (a^ j ^ ^ - 5 ^ . _ (b)
Q.15 Simplify the following :
- -J
81
(a) [ (b) 5 , 0 8 - y + l o g 4
:+log,,
2 / 1/2
v y v 7+V3 10+2V2T '
Q.l 6 Show that logic =20, where the base of log is 10.
Q.l 8 Express log4a + log s (a) ,/3 + [l/loga8] as a logarithm to the base 2.
Q.22 Prove that ax - b>' = 0 where x = ^og^b & y = / l o § b a , a > 0 , b > 0 & a , b * 1.
log ]0 (x-3) _ 1
Q.24 (a) S o l v e f o r x , l o g J x 2 _ 2 1 ) - 2
EXERCISE-II
Note : From Q.l to Q.9, solve the equation for x :
Q.l log ]0 [3 + 2.1og10(l +x)] = 0. Q.2 (1 /12) (log,0x)2 = (1 /3)-(1 /4) (log,0x)
Q.3 XIOGX+4 = 22, where base of logarithm is 2. Q.4 logx+1 (x2 + x - 6)2 = 4
Q.5 x+log 10 (l+2 x ) = x.log 10 5 + log106.
Q.6 5iogx_3iogx-i ^3iogx+i _5iogx-i; where the base of iogarithm is 10
__ l + log 2 (x-4)
Q 7 = 1
' log (VTTs-^i)
'1N
Q.9 log 4 + . + —
2x log 3 = log ( ^ + 27).
Q. 10 Prove that log710 is greater than log, ,13.
Q.ll If ^ U ^ g b . b i i , s h Q w t h a t aa bb Cc=1
b-c c-a a-b
Q.12 If a = log1218 & b = log2454 then find the value of ab + 5(a-b).
Q.13 If x = 1 + logabc, y = 1 + logbca, z = 1 + logcab, then prove that xyz = xy + yz + zx.
Q.14 If p = logabc, q = logbca, r = logeab, then prove that pqr = p + q + r + 2.
Q.15 If logba. logca + logab. logcb + logac. logb c = 3 (Where a, b, c are different positive real numbers * 1),
then find the value of abc.
Q.17 If loga N_ lo g l l N -• logfcN where n >o & N 1, a,b,c> 0 & not equal to 1, then
log c N logbN-logcN
prove that b2 = ac.
2
1x m'°8
(logxf-logx
, where base of logarithm is 10.
Q. 18 Find all the s o l u t i o n s of the e q u a t i o n | ~
Q.19 Solve the system ofthe equations (ax)loga = (by)logb; b,ogx = a'°s-v where a > 0, b > 0 and a*b,ab*l.
Q.20 Solve the system ofthe equations log9(x2 + l) r log 3 (y-2) = 0and log 2 (x 2 -2y 2 + 1 0 y - 7 ) = 2.
2 if b>a>l
Q.23 Prove that : 2 log b
2 a if l<b<a
r
Q.24 Solve for x: log 2 (4-x) + log (4-x) . log •2 log2! x 0.
V ~J
Q.25 If P is the number of integers whose logarithms to the base 10 have the characteristic p , and
Q the number of integers the logarithms of whose reciprocals to the base 10 have the characteristic - q,
then compute the value of log!0 P - log10Q in terms of p and q.
EXERCISE-TII
•I 1 • » • — w
iEM
JPll
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE-I
Q 5. 0.3522 Q 6. 343
25 1 + 2ac
Q19. Q 20. 2c + a b c + 1
J_ l_ J_
Q 25. (a4, a, a 7 ) 4 ' a 'a 7 J
Va
EXERCISE-II
Q 7. x = 5 Q 8. x = 1 Q 9. x s (j)
Q.25 p - q
EXERCISE-III
MATHEMATICS
XII (ALL)
LIMIT, CONTINUITY
&
DIFFERENTIABILITY
W- OF FUNCTION
LIMIT
KEY CONCEPT Page -2
EXERCISE-I.. Page -3
EXERCISE-II . « Page -4
EXERCISE-III Page -6
CONTINUITY
KEY CONCEPT Page-7
EXERCISE-I Page -9
EXERCISE-II Page -13
EXERCISE-III Page -16
DIFFERENTIABILITY
KEY CONCEPT Page -17
EXERCISE-I..., Page -18
EXERCISE-II Page -20
EXERCISE-III Page -23
(v) L-it f [g(x)j = ffLimit g(x)] = f(m); provided fis continuous at g (x) = m.
s m x
,o) Limit = i1 = Limit = Limit t a n - ' X = L i m i t SUT'X
V"/ x->0 X
x->0 „X x-»0 x—>0
[ Where x is measured in radians ]
( Limit
(b) Limit (1 + x)1/x = e = Limit note however there h-» o (1 - h ) n = 0
, Limit ,.
and (1 + h ) n - » oo
m ~ Limit
v
x-a
4. SQUEEZE PLAY THEOREM :
If f(x) < g(x) < h(x) V x & L«mt f(x) = / = Limit h ( x ) then Ljmit g(x) = /.
5. INDETERMINANT FORMS :
3! 7! 2! 4! 6!
EXERCISE-I
2
Lim Lim x -x.lnx +lnx - 1
Q/ X->1
Vx-1 x—1
r „ _ 2-v/x + 3x1/3 + 5x1/5
Lim Tjm 1 +A/tanx
x—>1v i - x p i-x ; q x X 6 ' Lim 1 - 2 cos x
-i a
Q/7. ^ X ) Lim tan where a eR
e' + e"1
^10. L^m ( x _ / n cogh x ) w here cosh t :
Lim Lim 1 ~ t a n x
.^HL x cos-1 [cot x] where [] denotes greatest integer function ^ Q 12. x_>| ~ — ^ s i n x
>bey the sec 4x-sec 2x
Lim [/n (1 + sin2x). cot In2 (1 + x)]
x—>0 sec3x-secx
01-COSX 1
Lim V2 - cos 0 - sin 0 Lim
i 0 - > f 16. f x(x-f)
(49 — 7i)2
^Bansal Classes Limits, continuity & Differentiability of Functions [31
[2]
OT17. If Lim a sinx-sin 2x . finite t h e n f m d t h y a l u e f,
, & ^ limit
-sr-^n * 3x__
tan
LfoocL'
..2 X2 2
X2 y f Lim (ln(l + x) - ln2)(3.4x~1 - 3x)
n 115. Lim A 1-cos X cos— + cos—cos—
X
x->0 x8
S
2 4 2 4 x-^1 [ ( 7 + x ) l_ ( 1 + 3x )i]. sm ( x _l)
1 1 -
Using Sandwich theorem to evaluate ^TT + J 2 + j + 2+
+
Vn 2 +2n
jt 1
021. Givenf(x)= Lim tan"1 (nx); g(x) = Lim s in 2n xandsin(h(x))=-[cos7t(g(x))+cos(2f(x))]
Find the domain and range ofh (x).
At the end-points and the midpoint of a circular arc AB tangent lines are drawn, and the points^
are joined with a chord. Prove that the ratio ofthe areas of the two triangles thus formed tends to •
arc AB decreases indefinitely.
EXERCISE-II
2
8x +3 (1+x1
\l/x
2x2 + 3 X +c
^ L JjS 2x2 +5
, 02. Lim
Vx- c
=4 thenfindc
,21 n f
Tt 2-bx 71
sm' 5 Lim x sin £n jcos
2-axJ V^ X
-V tan-*
Lim ' x ^ 7tX
tan •
x-^00 cos 271 aeR
.l + x; /
x ,t 1 \nx
f\ q Lim ^ x - l + cosx^ Lim a, + a,* +a, + +ar where aj,83,83, V
t-/V x-»0 x->co
ax
))]
Lim tan 2 x-x 2 T im X n f ( x ) + g ( x )
n—>0
° x n +l xsR
x2tan2x
Q p . Lim [1.x ]+ [2.x ]+ [3.x ] + +[n.x] ^ where ^ denotes the greatest integer function.
1 — x "f" /n x
Q 16. Without using series expansion or LHospital's rule evaluate, Lim
x—>1 1 + COS71X
exp(xln(l + j -expfxln(l +
Limit-
X-><»
Q 18. If sn be the sum of n terms of the series, sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x + + sin nx then show that
Limit s i + s 2 + + sn = 1 cpt | (x;£2k7t)kGl)
n
1+x
in (1 + x) x
\l+
1
Q 19. ^ X
2
X
23 -1 33 - 1 43 -1 n3-l
5 ^ 0 i. Let P„n = .Evaluate Lim
n—>oo p
2 + 1 3+1 4 + 1 n 3 +l
7T
Q 21. A circular arc of radius 1 subtends an angle ofx radians, 0 < x < — as shown in
thefigure.The point C is the intersection of the two tangent lines at A& B. Let
itsAandB T(x) be the area of triangle ABC & let S(x) be the area of the shaded region.
to 4 as the Compute:
0
(b) S(x) & (c) the limit of as x -> 0.
S(x)
-|l/x
&
j I = fljk Lim ^x + Vx+Vx -Vx
yx + yx + Vx ^ ' L
e
If f(n, 9 ) = n ^ " t a n 2 ^ r j , then compute Lim / ( n , 6)
ax - xa
Q 24. Let/=Lim Lx-»a
im where a > 0. If / = m thenfindthe value of ' a'.
x- a & m =
x- a
.2
f
cosh — e'+e" 1
Q 2 y Lim X where cosh t = Lim 2 (tanx - sinx) - x3
x 1x1
7t 2 -°
cos—
>0 V XJ
Q 27^ Through a point A on a circle, a chord AP is drawn & on the tangent at A a point T is taken such t
^ AT = AP. If TP produced meet the diameter through Aat Q, prove that the limiting value ofAQ whe
moves upto Ais double the diameter of the circle.
J^f28. Using Sandwich theorem, evaluate
1 2 n '
Lim n n
v* n
-*=° 1 + n^ 2 + n2 +.*.
2 + ^ + ^n + n22 (b)
w
n^ (
00 a
v +b )n ,0<a<b
'
Lim x 2 +l Lim
^ j Q 29. Find a & b if :Ji) X-»00 X + l - a x - b = 0 (ii) X-»-00 x+ l -ax-b
\x + h
Q30. Showthat Lim (sm(x + h))x + h (sinxf =(sinx)X[xcotx + /nsinx]
EXERCISE-III
l
l + 5x2
[ IIT'96,1 ]
_l + 3x
A Lim j]-cos2(x-l)
[ IIT '98, 2 ]
^ X-^l x-l
(A) exits and it equals ^2 (B) exits and it equals - ^2
(C) does not exist because x - 1 -» 0
(D) does not exist because left hand limit is not equal to right hand limit,
j j m xtan2x - 2xtanx
[JEE'99, 2 (out of200)]
(1 - cos2x)2 1S :
Geometrically, the graph ofthe function will exhibit a break at x= c. The graph as shown is discontinuous
5,2] atx = 1, 2 and3.
3. Types of Discontinuities:
Type -1; (Removable type of discontinuities)
In case Limit f(x) exists but is not equal to f(c) then the functionis said to have a removable discontinuity
: of200) ] or discontinuity of the first kind. In this case we can redefine the function such that Limit f(x) = f(c) &
X-K;
e x 2 -.16
x =
it of 100] -g- f ( ) — , x 4 & f (4) = 9 has an isolated point discontinuity at x = 4.
0 if x e l
Similarly f(x) = [x] + [-x] = has an isolated point discontinuity at all x e I.
L - l if x e I
ning), 3] Type-2: (Non - Removable type of discontinuities)
In case Limit f(x) does not exist then it is not possible to make the function continuous by redefining it.
x—>c
Such discontinuities are known as non - removable discontinuity or discontinuity of the 2nd kind.
Non-removable type of discontinuity can be further classified as:
ning)] , 1 1
(a) Finite discontinuity e.g. f(x) = x - [x] at all integral x; f(x) =tan — at x = 0 and f(x) = — at x = 0
it of 60] 1+2*
( note that f(0+) = 0 ; f(0") = 1)
[5]
^<§BansalClasses Limits, continuity & Differentiability of Functions
rn
tanx 7t COSX CL ;
(b) Infinite discontinuity e.g. f(x) = or g(x) = 2 at x = 4; f(x) = 2 at x —- and f(x)
x-4 (x-4) x
atx = 0. d)
e)
(c) Oscillatory discontinuity e.g. f(x) = sin J- atx=0.
x
In all these cases the value off(a) of the function at x= a (point of discontinuity) may or may not exist but
Limit does not exist.
x-»a
y?
Note: From the adjacent graph note that
a)
- fis continuous at x = - 1
- f has isolated discontinuity at x = 1 b)
- f has missing point discontinuity at x = 2 i)
- f has non removable (finite type) x
1 2 «)
discontinuity at the origin.
Nature of discontinuity
In case of dis-continuity of the second kind the non-negative difference between the value ofthe RHL at
X=c & LHL at X = c is called THE JUMP O F DISCONTINUITY. A function having afinitenumber of jumps
in a given interval I is called a PIECE WISE CONTINUOUS or SECTIONALLY CONTINUOUS function in this
interval. i)
5. All Polynomials, Trigonometrical functions, exponential & Logarithmic functions are continuous in their »)
domains.
I.
6. If f & g are two functions that are continuous at x= c then the functions defined by:
FJ (x) = f(x) ± g(x) ; F2(X) = K f(x), K any real number ; F3(x) = f(x).g(x) are also continuous at
f(x)
x= c. Further, if g (c) is not zero, then F4(x) = is also continuous at x=c.
CONTINUITY IN A N INTERVAL :
a) A function fis said to be continuous in (a, b) if fis continuous at each & every point e(a, b).
EXERCISE-I
/ncosx
if x>0
VT^-i
5K. Let f(x):
i sin4x _ j
if x <0
/n(l + tan2x)
Ab)
id f(b) Is it possible to define f(0) to make the function continuous at x=0. If yes what is the value of f(0), if not
then indicate the nature of discontinuity.
:)• g(x) is not
f(x) _
—— , x * 3
Q^r. 3 2
Suppose that f(x) = x -3x -4x+ 12 and h(x) : x-3 then
K , x= 3
find all zeros of /(x)
)t necessarily JJo)findthe value of K that makes h continuous at x=3
^j(e)using the value of K found in (b), determine whether h is an even function.
^jX8. Let [x] denote the greatest integer function & f(x) be defined in a neighbourhood of 2 by
[x+l]
(exp {(x+2)ln4}) 4 -16
,x<2
f(x) = 4X-16
. l-cos(x-2)
(x-2)tan(x-2) ,x>2
Find the values ofA& f(2) in order that f(x) may be continuous at x=2.
ktnSx
Un<X
if 0<x<f
The function f(x) = b+2 if x=f '
(ijtanxl^
(l+|cosx|)m if §<X<7T
; g =
Q 12. Let f(x) = * j ' x>o ^ {(x + ij,/2 ! x > 0 • Discuss the continuity of g(f(x)).
[5]
^<§BansalClasses Limits, continuity & Differentiability of Functions
if X<f
n 3cos x *
Determine a & b so that f is continuous at x = —. f(x) = a if X=*§
At b(l-sinx) if X>f
(it-2x)J
is continuous at x = 0.
sin 3x+Asin 2x+Bsin x (x* 0) is cont. at x = 0. Find A& B. Also find f(0).
• && Iff(x)=-
-L-
x-l for 0<x<2
Discuss the continuity ofthe function T defined as follows: f(x) x+1 for 2 <x< 4 and draw the
:
x+1
x-5 for 4<x<6
graph of the function for x e [0,6], Also indicate the nature of discontinuities if any.
of
yr If f(x) = x + {-x} + [x], where [x] is the integral part & {x} is the fractional part of x. Discuss the
continuity of fin [ - 2 , 2 ].
j^8
ax - b for x<1
Find the locus of (a, b) for which the function f (x) = 3x for 1 < x < 2
bx - a for x >2
is continuous at x = 1 but discontinuous at x=2.
Prove that the inverse of the discontinuous function y=(1 + x2) sgn x is a continuous function.
Ol9 x n f (x) + h(x) +1 sin2(7t-2x)
Let g (x) = Lim _ , x ^ 1 and 5g(l)
W = Lim —f ' \ be a continuous function
2x + 3x + 3 /n(sec(7i-2x)j
at x = 1, find the value of 4 g ( l ) + 2 f ( l ) - h ( l ) . Assume that f (x) and h (x) are continuous at x = 1.
If g: [a, b] onto [a, b] is continous show that there is some c e [a, b] such that g (c) = c.
2 + cosx
The function f(x) = 3 is not defined at x = 0. How should the function be defined at
v x sinx x 4 ^
Q.22 x = 0 to make it continuous atx=0. Use of expansion of trigonometric functions and L' Hospital's rule
is not allowed.
„sinx „tanx
^ 3 f(x) : a -a for x > 0
tanx-sin x
/n(l + x + x,2 ) + / n ( l - x + x )
for x < 0, if fis continuous at x = 0, find 'a'
sec x - c o s x
r
xN
now if g (x) = In 2 - - cot (x - a) for x a, a ^ 0, a > 0. If g is continuous at x = a then show that
v
g(e 1 ) = - e .
(b) If f(x- y)=f(x)- f(y) for all x, y and f(x) is continuous at x = 1. Prove that f(x) is continuous for all x exce^
atx=0. Given f ( l ) * 0 .
J)
^.25 Givenf(x)=Z i t a n ( J J s e c ^ J ; r , n e N
g(x)=
1 +(f (x) + tan
r-i
tn |( f ( x ) + t a n | - ) "I (f(x) + t a n ^ -
n
[sin(tanf)] W
71
= k for x = — and the domain of g (x) is (0, tc/2).
where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function. f
Find the value of k, if possible, so that g (x) is continuous at x=nJ4. Also state the points of discontinui!
of g (x) in (0, n/4), if any.
, 0 f(x) £
Let f (x) = x 3 - x2 - 3x - 1 and h (x) = where h is a function such tha,t
(a) it is continuous every where except when x = - 1 , (b) Lim h(x) = oo and (c) Lim h(x) = -p>
X—>00 X->-L 2
:27 Let f be continuous on the interval [0,1] to R such that f (0) = f (1). Prove that there exists a point c i'
1 - ax + xa x ^na
for x<0
axx2
Q.28 Consider the function g(x) = x x where a >0.
2 a - x^n2 - x^na - 1 for x>0 9
Without using, L 'Hospital's rule or power series,findthe value of'a' & 'g(O)' so that the function g(x) i
continuous at x = 0. (j
^-sm-l(l-{x}2)).sm-l(\-{x})
for x * 0
Let f(x) V2({x}-{x}3) where {x} is the fractional part of
n
for x = 0
2
Consider another function g(x); such that
g(x) = f(x) for x > 0
=2V2 f(x) for x < 0
Discuss the continuity of the functions f(x) & g(x) at x=0.
Discuss the continuity of f in [0,2] where f(x) = |4x-5|[x] for x > l . w here [x] is the greates'
[cos7tx] for x < l
integer not greater than x. Also draw the graph.
[14] Bansal Classes Limits, continuity & Differentiability of Functions [15]
,,
t+r . EXERCISE-II
iowthatf(x)i ^
(OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)
a). If f(x) = for x* , then the value which can be given to f(x) at x = j so that the function
01
cK
W fix)
v
' = L'
n-)-«^ 1+nsin —
7tx is continuous at x = 1.
2x+l if -3<x<-2
yy The function f(x) = -x—1 if -2<x<0 is continuous everywhere in (-3,1).
:>f discontinue x+2 if 0<x<l
The function defined by f(x)= [T^TF for x * 0 & f(0) = 1 is continuous at x=0.
1 / 21/(1-x)
^im h(x) = The function f(x)=2" i f x ^ 1 & f(l) = 1 is not continuous at x = 1.
'£ The functionf(x) = 2xA/(x3 -1) + sVx V(l-x4) + 7x2 V(x-l) + 3x+2 is continuous at x = 1.
There exists a continuous function f: [0,1] [0,10], but
istsapointci there exists no continuous function g: [0, l]-^4(0,10).
Q 2. Fill in the blanks
(h>C The function f(x)=-7-7 has non removable discontinuity at x= & removable discontinuity at x
/ ln|xj
= respectively.
function g(x) i f i
If f(x) is continuous in [0,1 ] & f(x) = 1 for all rational numbers in [0,1 ] then f ^
fi.
x + aV2sinx , 0<x<-|
mal part of yijpf The values of'a' & 'b' so that the function f (x) = 2x cotx + b , -J < x <
acos2x-bsinx , - | < x < 7 t
it
(e}r
7 If ffx)=
v ~^ cosx —1 is continuous at x = 4 thenf
y ' cot x ~ l 4
is the greatesi
x Indicate all correct alternatives if, F(x) = — - 1 , then on the interval [0, TC]
Y
(A) tan (f(x)) & are both continuous (B) tan (f (x)) & —-y are both discontinuous
(C) tan (f(x))&f _ 1 (x) are both continuous (D) tan (f(x)) is continuous but —j— isnot
t (xj
' f i s a continuous function on the real line. Given that
X2 + (f(x) - 2) x - V3 • f(x) + 2 V3 - 3 = 0. Then the value off( S )
(A) can not be determined (B) is 2 ( i - V s ) 3)
2(V3 - 2)
v
(C) is zero (D) is '
^J&f If f(x) = sgn (cos 2 x - 2 sin x + 3), where sgn ( ) is the signum function, then f(x)
(A) is continuous over its domain (B) has a missing point discontinuity
(C) has isolated point discontinuity (D) has irremovable discontinuity.
^/f) Let g(x) = tan-1 |x| - cot -1 |x|, f(x) = J-J JJJ {x}, h(x)=jg(f(x))| where (x) denotesfractionalpart and
[x] denotes the integral part then which of the following holds good?
(A) h is continuous at x = 0 (B) h is discontinuous at x = 0
(C)h(0~)=! (D)h(0 + ) = - |
x n - sinx 11
J g T Consider f(x) = Limit T for x > 0, x * 1 ^
m=o
then
(A) f is continuous at x = 1
(B) f has a finite discontinuity atx = 1
(C) f has an infinite or oscillatory discontinuity at x = 1.
(D) fhas a removable type of discontinuity at x= 1.
=0 for x = 0
where {x} is thefractionalpart function; [x] is the step up function and sgn(x) is the signum function ofx
then, f(x)
(A) is continuous at x = 0 (B) is discontinuous at x = 0
(C) has a removable discontinuity at x = 0 (D) has an irremovable discontinuity a t x - 0
K
g(x) = cos2x - - <x<0
4
h(x)-- 1 forx =0
)nal part and _ f(x) forx >0
then, which ofthe following holds good,
where {x} denotesfractionalpart function.
(A) 'h' is continuous at x = 0 (B) 'h' is discontinuous at x = 0
(C) f(g(x)) is an even function (D) f(x) is an even function
x^ 2x — 1
jX) The function f^x) = [x], c o s — — x , where [•] denotes the greatest integer function, is discontinuous at
(A) all x (B) all integer points
(C)nox (D) x which is not an integer
(i
rX2 Let f(x) be a continuous function defined for l<x<3. If f(x) takes rational values for all x and f (2)= 10,
thenf(l,5) g.= . [JEE'97, 2]
JT3 The function f(x) = [x]2 - [x2] (where [y] is the greatest integer less than or equal to y), is discontinuous
at: •
(A) all integers (B) all integers except 0 & 1
(C) all integers except 0 (D) all integers except 1
[JEE'99, 2 (out of200)]
[e 1 / ( x - 1 ) -2
X^l
l/(x-l) +2 '
X = 1
ut of200)] , , , a . L i m i t+ f ( a - h ) - f ( a )
1
v ; - h—>o _h
Provided the limit exists & is finite.
We also write f'(a + ) = f' + (a) & f'(a") = f'_(a).
continuous at * This geomtrically means that a unique tangent withfiniteslope can be drawn at x = a as shown in the
figure. *
(iii) Derivability & Continuity:
[REE'99, 6] (a) If f '(a) exists then f(x) is derivable at x= a => f(x) is continuous at x = a.
(b) If a function f is derivable at x then f is continuous at x.
For:r(x)= Umitf(x + h)-f(x) ^
Also f ( x + h ) - f ( x ) = f ( x + h)
" f ( x ) - , h [ h * 0]
h
out of 100] Therefore:
f ( x + h } f(x)
S ^ x +hHW] h - *=f'(x).o=o
e.g. the functions f(x) = | x | & g(x) = x s i n i & g(0) = 0 are continuous at
x
x = 0 but not derivable at x = 0.
N O T E CAREFULLY :
(a) Let f '+(a) = p & f ' (a) = q where p & q are finite then:
(i) p = q => fis derivable at x = a => fis continuous at x = a.
(ii) p * q => f is not derivable at x = a.
It is very important to note that f may be still continuous at x = a.
In short, for a function f:
Differentiability => Continuity ; Continuity =£> derivability;
Non derivibality =£• discontinuous ; But discontinuity => Non derivability
(b) If a function fis not differentiable but is continuous at x = a it geometrically implies a sharp corner;
x= a.
3. DERIVABILITY OVER A N INTERVAL: *
f (x) is said to be derivable over an interval ifit is derivable at each & every point ofthe interval f(x) is sai
to be derivable over the closed interval [a, b] if :
(i) for the points a and b, f'(a+) & f'(b - ) exist &
(ii) for any point c such that a < c < b, f '(c+) & f (c - ) exist & are equal.
NOTE :
1. If f(x) & g(x) are derivable at x = a then the functions f(x) + g(x), f(x) - g(x) , f(x).g(;
will also* be derivable at x = a & if g (a) * 0 then the function f(x)/g(x) will also be derivable at x = a.
2. If f(x) is differentiable at x = a & g(x) is not differentiable at x = a, then the product function F(x)=f(:
g(x) can still be differentiable at x = a e.g. f(x) = x & g(x) = | x |.
3. If f(x) & g(x) both are not differentiable at x = a then the product function;
F(x) = f(x)- g(x) can still be differentiable at x = a e.g. f(x) = | x | & g(x) = | x |.
4. If f(x) & g(x) both are non-deri. at x = a then the sum function F(x) = f(x)+g(x) may be a differential
function, e.g. f(x) = | x | & g(x)=-1 x | •
5. If f(x) is derivable at x = a f'(x) is continuous at x=a.
x 2 sin-L if x ^ 0
e.g.f(x) =
0 if x = 0
A surprising result: Suppose that the function f (x) and g (x) defined in the interval (xL, x^ contain
the point Xq, and if fis differentiable at x=Xq with f (Xq) = 0 together with g is continuous asx = xQtl
the function F (x) = f (x) • g (x) is differentiable at x=x 0
e.g. F (x) = sinx • x2/3 is differentiable atx=0.
EXERCISE-I
1
Discuss the continuity & differentiability ofthe function f(x)=sinx+sin | x | , x s R. Draw a rough ske
V^ of the graph of f(x).
^Ofi- Examine the continuity and differentiability offix)= | x | + | x - l | + i x—2 | x e R .
Also draw the graph of f(x). }
Q. 3 Given a function/ (x) defined for all real x, and is such that
f ix + h) - f (x) < 6h2 for all real h and x. Show that/(x) is constant.
1 for —o6<x<0
s^jzrfi Aftinctionfis defined as follows: f(x) = 1+sinx for 0<x<-|
2+(x-f) 2 for f<x<+oo
-T-L+i]
x
^ . 7 Let f(x) = xe ^ ; x ^ 0, f(0) = 0, test the continuity & differentiability at x = 0
f(x) = , x * 0 & f(0) = - 1 where [x] denotes greatest integer less than or equal to x.
m
Test the differentiability off(x) at x = 0.
x^) containin
|2x-3|[x] for x>l
>us as x=Xq t h e ^ ^ 4 Discuss the continuity & the derivability in [0,2] of f(x):
sin-j- for x<l
where [ ] denote greatest integer function.
If f(x) = - 1 + | x - 11, - 1 < x 3 ; g(x) = 2 - | x + l | , - 2 < x < 2 , then calculate
w a rough sketc (fog) (x) & (gof)(x). Draw their graph. Discuss the continuity of (fog) (x) at x = - 1 & the differentiability
of(gof)(x)atx= 1.
X 16 The function
ax(x-l) + b whenx<l
f(x) = x - 1 whenl<x<3
2
px + qx+2 whenx>3
Find the values of the constants a, b, p, q so that
CO f(x) is continuous for all x
® f ' ( l ) does not exist
f'(x) is continuous at x = 3
(iii)
l/x _ -l/x
J^A 8 Discuss the continuity on 0 < x < 1 & differentiability at x = 0 for the function.
fl8J
^Bansal Classes Limits, continuity & Differentiability of Functions - • [19]
1-x , (0<x<l)
5;
differentiability of / a t x= 0.
J^23 A function f : R -> R satisfies the equation f(x + y) = f(x). f(y) for all x, y in R
f(x) * o for any x in R. Let the function be differentiable at x = 0 & f (0) = 2. Show that f (x) = 2f(x) 1
all x in R. Hence determine f(x).
t
^"24 Let f(x) be a real valued function not identically zero satisfies the equation,
f(x + yn) - f(x) + (f(y))n for all real x & v and f ' (0) > 0 where n (> 1) is an odd natural number. F
f(10).
Q.25 Afunctionf: R->RwhereRisasetofrealnumberssatisfiestheequation
f(ii±I) = f(x)+f^)+f(0). for a l l x y in R If t he function is differentiable at x = 0 then show that
Iff(x) = | sinx | & g(x)=x 3 thenf[g(x)] is & at x= 0. (State continuity and deriv;
Let f(x) be a function satisfying the condition f(- x) = f(x) for all real x. If f'(0) exists, then its1
^QrzT For the function f(x) = 1 + el/x ' , the derivative from the right, f (0+) = & the de
x=0
from the left, f(0~)=_
QCS The number of points at which the function f(x) =* max. {a-x, a+x, b}, - CO<X<QC, 0 <a<
^ be differentiable is .
,1: W J
loga(a|[x] + [ - x f for xl * 0 ; a > 1
5.7 Givenfix)= 3 + aA where [ ] represents the integral
for x = 0
0 < a < b cannot-Q^ The set of all points where the function f(x) = y ^ y is differentiable is:
(A) (-00,00) (B) [ 0, 00 ) (C)(-00, 0 ) ^ ( 0 , 00) (D) (0, 00) (E) none
f(x) = I [x]x | i n - 1 < x < 2 , where [x] is greatest integer < x then f(x) is:
(A) cont. atx = 0 (B) discont. x = 0 (C)notdiff. a t x = 2 (D)diff. atx = 2
1.7 f(x) = 1 + x. [cosx] in 0 < x < %/2, where [ ] denotes greatest integer function then,
* (A) It is continuous in 0 < x < 7t/2 (B) It is differentiable in 0 < x < TC/2
(C) Its maximum value is 2 (D) It is not differentiable in 0 < x< %/2
Q. 18 f(x) = (Sin-'x)2 Cos(1/x)ifx^0;f(0) = 0,f(x)is:
(A) cont. no where in - 1 < x < 1 (B) cont. every where in - 1 < x < 1
(C) differentiable no where in - 1 < x < 1 (D) differentiable everywhere in - 1 < x <
7C %
JZ.19 f(x) = | x | + |sinx| i n ( ~ . y j . l t i s :
(A) Conti. no where (B) Conti. every where
(C) Differentiable no where , (D) Differentiable everywhere except at x :
jrfS) If f(x) = 3(2X+3)2/3 + 2x+3 then,
(A) f(x) is cont. but not diff. at x = -3/2 (B) f(x) is diff. at x = 0
(C) f(x) is cont. at x = 0 (D) f(x) is diff. but not cont. at x = - 3/2
^^21 Iff(x) = 2+ | sin^xl ,itis:
(A) continuous no where (B) continuous everywhere in its domain
(C) differentiable no where in its domain (D) Not differentiable at x = 0
^#22 If f(x) = x2 sin (1/x) ,x*0andf(0) = 0 then,
(A) f(x)is continuous a t x = 0 (B)f(x) is derivable atx = 0
(C) f (x) is continuous at x = 0 (D) f'(x) is not derivable at x = 0
yj^h A function which is continuous & not differentiable at x = 0 is:
(A) f(x) = x for x < 0 & f(x) = x2 for x > 0 (B) g(x) = x for x < 0 & g(x) = 2x for x > 0
(C)h(x) = x | x | x s R (D)K(x) = 1 + 1 x | , x e R
(C) differentiable for all x (D) such that—= *— for-1 < x < 0
&
3Vl-x*
*
Min[f(t)/0<t<x] for 0<x<f ^
Let f(x) = Cosx &H(x)=
Lf-x for f <x<3 '
(A) H (x) is cont. & deri. in [0,3 ] (B) H(x) is cont. but not deri. at x=TC/2
(C) H(x) is neither cont. nor deri. at x = %!2 (D) Max. value of H(x) in [0,3 ] is 1
:
2 + ,/(l-x2) |x| < 1
v yfi Discuss the continuity & differentiability of the function f(x)
_2e(1"x)2 ,\x\>l
[REE'98, 6]
The function f(x) = (x2 - 1) | x2 - 3x + 21 + cos (| x |) is NOT differentiable at:
(A)-l (B)0 (C)l (D)2
[JEE'99, 2 (out of200)]
Q.5 Let f: R —> R be any function. Define g: R R by g (x) = |f(x)| for all x. Then g is
(A) onto if fis onto (B) one one if f is one one
(C) continuous iffis continuous (D) differentiable iffis differentiable.
[JEE 2000, Screening, 1 out of 3 5 ]
^C^T" Discuss the continuity and differentiability ofthe function,
Ixl > 1
f(x) = |x| < r [REE,2000(3)]
|x|<1
1 -ix! '
Q.7 [JEE 2001 (Screening)]
3
vK Let f : R -» R be a function defined by , f (x) = max [ x , x ]. The set of all points where
f (x) is NOT differentiable is:
(A) { - 1 , 1 } (B) ( - 1 , 0 } (C) {0,1} (P) { - 1 , 0 , 1}
The left hand derivative of, f (x) = [ x ] sin (TT x) at x = k, k an integer is:
(A) ( - l ) k (k - 1) 71 (B)(-l)*-i(k-l)7t
(C)(-l)kk7t ( D ) (— 1 ) k ~ 1 k TT
Which ofthe following functions is differentiable at x = 0 ?
(A) cos (! x | ) + | x | (B) cos ( | x j - x
(C)sin(!xi) + |x| ( D ) s i n ( | x | ) - |x|
Q.8 Let a e R. Prove that a function / : R R is differentiable at a if and only if there is a function
g : R -> R which is continuous at a and satisfies /(x) - / ( a ) = #(x) (x - a) for all
xeR. [JEE 2001, (mains) 5 out of 100]
Jx + a if x < 0 Jx + 1 if x < 0
1 f = x = 2
J ^ ^ | | x - l | if x > 0 ^ g ( ) | ( x - l ) + b if x > 0
Where a and b are non negative real numbers. Determine the composite function gof. If (gof) (x) is
continuous for all real x, determine the values of a and b. Further, for these values of a and b, is gof
differentiable at x=0? Justify your answer. [JEE 2002,5 out of 60]
Q/i2 If a function f: [ -2a, 2a] -» R is an odd function such that f (x) = f (2a - x) for x e [a, 2a] and the left
hand derivative atx= a is 0 thenfindthe left hand derivative at x = - a.
[JEE 2003, Mains-2 out of 60] ^ ^
Q. 1 3 ^ T h e function given by y= | | x | - l | is differentiable for all real numbers except the points
Q8
(A) {0,1,-1} (B)±l ' (C)l (D)-l '
fl)
(b) If f (x) is a continuous and differentiable function and f I = 0, V n > 1 and n e l , then Q 11
Q21,
Q 22,
Q 26.
Q l.<
Q6./r
EXERCISE-I
2
45 P-q 1
2 Q 3 2 Q4 Q 5 Q 6
Q1.3 Q ^Y ' ' 2 VF ' ~3
Q 7. (a) TC/2 if a > 0; 0 if a = 0 and -TC/2 if a < 0 (b) f(x) = | x |
1 1 2
Q 8.5050 Q9.a=-;r=-;S= - Q10./n2 Q11. does not exist Q 12.2
Zf i J
£
Q 13. 1 Q 14. — Q 1 5 . — Q 1 6 . —
2 16V2 tc
Q 8. e1/2 Q 9. (a,.a2.a3....an) Q l O . f , 71
2 ' 2V2
TC2a2+4 2
Q 11. a = c = 1, b = 2 Q12.-—4- Q 13.
16a 3
1
x 2
Q 15. - Q 16. - — Q 17. a - b Q 19. 1/2 Q 20. -
2 TC i
x x sinx l i 3
Q21.T(x)= :: - tan 2 -, sinx or t a n , S ( x ) = 2X~2 s nx
i ,linfit=-
EXERCISE-III
Q l . e2 Q2.D Q 3. C Q 4. C Q 5 . B
2
Q6./na Q7. C Q8. C Q.9 1—
TC
Q 20. 5 Q22. —
60
39
Q26. g (x) = 4 (x + 1) and limit = - —
Q28. a = - L , g ( 0 ) = ( ^
EXERCISE-II
Q 1. (a) false; (b) false; (c) false; (d) false; (e) false; (f) true; (g) false; (h) true
Q2. (a)c = ± l ; ( b ) . x ± l , - l & x = 0 ; ( c ) . l ; ( d ) . a = | , b = - ~ (e). 1/2
Q 3. (a) D (b). B, C (c). C, D (d). B (e). C (f), A (g). B (h) A (i) D (j) A (k) C
EXERCISE-III
Q.l R - [ - l , 0 ) ; discontinuous for all integral values in domain except at zero
Q.2 10 Q.3 D Q.4 a=/n| ; b= | ; c=1
Q.5 Discontinuous at x = 1; f(l + ) = 1 and f(l~) = - 1
Q 16. a * 1, b = 0, p = — and q = - 1
Q 17. If a e (0, 1) f ' (0+) = - 1 ; f ' (0") = 1 => continuous but not derivable
a = 1; f(x) = 0 which is constant => continuous and derivable
If a > 1 f ' (0") = - 1 ; f ' (0+) = 1 => continuous but not derivable
Q 18. conti. inO<x< 1 ¬diff. atx = 0
Q.19 fis conti. but not diff. atx= 1, disconti. a t x = 2 & x = 3 . cont.& diff.at all other points
Tt 71 1
Q.20 (a) f ' (0) = 0, (b) f ' = — ,v^(c) x= 7n s I
v 3
y 3
v y 2 ' ' 2n + l
a
Q.21 continuous but not derivable at x= Q.22 f ' ( 0 ) =
1-k
Q.23 f(x) = e2x Q.24 f(x) = x f(10) = 10
EXERCISE-II
Q.l 2 Q.2 conti. & diff. Q.3 0 Q.4 f'(0 + ) = 0 , f ' ( 0 - ) = l
Q.5 2 Q.6 C Q.7 B Q.8 A
Q.9 D Q.10 B Q.ll A Q.12 D
Q.13 D Q.14 A Q.15 A, B, D Q.16 A, C
Q.17 A, B Q.18 B, D Q.19B, D Q.20 A, B, C
Q.21 B, D Q.22 A, B, D Q.23 A, B, D Q.24 A, B, D
Q.25 A, D
EXERCISE-III
Ql f(x) is conti. & diff. at x = 1; f(x) is not conti. & not diff atx = 2 Q.2 A C, D
Q.3 conti. but not derivable at x = 1, neither cont. nor deri. at x = - 1 Q.4D
Q.5 Q.6 Discont. hence not deri. at x = 1 & - 1 . Cont. & deri. at x = 0
Q.7 (a)D, (b) A, (c) D Q.9 D Q.10 C Q.ll a = 1; b = 0(gof)'(0) = 0
Q.12 f'(a~) = 0 Q.13 (a) A, (b) B, (c) y - 2 = 0
2+
—
2 + '--oo
Q. 2 Find the sum of the solutions of the equation
2e 2 x ~ 5ex + 4 = 0. [2]
Q.3 Suppose that x and y are positive numbers for which log9x = log12y = log15(x + y). If the value of
are defined, such that g(x) = [f(x)] - j-^y-j & h(x) = sgn (f(x» for x e domain o f f , otherwise
g(x)=0=h(x) for x <£ domain o f f , where [x] is the greatest integer function of x & {x} is the fractional
7C
part of x. Then discuss the continuity of'g' & 'h' at x=— and x = 0 respectively. [5]
Q.6 J f ^ d x [5]
x y
Q.2 The straight line - + - = 1 cuts the x-axis & the y-axisinA&Brespectively& a straight line perpendicular
to AB cuts them in P & Q respectively. Find the locus of the point of intersection ofAQ & BP.
[2]
tanO 1 cot0
Q.3 If -———-—— = —, find the value of . 1[3]
J
tan 0 - t a n 30 3 cot0~cot30
Q.4 If a A ABC is formed by the lines 2x + y - 3 = 0 ; x - y + 5 = 0 a n d 3 x - y + l = 0 , then obtain a cubic
equation whose roots are the tangent of the interior angles of the triangle. |4]
r dx
Q.5 Integrate: J / 2 2 x f~r~ 2 (a>b) [5]
(a - t a n xK/b - tan x
J
xsinx cosx
Q.6 dx [5]
(a cos^ x + b z sin2 x)2
z
d dy
Q.7 Let — (x2y) - x - 1 where x ? 0 and y = 0 when x = 1. Find the set of values of x for which —
dx
is positive. IS]
Q. 1 Let x = (0.15)20. Find the characteristic and mantissa in the logarithm of x, to the base 10. Assume
log in 2 = 0.301 and Iog103 = 0.477. K O l o c / 3 f Z P I ^ o -M^Z- PI
Q.2 Two circles of radii R & r are externally tangent. Find the radius ofthe third circle which is between them p
and touches those circles and their external common tangent in terms of R & r. [2]
Q.3 Let a matrix A be denoted as A=diag. 5 X ,5 ,5 then compute the value ofthe integral J( det A)dx.
[3]
Q. 4 Using algebraic geometry prove that in an isosceles triangle the sum ofthe distancesfromany point of the
base to the lateral sides is constant.
(You may assume origin to be the middle point ofthe base of the isosceles triangle) [4]
J'
- x dx
Q.5 Evaluate: + x [5]
Vx + X2 + X3
'a3 a2-3 f U3
b -3 ( „3
2{.l AX*
G
1 4 -t
MATHEMATICS
XII (ALL)
A
•• . • . . • M .•: ..::. : . i •'• i-ifP ; "••:•;•••• •
V: i: . : •• ' :
: I ".V. '
. . .. .
1
: • ; ,
METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
^3x + dy
Q.3 Ify = f & f'(x) = tanx 2 then
' v 5x + dx
(A) tanx 3 3x + 4 1
(B) - 2 tan
5x + 6 (5x + 6)
3tanx2 + 4
(C)f z tanx 2 (D) none
5tanx + 6
1
Q.4 If y = sin xJ 1 - x + Vx J l - x 2 l & = —7 + p, then Fp :
• ^ J dx 2yjx(l - x)
(A)0 (B) sin"1 x (C) sin-1 Vx (D) none of these
^2x -
Q.5 If y = f & f ' (x) = sinx then
vx + \j dx
1 + x - x2 2 (l + x - x 2 j . f 2 x - l X
(A) sm (B) ^ L sin
oi
x2 + l j 1+X x2 + l j
f T
1 - x + x2 Z
2x-JX
(C) sin (D) none
vx2 + ly
.10
Q.6 Let g is the inverse function of f & f ' (x) = . If g(2) = a then g' (2) is equal to
(l + x2)
.10
1+a 1 + a10
(A) j, (B) 30
(C) 1+a
(D)
dy
Q.7 If sin (xy) + cos (xy) = 0 then
dx
£
(A) x (C) - (D)
' 1 A J_
Q.9 The derivative of sec 1
w.r.t. - j i c2 at x = —
2 is
v2x -1.
(A) 4 (B) 1/4 (C) 1 (D) none
/
2
Q.10 If y = P(x), is a polynomial of degree 3, then 2 l^—J . — j j equals : (t,!v£(* i v ^ v * " ^
^ (A) P "' (x) + P' (x) (B) P " (x). P "' (x) (C) P (x). P "' (x) (D) a constant r ,w
Q.ll Let f(x) be a quadratic expression which is positive for all real x. If
g(x) = f(x) + f' (x) + f" (x), then for any real x, which one is correct.
(A) g(x) < 0 (B) g(x) > 0 (C) g(x) = 0 (D) g(x) > 0
dy
Q.12 If xP.yi = (x + y)P+c! then ^ is:
(A) independent of p but dependent on q (B) dependent on p but independent of q
(C) dependent on both p & q (D) independent of p & q both.
g(x). cos^x if x jt 0
Q.13 Let f(x) = " where g(x) is an even function differentiable at x = 0, passing
0 if x = 0
through the origin. Then f' (0):
(A) is equal to 1 (B) is equal to 0 (C) is equal to 2 (D) does not exist
Q.20 People living at Mars, instead ofthe usual definition of derivative D f(x), define a new kind of derivative,-
D*f(x) by the formula
f2(x + h)-f2(x)
D*f(x)= Limit where f 2 (x) means [fix)]2. If fix) = x /nx then
h—>0 h
D*f(x)| x = e has the value
(A)e (B)2e (C)4e (D)none
Q.21 If f(4) = g(4) = 2 ; f ' (4) = 9 ; g' (4) = 6 then Limit VeOO ig £ q u a l tQ .
Vx - 2
Q.23 If y = x + ex then is :
dy2
-1
(A) ex (B) - (C) - (D)
M M M
2
dy
Q.24 If x2y + y3 = 2 then the value of ~ z atthepoint(l, l)is:
dx
3
(A) - 4 (B) (C) (D) none
12
Limit 8(x).f(a)-g(a).f(x)
Q.25 If f(a) = 2, f ' (a) = 1, g(a) = - 1 , g' (a) = 2 then the value of x- a
(A) - 5 (B) 1/5 (C) 5 (D) none
Q.27 The derivative ofthe Rmction, f ( x ) = c o s " 1 ( 2 c o s x - 3sinx)| + sin -i j - ^ L (2cosx + 3sinx)j
3
w.r.t. yjIl + x7 at x = —• is :
10
(A) (B)- (C) (D) 0
Q.28 Let f(x) be a polynomial in x. Then the second derivative of f(ex), is: A , , £ ca
(A) fi " (e x)).. ee-x + f ' (ex) (B) f " (e x ). e2x + f ' (e x ). e2x J ' X •,< t ^ ^' H
(C) f " (ex) e 2x (D) f " (e x ). e 2x + f ' (e x ). ex q ^ c>| f •
1
A,©*' i * ^ * ) ' s
Q.29 The solution set of f ' (x) > g' (x), where f(x) = - (5 2x+1 ) & g(x) = 5X + 4x (In 5) is :
2
Co*H
(A) x> 1 (B) 0 < x < 1 (C) x < 0 (D) x > 0
it you
x2-l x2 + 1 l I dy
Q.30 If y = sin-1 + sec 1
, , I x | > 1 then — is equal to :
x2 + l xL —1 1 dx
sjw „2
oo then ^y =
X X X X X X
Q.31 If y =
a+ b+ a+ b+ a+ b + dx
a _ b
(A) (B) ( Q 77 + 2by (D)
ab + 2ay ab + 2 by ab + 2ay
Q.32 Let f (x) be apolynomial function of second degree. If f (1) = f (-1) and a, b, c are in A.P., then f'(a),
f'(b) and f'(c) are in
(A) G.P. (B)H.P. (C)A.G.P. (D)A.P.
y yi y2
y 3 y4 y5
Q. 3 3 If y=sin mx then the value of (where subscripts of y shows the order of derivatiive) is:
y6 y? y8
£ (A) independent of x but dependent on m (B) dependent of x but independent of m
(C) dependent on both m & x (D) independent of m & x.
Q.35 If f&g are differentiable functions such that g'(a)=2& g(a)=b andif fog is an identity function then
f' (b) has the value equal to :
; (A) 2/3 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) 1/2
x3
Q.36 Given f(x) = - — + x2 sin 1.5 a - x sin a. sin 2a - 5 arc sin (a2 - 8a + 17) then:
(A) f(x) is not defined at x = sin 8 (B) f ' (sin 8) > 0
(C) f ' (x) is not defined at x = sin 8 (D) f' (sin 8) < 0
Q. 3 7 A function f, defined for all positive real numbers, satisfies the equation fix2)=x3 for every x > 0. Then
the value of f ' (4) =
(A) 12 (B) 3 (C) 3/2 (D) cannot be determined
Q.38 Given: fix) = 4x3 - 6x2 cos 2a + 3x sin2a. sin 6a + Mn (la - a 2 ) then:
(A) fix) is not defined at x = 1/2 (B) f ' (1/2) < 0
(C) f ' (x) is not defined at x = 1/2 (D) f ' (1/2) > 0
d2v dv
mx 2 x
Q.39 If y = (A + Bx) e + (m - l)" e then - 2m ^ + m2y is equal to :
Jx^fCcJ-
• ^ (B) e^L
\-'t*\ (C) v-vv^
e^L (D)
Q.40 Suppose/(x) = eax + ebx, where a * b, and that f (x) - 2f (x) - 1 5 / ( x ) = 0 for all x. Then the product
ab is equal to
A>25 (B)9 (C) 15 <D) 9
n^J " "
Q.41 Let h (x) be differentiable for all x and let/(x) = (kx + ex)h(x) where k is some constant. Ifh(0) = 5,
h' (0) = - 2 and f ' (0) = 18 then the value of k is equal to
- (A) 5 (B)4 (C)3 (D)2.2
f
Q.42 Let e W = In x. If g(x) is the inverse function of fix) then g' (x) equals to :
(A) ex (B) ex + x (C) e<* + eX> (D) e(x + /nx)
dy
Q.43 The equation y2exy = 9e-3-x2 defines y as a differentiable function of x. The value of — for
x = - 1 and y = 3 is
£
(A)-y (B)-| (C)3 (D)15
Q.45 The function f(x) = ex + x, being differentiable and one to one, has a differentiable inverse f '(x). The
l°gsin|3x| COS"
v2y
for x = 0
/ % %x
then, the number of points of discontinuity of f in is
r ? 3 J
(A) 0 (B)3 (C)2 (D)4
dy
Q.47 If y = — — — x ) Vx ^en — wherever it is defined is equal to :
yja-x + yjx-b dx
(a + b) 2x + (a + b)
(A) ,X + ( a + b ) .(B) ?X"(a+b) (O- (D)
V(a-x)(x-b) 2V(a-x)(x-b) 2V(a-x)(x-b) 2A/(a-x) (x-b)
d2y dy
Q.48 If y is a function of x then —7 + V 7 - = 0. If x is a function of y then the equation becomes :
dx dx
, AX d 2 x dx ^dx^3
(A) - r + x 7 = 0 =0
dy dy Vdy,
2
Q.49 A function f (x) satisfies the condition, f (x) = f ' (x) + f " (x) + f " ' (x) + co where f (x) is a
differentiable function indefinitely and dash denotes the order of derivative. If f (0) = 1, then f (x) is:
2
(A) e^ (B) ex (C) e2x (D) e4x
[9]
i| Bansal Classes Q. B. on Method of differentiation
2
cTx " ^dy^ 3 d y
H 7 = K then the value of K is equal to
Q.51 I f ^ r vdxJ dx
(B)-l (C)2 (D)0
(A)l
if x * 0
Q.53 Let y = f(x) =
0 if x = 0
Then which of the following can best represent the graph of y = f(x) ?
1(0,1)
(A)"" ^
imn
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C)-l (D)X'
(A) f(h) + 2hf'(h) (B) 2f(h) + hf'(h) (C) hf(h) + 2f'(h) (D) hf(h)-2f'(h)
a-b (a2 - b 2 ) a 2 - b2
(A)" (B)0 (Q- (D)
6a 2u2
b 3a 2 b2
Q. 5 9 Suppose the function /(x) -/(2x) has the derivative 5 at x = 1 and derivative 7 at x = 2. The derivative
of the function/(x) -/(4x) at x = 1, has the value equal to
t (A) 19 * (B) 9 (C) 17 (D) 14
x4-x2+l dy
Q.60 If y = ?= and — = ax + b then the value of a + b is equal to
x + V3x + 1 dx
., , ( A ) C O t
571 571 571 57T
J>^ T (B)cot— (C)tan- (D)xmj
^V
Q.61 Suppose that h (x) =/(x)-g(x) and F(x) = /(g(x)), where/(2) = 3 ; g(2) = 5 ; g'(2) = 4 ;
f'(2) = - 2 and f'(5) =11, then
(A) F'(2) = 11 h'(2) (B) F'(2) = 22h'(2) (C) F'(2) = 44 h'(2) (D) none
s
2 d
Q.66 If y = x xx then ,y
dx
dy
Q.68 If 2X + 2y = 2X+ y then ~ has the value equal to :
dx
2» 1 2*(l-2')
(A)-? (B)— (C) 1 - 2* TO^nj
d2v
(C) —5- = - 2 u (D) none of these
dx
Q. 71 Two functions f & g have first & second derivatives at x = 0 & satisfy the relations,
(A) if h(x) = ® then h'(0)= ^4 (B) if k(x) = f(x). g(x) sin x then k' (0) = 2
gOO
(C)
V ; L™^ = - (D); none
f'(x) 2
D orb V 6 b D 8 b a Lb a 9 b
a s-b a vb a £b 3 zb V rb
MATHEMATICS
XII (ABCD)
METHOD OF DIFFRENT1ATION
AND
L' HOSPITAL'S RULE
CONTENTS
EXERCISE-I
EXERCISE-II
EXERCISE-III
EXERCISE-IV
ANSWER KEY
KEY CONCEPTS
1. DEFINITION:
If xandx+h belong to the domain of a function f defined by y = f(x), then
l i m i t f(X + h*) — ffxl
h-To —^— IF IT EX
ISTS , IS called the DERIVATIVE of f at x & is denoted by
. dy x
f (x) or ^ . We have therefore, f (x) =
. Limit f(x + h)-f(x)
Note that alternatively, we can define f (a) = , provided the limit exists.
4. THEOREMS ON DERIVATIVES :
If u and v are derivable function of x, then,
(i)
v/
— (u+v) = — + — (ii)
v 7
—(K u) = K ^ , where K is any constant
dx dx dx dx dx
(iii)
v 7 - 7 - (u. v) = u ^
v ± v ^ known as " PRODUCT R U L E "
dx ' dx dx
d ( 1A v (—) - u (—)
(iv) — (Jj = 2 where v * 0 known as " QUOTIENT RULE "
(b) Results :
denoted by f"'(x)ory"'.
f(x) g(x) h(x)
12. If F(x) = l(x) m(x) n(x) , where f, g, h, 1, m, n, u, v, w are differentiable functions of x then
u(x) v(x) w(x)
N
2 tan"1 x W<1
' 2x
(i) y = f(x) = sin-1 1
7t - 2 tan x x>l
1 + x2 1
- (rc + 2 tan" xj x < - 1
HIGHLIGHTS :
-1/2
(d) I in(-1,1) & D in(-00,-1) u (l,oo)
2tan _1 x if x > 0
(ii) Consider 2
l l + XJ 1
- 2 tan" x if x < 0
HIGHLIGHTS :
(a) Domain is x e R & y<
7t
range is [0,7t)
(b) Continuous for all x
but not diff. at x = 0 D \ / T
7t/2
1+X for x > 0
dy non existent for x = 0
(c)
dx
- -2-s-
1+x
for x < 0
2
-1 0
(d) I in (0, oo) & D in (- oo, 0)
2 tan"1 x |x|<l
2x 1
(iii) y = f(x) = tan 1 j—^j 7i + 2tan x x<-l
-1
- (71 - 2tan x) x > 1
HIGHLIGHTS :
y
It/2
(a) Domain is R - { 1 , - 1 } &
range is
f TZ % 1/
(b) f is neither continuous -1 r
0 1
y
nor diff. at x = 1, -1 A
2
dy 1- +-x 1x1*1
-n/2 '
(c) dx non existent Ixl = 1
(d) I Vx in its domain (e) It is bound for all x
m
^Bansal Classes M.O,D.and L 'Hospital Rule
- + 3 sin 1 xj if -l<x<-^
1 3
(iv) y = f (x) = sin" (3 x - 4 x ) = 3sin x _1
if 4<x<i
n - 3sin-1x if |<X<1
HIGHLIGHTS
=
(C)
dx 3
if
*6(-W)uft.i)
(d) Continuous everywhere in its domain
3cos_1x-27i if •1<X<-1
1 3
(v) y = f(x) = cos" (4x - 3 x) = 2 7c — 3cos x i f _1
-|<x<I
3cos _ 1 x if ^<x<l
HIGHLIGHTS :
(a) Domain is x e [-1,1] &
range is [0, 7t]
(c) Iin|-i,IJ&
Din U
(d) £dx- =
lf
* e (-W)ufc,i)
GENERAL NOTE :
Concavity in each case is decided by the sign of 2nd derivative as :
d2y dV
^ T > 0 => Concave upwards < 0 => Concave downwards
dx:2
D = DECREASING I = INCREASING
m
^Bansal Classes M.O,D.and L 'Hospital Rule
EXERCISE-I
Q.l Find the derivative of the following functions w.r.t. x from thefirstprinciple:
/ cos(Znx), (sinx)cosx, logaC wherea = x x & Cis constant, ^sin Vx and cos"1 (x2).
Vl + x 2 W l - x 2
Q ^ , Differentiate ^ 2 ^ 2 w.r.t. Vl-x 4 .
Q.3 (a) Let f (x) = x2 - 4x - 3, x > 2 and let g be the inverse of f. Find the value of g' where f (x) = 2.
(b) Let / , g and h are differentiable functions. If /(0) = 1 ;g(0)=2 ; h (0) = 3 and the derivatives of their
pair wise products at x = 0 are
(f g)'(0) = 6 ; (g h)'(0) = 4 and (hf)'(0) = 5
then compute the value of (fgh)'(O).
s.rcsin y- o 2 2
Q.4 If v . Provethat x>0.
dx (x-y)
c . \
Q.6 If x = cosec 9 - sin 9 ; y = cosec" 9 - sin" 9, then show that ( x 2 + 4) dy - n 2 (y 2 + 4) = 0
vdxy
dy
Q.7 Ify = (cosx) /nx + (lnx)x find
dx'
6 6 3 3 3 dy = x 2 11 — y6
Q.8 If V l - x + V l - y = a • (x -y ), prove that
dx y 2 lV1 l - x 6
Q.9 Find the derivative with respect to x ofthe function :
~ _, -i Vl + sinx + Vl-sinx dy f ^ 71 ^
Q.12 TIf y= cot , , find jd-x if XG u
Vl + s i n x - V l - s i n x
dy
Q.19 + sin 2 tan" IIZi , then find — forx e (-1,1).
1+x
dy
1
16t(l-t 4 )
Q.14 I f y = sec4x and x = tan (t), prove that
dt ( l - 6 t 2 +t 4 ) 2
nx
Q.16 If [ f (x) ]3 = 3 K x2 - x3 then f " (x) + = 0. Find the value of n in terms of K.
[f(x)f
Q.17 If y = + xVx 2 +1 + ZnVxWx^+T prove that 2y = xy' + In y'. where' denotes the derivative.
1-x2
Q. 18(a) Find the derivative of cos-l when - oo < x < 0, using the substitution x=tan 9.
vl + x y
(b) Iff(x)= sin"1 ,findf'(x) V x e R , clearly stating the point(s) where f(x) is not derivable.
1+ x
V 'J
Also draw the graph of y= f(x) and state its range and monotonic behaviour.
r r
d^y _ bsinx
Q.1% Ify = tan - — - tan — , then show that 2
7/ V v
'a + b 2/ y dx (a + bcosx)2
Q.20 I f f : R-»R is a function such that f(x) = x3 + x2 f'(l)+xf"(2) + f "'(3) for all x e R, then prove that
f(2) = f ( l ) - f ( 0 ) .
d2y dy
1 1 x(x + 1) + = y_1
Q.21^Ify = x/n[(ax)" + a- ], prove that ^T •
1
Q.23 Let f(x) = x +
1
2x + -
1
2x + -
2x + oo
Compute the value of /(100) • / ' (100).
.2
Q.25 If y-2 = i + 2V2 cos 2x, prove that = y(3y:2 +1) (7y2 -1)
dx
EXERCISE-II
ex x
e
ex dv
Q.l If y = e x +e x +x e . Find
dx
sina
Q.2 dy =
If sin y = x sin (a + y), show that —
dx l - 2 x cosa+x 2 '
cos3x dy
Q.5 If y = arc cos J — . Express explicitly and then show that — = J c q s 2 x + cqs4x , sinx>0.
si
V COS X V
(l + tan|)2 dy 1
Q.6 If x = tan— - In Show that —- = - sin y (1 + sin y + cos y).
2 tanf dx 2
d2f
Q.7 If x = - and y = f(x), show that : 2
= 2 z 3 ^ + z 4 d 2 y2
z dx dz dz
Q.8 Prove that if | aj sinx + ajSin 2x + + ansin nx ] < | sinx | for x e R, then
\al+2al + 3n3 + + na n | < 1
dy
Q.9 Ify = /n x e find
dx'
sinx
Q.12 Let f(x) : if x * 0 and f (0) = 1. Define the function f" (x) for all x andfindf" (0) if it exist.
x
d 2Jy dy 2
Q.13 Show that the substitution z = / n tan— changes the equation —— + cot x — + 4y cos ec x = 0 to
v 2y dx' dx
(d2y/dz2) + 4 y = 0.
3/2
1+
1 1
Q.14 Show that R = d^y can be reduced to the form R2/3 = 2/3
• +
2/3
2
d^y
dx dx 2 dy 2
Also show that, if x=a sin2O(l+cos20) & y=acos20 (1- cos20) then the value of R equals to 4a cos39.
X„ . X .2
Q- 15 If
y = 1 +
^ +
(x-x7xx^-x 2 ) +
(x-x 1 )(x X -x X 2 )(x-x 3 ) + U
P t0 ( n + Dtermsthenprovethat
dy = y x.
+ + +...+
dx x Xj X X2 X X3 X xn-x
1 aG - a 2 + b2 + c 2 dy 1
Q.18 Ify= cos l< &9 = a + bcosx + csinx;provethat — = —.
,/a 2 - b2 - c 2 e Vb2 + c2
sin2nx
Q.19 Prove that cosx + cos3x + cos5x + + c o s ( 2 n - l ) x = —:— L ,x*K7t,K.eI and deduce from
2sinx
IN • /O i\ [(2n+1)sin(2n-1)x-(2n-1)sin(2n+l)x]1
this: sinx +3sin3x+5sin5x +....+ (2n - 1) sin (2n - 1) x = 1 r .
4 sin x
Q.20 Find a polynomial function /(x) such that /(2x) = / ' (x)/M (x).
Q.21 IfY=sX and Z=tX, where all the letters denotes the functions ofx and suffixes denotes the differentiation
w.r.t. x then prove that
X Y Z
X, Y, Z, s, t,
X3 s
2 t2
Y2 Zj
f x + y\
Q. 22 Let f: R -> ( - %, n) be a derivable function such that f (x) + f (y) = f
.1 - xyj
x + y) f (x) + f (y)
Q.23 Let fix) be a derivable function at x = 0 & f[ (k e R, k * 0,2). Show that fix)
is either a zero or an odd linear function.
Q.24 If f(x+y) = fix)-fiy) for x, y e R&fix) is differentiable everywhere then find fix).
f(x + y ) - f ( x ) f(y)-a
Q.25 Let +xy for all real x and y. Iff (x) is differentiable and f'(0) exists for all
2 2
real permissible values of'a' and is equal to ^ 5 a - l - a 2 Prove that f (x) is positive for all real x.
EXERCISE-III
Evalute the following limits using L'Hospital's Rule or otherwise :
Q.3 Lim 1 1
x-*0 x 2 sin
•2
x
Q.4 If Lx—
im J
>a Vx - T
a
=
-1 find'a'.
m
^Bansal Classes M.O,D.and L 'Hospital Rule
T. 1 + sinx-cosx+ /n(l-x) T.
5
Q x™ ^ Q.6 ^ ^ . ( t a n ^ x )
Tim (a + bcosx)x-csinx
Q.7 Determine the values of a, b and c so that 5 = 1
X
. . fsinxV
sinx
3x £n\ | + x3
~ 0 Lim sinx-(sinx) . ^ x
"2 1-sinx + In (sinx) (x-sinx) (l-cosx)
Q.10 Find the value of J{0) so that the function /(x)= 1 2 , x * 0 is continuous at x = 0 & examine the
x e2x - 1
differentiability of f(x) at x = 0.
r\
j• sin(3x )
n 11 Lim —
^ /n.cos(2x2-x)
„ t i m a s i n x - b x + cx 2 +x 3 . , „ , , ,. .
Q.12 If "to 1 —o 5 j exists & is finite, find the values of a, b, c & the limit.
2x ,/n(l + x) - 2x + x
l-sin
forx>l
Q.13 Given/(x) =
2sin™-i+cos2 ™ j-i ; where h(x) = sin"1 (sgn(x))&
lg(h(x)) forx<l
g (x) = I x I + {-x} + [x], where {x} is thefractionalpart ofx, [x] is the integral part ofx & sgn (x) is the
signum of (x). Discuss the continuity of f in ( - co, 2).
EXER CISE-IV
Q.l (a) Find the values of constants a, b & c so that Lim — — b / n ( l + x) + cxe— _ ^
x->o x sin x
(b) Find the differential coefficient of the function f(x) = log^ sinx2 + (sinx2)1082" w.r.t. 1
[REE'97, 6 + 6]
\
2
bx , c y'.1/ a b c
Q.2 Ify= — + — +— + 1, Prove that £ - = - 1 - = - +
(x-a)(x-b)(x-c) (x-b)(x-c) (x-c) y xVa-x b - x c-xj
[ JEE'98, 8 ]
2
, . -J x + c
bsin —- < x <0
I 2 . 2
]_
(b) f(x) = 2 ; at x = 0
e ax/2_1
0<x < —
2
If f (x) is differentiable at x = 0 and | c | < 1/2 thenfindthe value of'a' and prove that 64b2 = 4 - c2.
[JEE 2004, 4 out of 60]
Q.6(a) If y = y(x) and it follows the relation x cos y + y cos x = n, then y"(0)
(A) 1 (B)-l (C) 7t (D) — n
(b) If P(x) is a polynomial of degree less than or equal to 2 and S is the set of all such polynomials so that
P(l) = 1, P(0) = 0 and P'(x) > 0 V x e [0,1], then
(A) S = c|) (B) S = {(1 - a)x2 + ax, 0 < a < 2
2
(C) (1 - a)x + ax, a e (0, oo) (D) S = {(1 - a)x2 + ax, 0 < a < l
[JEE2005 (Scr.)]
(c) I f / ( x - y) =/(x) • g (y) - / ( y ) • g (x) and g (x - y) = g (x) • g (y) +/(x) -/(y) for all x, y e R. If right
hand derivative at x = 0 exists for/(x). Find derivative of g (x) at x = 0. [JEE 2005 (Mains), 4]
1/x
Q.7 Forx> 0, Lim((sinx)
v
+ ( l / x f 1 x ) is
x—MD '
32 8 1 1 l-2x
3
Q9. Q 10. -— Q 1 2 .—
- oor
r -—
- Q13. Q 15. 3 Q 1 6 . n = 2K2
16 + 7t 1n2 2 2 2
n n
Q 18. ( a ) - 2 ; (b){0), range Q.22 2(1 + 2x). cos 2(x + x2) Q.23 100
l +x 2'2
EXERCISE-II
6
Q 1. — = e ^ V —+eX!lnx +exX x e_1 x x6 [l + elnxj+x®6 eeX 1 X1
—he lnx
dx x
l l y x inx + x Aix Iny + l
Q4
'l+(x + n ) 2 T ^ Q 5
' >' = s i n _ 1 ^ t a n x > Q9
' x" £nx (1-x-y^na)
1 3
- + ;/ n - x if x < 0 r x cos x - sin x .
6 2 if x Tt 0 i
Q 11. f(x) = Q.12 f'(x) = ;f"(0) = - ~
if x > 0 if x = 0
U+x,
dy -V3(12 + ln2) 4x
Q- 1 7 & = Q.20 Q 22. f(x) = 2 tan"1 x Q 24. f(x) = 0 or f(x) = ekx
1
ln4
EXERCISE-III
5 1 1 1
QL- Q2.- Q3.-? Q 4. a= 1 Q5. - Q 6. 1
Q 7. a = 120; b = 60; c = 180 Q 8. 2 Q9-2/5
Q.10 f(0) = 1; differentiable atx= 0, f(0 + ) = -(1/3); f(0") = -(1/3) Q 11. - 6
Q12. a = 6 , b = 6 , c = 0 ; — Q 13. f is discont. only at x = 0 in (-co, 2)
40
Q 14. fis cont. but not derivable at x = 0
EXERCISE-IV
Q.l (a) a = 3, b = 12, c = 9
(b) 2^x +' xl [/n2(x) • (sin x2)/n x (2x2 /nx. cot x2 + In (sin x2)) + 2x2 . /nx (cot x2) - In (sin x2)]
xln x
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
XII & XIII
I)' ' Hn 2
Q.6 The reaction A(g) + B(g) ^ C(g) + D(g) is elementry 2nd order reaction opposed by elementry
second order reaction. When started with equimolar amounts of A and R, at equilibrium, it is
found that the conc. of Ais twice that of C. Specific rate for forward reaction is 2 x 10"3 mol
1
Lsec ! . The specific rate constant for backward reaction is
(A) 5.0 x 10"4 M"1 sec"1 (B) 8 x 10"3 M"1 sec"1
(C) 1.5 x 102 M 1 sec"! (D) none of these
Question No. 7 to 8 ( 2 questions)
A 0.5 L reaction vessel which is equipped with a movable piston is filled completely with a IM
aqueous solution of H 2 0 2 .The H 2 0 2 decomposes to H 2 0 and 0 2 (g) in a first order process with
half life 10 hrs at 300 K. As gas decomposes, the piston moves up against constant external
pressure of 750 mm Hg.
Q.7 What is the net work done by the gas from the start of sixth hour till the end of 10 hrs?
(A) 100 J (B) 120 J (C) 130 J (D) 150 J
Q.8 If AH for decomposition of H202(aq.) is X K J/mole, how much heat has been exchanged with
surrounding to maintain temperature at 300 K (in KJ) from the start of 6th hour till the end of 10th
hour.
(A) -0.1035 X (B)-0.2070 X
(C)-0.052 X (D) 0.026 X
Q.9 During study of a liquid phase reaction A (aq) > B (aq) + C (aq) the variation in concentration
of B with time is given
t/min 0 10 20 30 oo
conc. (B) mole/L 0 0.1 0.19 0.271 1
The initial rate of reaction was?
(A) 1.76 x lo-4 M sec"1 (B) 2.76 x lO^M sec"1
1
(C) 3.86 x iO^M sec- (D) 2 xio^Msec- 1
Q.12 Arrange the following electrolytes in the increasing order of coagulation power for the coagulation
of A S 2 S 3 solution.
(I) Na 3 P0 4 (II) MgCl2 (III) A1C13
( A ) I < II < III (B) III = II < I ( C ) I <111 < 1 1 (D) III < I < II
Q.13 If Pd v/s P (where P denotes pressure in atm and d denotes density in gm/L) is plotted for H2 gas
d
(ideal gas) at a particular temperature. If dP (Pd) 10, then the temperature will be
P=8.21atm
Q.21 A 1 litre solution containing NH4C1 and NH4OH has hydroxide ion concentration of 10~6 mol/lit.
Which of the following hydroxides could be precipitated when the solution is added to 1 litre
solution of 0.1 M metal ions
i Ag(OH) (K sp = 5 x lCr3) II Ca(OH)2 (K sp = 8 x l (r 6 )
11
ffl Mg(OH)2 (K sp = 3 x 1CT ) IV Fe(OH)2 (K sp = 8 x 10"16)
(A) I, II, IV " (B) IV (C) III and IV (D) II, III, IV
Q.22 From separate solutions of four sodium salts NaW, NaX, NaY and NaZ had pH 7.0, 9.0, 10.0 and
11.0 respectively. When each solution was 0.1 M, the strongest acid is:
(A) HW (B) HX (C) HY (D) HZ
Q.23 AG for the conversion of 2 mol of C6H6(f) at 80°C (normal boiling point) to vapour at the same
temperature and a pressure of 0.2 atm is
(A) -9.44 Kcal/mol (B) -2.27 Kcal/nioi (C) -1.135 Kcal/moi (D) zero
Q.24 A certain ideal gas has C v m = a + bT, where a = 25.0 J/(mol. K) and b = 0.03 J (mol.K2), Let 2
mole of this gas go from 300 K and 2.0 litre volume to 600 K and 4.0 litre. AS,,.,.
gdS is
(A) 32.08 J/K (B)-1-2 08 J/K (C) 64.17 J/K (D) None
Q.25 What is ArG (KJ/mole) for synthesis of ammonia at 298 K at following sets of partial pressure:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ^ 2NH 3 (g); ArG° = -33 KJ/mole. [Take R = 8.3 J/K mole, log2 = 0.3; log3 = 0.48]
Gas N2 H, NH3
A
(ii) m (molar conductivity) for a strong electrolyte decreases as the electrolyte concentraton
increases.
(iii) The frequency of a green light is 6 x io 14 Hz, then its wavelength is 500 nm
(iv) The mass of an equivalent of H 3 P0 4 when it combines with NaOH using the equation
H3PG4 + 2NaOH > Na2HP04 + 2H 2 0 is 49 g.
( A)FFTT (B) FTFT * (C) TFTF (D)FTTT
IV. If the anions (Y) form hexagonal closest packing and cations (X) occupy only 2/3 octahedral
voids in it, then the general formula of the compound is X0Y3(present in 2 : 3).
(A)FFFT (B)FFTT (C) TFFT ' (D) TTFF
Q.29 Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct:
Statement (a) : For the reaction Br, + QH~ > B r + BrOT + H2G, The equivalent weight of
3M
Br2 is - y where M = Molecular weight.
[7 ]
(feBansal Classes Problems for JEE-2007
ANSWER
Q.l
_1 1_
V = - = Rt 2 _ y = 7801 cm"1
3 52
Q.2 A
13.6 13.6 13.6
Sol. En = - eV ; E2 = - ; = eV/atom
AE = E4 - E2 = 2.55 eV
Absorbed energy = work function of metal + K.E.
2.55 = 2 + K.E.
K.E. = 0.55 eV Ans.
Q.3 B
Q.4 D
Q.5 A
Q.6 B
k /
Sol. = k
e£
k
K i eq
b
Q.7 c
Sol.
At the end of 5 hours
A
A °
I
f 0.2071^ 0.2071"
moles of 0 2 formed = ~ ( mole
2 j 4
W = -PAV = -nRT = - (0.2071/4) x 8.314 x 300 = -129.14 Joule
Q.8 A
^0.2071
Sol. Heat exchanged (q ) x AH = -0.1035 X kJ/mole
Q.9 A
Q.10 C
Q.ll B
/ 10
Sol. G* 0.1 ; G = 0.0001 S ; V = 100 x 10= 1000 cm3 = 1 litre
a 100
K = G G * = 0. x 0 . 0 0 0 1 = 10- 5
KXIOO (0. l x 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) x 1 0 0 0
= 0.02 Scm2 moH Ans.
M 0.5
Q.18 D
Sol. 7tj = ij x CjRT ; 7t2 = i2 x C2RT [only solvent (H 2 0) molecules can passed through SPM]
= 2 x 0.2RT; =3xO."l5RT
h<n2
Q.19 D
2y + 2x y
K
sp, x 2x10" x
—— = - = _ ;t=> - =0.1
K so y 2xl0 y
2 x 10"11 = (2x + 2y)2.y
= (2.2y)2.y 2 x 10~n = 4.84 y3
y = 1.6 x 10"4
x = 0.16 x 10"14
Total (Ag+) = 2x + 2y = (2 x 0.16 + 2 x 1.6) x 10^ = 3.52 x 10"4 Ans.
, „ . [A3-] 2S 1 1 M4
Ksp=(3S)W =» JOBS' ; L - J - ^ =» ^
Q.21 B
Sol. when 1 litre each are mixed
[OH"] = 10"6 M (Buffer solution)
Mn+ = 0.05 M
for M2+ = Q = [0.5][10-6]2 = 5 x 10~14
Q > K s p only for Fe2+
only Fe(OH)2 is ppt.
Q.22 A
Q.23 B
Sol. C6H6(/) -> C6H6(g)
At 1 atm, AG = 0
we know for reversible processes, dG = VmdP - SdT (Gibbs equation)
dT = 0, dG = VmdP
for a reaction, d(AG) = n(AVm)dP (for n moles)
P P
2 2
n = 2 and, AVm = V g - V g = ~
R T
? H P
AG0.2 atm - AG, a t m = n J ^ ^ AG
1 atm = 0
1
0.2
=> AG0 2 atm - 2 x RT In — = - 2.27 Kcal/mol
Q.24 C
, r nC v dT r dT „ f ( a + bT)dT „fRJW n r (25 + 0.03T)dT
Sol. jds = J — + j nR — = 2j — + 2J - d V = 2j i — ' — + 2R^n2
= 2[25 ^n2 + 0.03 [T2 - T J ] + 2Rin2 => 2[25 x 0.693 + 0.03 x 300] + 2 x 8.314 x 0.693
= 52.65 + 11.52
AS = 64.17 J/k
Q.25 D
P2
0 NH3
Sol. AG = AG + RT In
Pn 2 xPH 2
(0.02)
AG = -33000+ 8.314 x 2.303 log f - = - 60.5 kJ/mole
1x3
Q.26 A Q.27 D Q.28 A Q.29 A Q.30 D
After 1 Lecture
Q.> 100 cards are numbered from 1 to 100. The probability that the randomly chosen card has a digit 5 is:
(A) 0.01 (B) 0.09 (P^0.19 (D) 0.18
Q.2 A quadratic equation is chosen from the set of all the quadratic equations which are unchanged by
squaring their roots. The chance that the chosen equation has equal roots, is:
(A) 1/2 (B) 1/3 (C) 1/4 (D) 2/3
•Q.3 If the letters ofthe word "MISSISSIPPI" are written down at random in a row, the probability that no
two S's occur together is :
i (A) 1/3 (B) 7/33 (C) 6/13 • (D) 5/7
Q.4 A sample space consists of 3 sample points with associated probabilities given as 2p, p 2 ,4p - 1 then
(A)p=VU-3 (B)VT0-3 (C) 1/4<p < 1/2 (D)none
Q.5 A committee of 5 is to be chosen from a group of 9 people. The probability that a certain married couple
will either serve together or not at all is:
(A) 1/2 (B) 5/9 (C) 4/9 (D) 2/3
Qj) There are only two women among 20 persons taking part in a pleasure trip. The 20 persons are divided
into two groups, each group consisting of 10 persons. Then the probability that the two women wi 11 be
in the same group is:
(A) 9/19 (B) 9/38 (C) 9/35 (D) none
Q.7 A bag contain 5 white, 7 black, and 4 red balls, find the chance that three balls drawn at random are all white.
Q. 8 If four coins are tossed, find the chance that there should be two heads and two tails.
Q.9 Thirteen persons take their places at a round table, show that it is five to one against two particular
persons sitting together.
Q.10 In shuffling a pack of cards, four are accidentally dropped,findthe chance that the missing cards should
• be one from each suit.
Q.12 There are three works, one consisting of 3 volumes, one of 4 and the otlrer of one volume. They are placed
3
on a shelf at random, prove that the chance that volumes of the same works are all together is .
l
<ii
Q.13 The letter forming the word Clifton are placed at random in a row. What is the chance that the two
vowels come together?
Q.14 Three bolts and three nuts are put in a box. If two parts are chosen at random, find the probability that
one is a bolt and one is a nut.
Q.15 There are 'm' rupees and 'n ten nP s, placed at random in a line. Find the chance of the extreme coins
being both ten nP's.
Q.16 A fair die is tossed. If the number is odd, find the probability that it is prime.
Q.17 Three fair coins are tossed. If both heads and tails appear, determine the probability that exactly one
head appears.
Q.18 3 boys and 3 girls sit in a row. Find the probability that (i) the 3 girls sit together, (ii) the boys are girls sit
in alternative seats.
Q.19 A coin is biased so that heads is three times as likely to appear as tails. Find P (H) and P (T).
Q.20 In a hand at "whist" what is the chance that the 4 kings are held by a specified player?
'If
I
J | BANSAL CLASSES MATHEMATICS
^ T a r g e t IIT JEE 2 0 0 7 Daily Practice Problems
CLASS : XII (ABCD) DPP ON PROBABILITY DPR NO.- 2
After 2nd Lecture
Q. 1 Given two independent events A, B such that P (A) = 0.3,P (B) = 0.6. Determine
(i) P (A and B) (ii) P (A and not B) (iii) P (not A and B)
(iv) P (neither A nor B) (v) P (A or B)
Q.2 A card is drawn at random from a well shuffled deck of cards. Find the probability that the card is a
(i) king or a red card (ii) club or a diamond (iii) king or a queen
(iv) king or an ace (v) spade or a club (vi) neither a heart nor a king.
Q.3 A coin is tossed and a die is thrown. Find the probability that the outcome will be a head or a number
greater than 4.
Q.4 Let A and B be events such that P(A) = 4/5. P(B)= 1/3, P(A/B) = 1/6, then
(a) P(A n B); (b) P(A u B) ; (c) P(B/A) ; (d) Are A and B independent?
1 1 1
Q.5 If A and B are two events such that P (A) = - , P (B) = - and P (A and B) = - , find |
(i) P (A or B), (ii) P (not A and not B)
A 5 digit number is formed by using the digits 0,1,2,3,4 & 5 without repetition. The probability that the
number is divisible by 6 is:
(A) 8% (B) 17% (C) 18% (D) 36%
Q.7 An experiment results in four possible out comes S p S2, S3 & S4 with probabilities p,, p2, p3 & p4
respectively. Which one of the following probability assignment is possbile.
[Assume S, S, S3 S4 are mutually exclusive]
(A) Pj = 0.25 , p", = 0.35, p3 = 0.10 , p4 = 0.05
(B)p, = 0.40. p2 = -0.20 , p3 = 0.60 , p4 = 0.20
(C) p, = 0.30 , p~ = 0.60, p3 = 0.10 , p4 = 0.10
(D) p, = 0.20, p2 = 0.30 , p3 = 0.40, p4 = 0.10
Q.8 In throwing 3 dice, the probability that atleast 2 of the three numbers obtained are same is
(A) 1/2 (B) 1/3 (C) 4/9 (D) none
' (<5.9 /• There are 4 defective items in a lot consisting of 10 items. From this lot we select 5 items at random. The
probability that there will be 2 defective items among them is
1 2 5 10
( B ) <C) ( D )
~2 5 2l 2l
Q.10 From a pack of 52 playing cards, face cards and tens are removed and kept aside then a card is drawn
at random from the ramaining cards. If
A : The event that the card drawn is an ace
11: The event that the card drawn is a heart
S : The event that the card drawn is a spade
then which ofthe following holds ?
(A) 9 P(A) = 4 P(H) (B) P(S) = 4P (A n H)
(C) 3 P(H) = 4 P(A u S) (D) P(II) = 12 P(A n S)
Q.12 The chance that a 13 card combination from a pack of 52 playing cards is dealt to a player in a game of
bridge, in which 9 cards are of the same suit, is
a . i3p ,39 r /ii. 13 r - 3 9 r 13
r -39r
(A) 117; (B) 52^ (C) JT^ (D) none
13 13 13
Q.13 If two of the 64 squares are chosen at random on a chess board, the probability that they have a side in
common is:
(A) 1/9 (B) 1/18 (C) 2/7 * (D) none
Q.14 Two red counters, three green counters and 4 blue counters are placed in a row in random order. The
probability that no two blue counters are adjacent is
tnf 1 7 5
P^" ' ' (A) - (B)— (C)— (D) none
Q.15 The probabilities that a student will receive A, B, C or D grade are 0.40,0.35,0.15 and 0.10 respectively.
Find the probability that a student will receive
(ilj not an A grade (ii) B or C grade (iii) at most C grade
Q.16 In a single throw of three dice, determine the probability ofgetting
(i) a total of 5 (ii)atotalofatmost5 (iii) a total ofat least 5.
Q.17 A die is thrown once. If E is the event "the number appearing is a multiple of 3" and F is the event "the
number appearing is even",findthe probability of the event "E and F". Are the events E and F independent?
Q.18 In the two dice experiment, if E is the event of getting the sum of number on dice as 11 and F is the event
Qj|"getting a number other than 5 on the first die, find P (E and F). Are E and F independent events?
Q.19 A natural number x is randomly selected from the set of first 100 natural numbers. Find the probability
100
that it satisfies the inequality. x+ >50
x
•
Q.20 3 students A and B and C are in a swimming race. A and B have the same probability of winning and each
is twice as likely to win as C. Find the probability that B or C wins. Assume no two reach the winning
point simultaneously.
Q.21 A box contains 7 tickets, numbered from 1 to 7 inclusive. If 3 tickets are drawn from the box, one at a
^ time, determine the probability that they are alternatively either odd-even-odd or even-odd-even.
Q.22 5 different marbles are placed in 5 different boxes randomly. Find the probability that exactly two boxes
remain empty. Given each box can hold any number of marbles.
Q.23 South African cricket captain lost the toss of a coin 13 times out of 14. The chance of this happening was
7 1 13 13
(A)^I (B)^]j (C)^4 (D)^y
Q.24 There are ten prizes, five A's, three B's and two C's, placed in identical sealed envelopes for the top ten
contestants in a mathematics contest. The prizes are awarded by allowing winners to select an envelope
at randomfromthose remaining.; When the 8th contestant goes to select the prize, the probability that the
remaining three prizes are one A, one B and one C, is
(A) 1/4 (B) 1/3 (C) 1/12 (D) 1/10
»
Q.7 15 coupons are numbered 1,2,3, ,15 respectively. 7 coupons are selected at random one at atime
with replacement. The probability that the largest number appearing on a selected coupon is 9 is:
r
f9y 97-87
(A) 16., (B) (C) (D)
V15y 15'
Q.8 A card is drawn & replaced in an ordinary pack of 52 playing cards. Minimum number of times must a
card be drawn so that there is atleast an even chance of drawing a heart, is
(A) 2 , (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) more than four
r ^s.
Q.9 An electrical system has open-closed switches
S,, S2 and S3 as shown. S 3
The switches operate independently of one another and the current will flow from A to B either if S, is
1
closed or if both S, and S3 are closed. If P(S,) = P(S2) = P(S3) = , find the probability that the circuit
will work.
Ql 15 The probability that a person will get an electric contract is — and the probability that he will not get
4 2
plumbing contract is —. If the probability of getting at least one contract is —, what is the probability that
he will get both ?
ive horses compete in a race. John picks two horses at random and bets on them. Find the probability
that John picked the winner. Assume dead heal.
Q.17 Two cubes have their faces painted either red or blue. The first cube has five red faces and one blue face.
When the two cubes are rolled simultaneously, the probability that the two top faces show the same
colour is 1/2. Number of red faces on the second cube, is
(A)l (B)2 (C) 3 (D)4
Q.18 AH and W appear for an interview for two vaccancies for the same post.
P(H)= 1/7; P(W) = 1/5. Find the probability ofthe events
(a) Both are selected (b) only one of them is selected (c) none is selected.
Q.19 A bag contains 6R, 4W and 8B balls. If 3 balls are drawn at random determine the probability of the
event
(a) all 3 are red; (b) all 3 are black; (c) 2 are white and 1 is red;
(d) at least 1 is red; (e) 1 of each colour are drawn
(f) the balls are drawn in the order of red, white, blue.
The'l^dds that a book will be favourably reviewed by three independent critics are 5 to 2,4 to 3, and 3
to 4 respectively. What is the probability that of the three reviews a majority will be favourable?
In a purse are 10 coins, all five nP's except one which is a rupee, in another are ten coins all five nP's.
Nine coins are takenfromthe former purse and put into the latter, and then nine coins are takenfromthe
latter and put into the former. Find the chance that the rupee is still in the first purse.
| '
Q.22 A, B, C in order cut a pack of cards, replacing them after each cut, on condition that the first who cuts
a spade shall win a prize. Find their respective chances,
'if
Q.23 A and B in order drawfroma purse containing 3 rupees and 4 nP's, find their respective chances of first
drawing a rupee, the coins once drawn not being replaced.
\
Q.2 The probability that an automobile will be stolen and found wifhing one week is 0.0006. The probability that
an automobile will be stolen is 0.0015. The probability that a stolen automobile will be found in one week is
(A) 0.3 (B) 0.4 (C) 0.5 (D)0.6
One bag contains 3 white & 2 black balls, and another contains 2 white & 3 black balls. Aball is drawn
from the second bag & placed in thefirst,then a ball is drawnfromthefirstbag & placed in the second.
When the pair of the operations is repeated, the probability that thefirstbag will contain 5 white balls is:
(A) 1/25 (B) 1/125 (C) 1/225: (D) 2/15
j
A child throws 2 fair dice. If the numbers showing are unequal, he adds them together to gjlit his final
score. On the other hand, if the numbers showing are equal, he throws 2 more dice & adds all 4 numbers
showing to get hisfinalscore. The probability that hisfinalscore is 6 is:
145 146 147 148
( A ) B ) D
n% < f^ < >T296
Q.5 A person draws a card from a pack of 52 cards, replaces it & shuffles the pack. He continue^ doing this
till he draws a spade. The probability that he will fail exactly thefirsttwo times is: H'
(A) 1/64 (B) 9/64 (C) 36/64 (D) 60/64
Q.8 lA bag contains 3 R & 3 G balls and a person draws out 3 at random. He then drops 3 blue balls into the
bag & again draws out 3 at random. The chance that the 3 later balls being all of different colours is
(A) 15% (B) 20% (C) 27% (D)40%
Q.9 A biased coin with probability P, 0 < P < 1, of heads is tossed until a head appears for thefirsttime. Ifthe
probability that the number of tosses required is even is 2/5 then the value of P is
(A) 1/4 (B) 1/6 (C) 1/3 % (D) 1/2
Q.ll In an examination, one hundredI candidates took paper in Physics and Chemistry. Twentyfivecandidates
failed in Physics only. Twenty candidates failed in chemistry only. Fifteen failed in both Physics and
Chemistry. A candidate is selected at random. The probability that he failed either in Physics or in
Chemistry but not in both is
3 2 U_
(A) (B)7 (Q- (D)
20 20
Q.12 In a certain game A's skill is to be B's as 3 to 2,findthe chance of A winning 3 games at least out of 5.
Q.13 In each ofa set of games it is 2 to 1 in favour of the winner of the previous game.What is the chance that
the player who wins thefirstgame shall wins three at least of the next four?
Q.14 A coin is tossed n times, what is the chance that the head will present itself an odd number of times'?
K W• hn') f
Q.15 Afairdieistossedrepeatidly.Awinsifitis 1 or 2 on two consecutive tosses and B wins ifit is 3, 4, 5 or 6
on two consecutive tosses. The probability that A wins if the die is tossed indefinitely, is
1 2
(A) <B>£ <c>i CD) 5
Q.16 Counters marked 1,2,3 are placed in a bag, and one is withdrawn and replaced. The operation being
repeated three times, what is the chance of obtaining a total of 6?
Q.17 A normal coin is continued tossing unless a head is obtained for thefirsttime. Find the probability that
(a) number of tosses needed are at most 3.
(b) number of tosses are even.
mm M R i
Q.18 A purse contains 2 six sided dice. One is a normal fair die, while the other has 2 ones, 2 threes, and 2
fives. Adie is picked up and rolled. Because of some secret magnetic attraction ofthe unfair die, there is
75% chance of picking the unfair die and a 25% chance of picking a fair die. The die is rolled and shows
up the face 3. The probability that a fair die was picked up,
1
(A) 7 (B) \ (C) -6 (D)
24
Q.19 Before a race the chance of three runners, A, B, C were estimated to be proportional to 5,3,2, but
during the race A meets with an accident which reduces nis chance to 1/3. What are the respective
chance of B and C now?
^
Q.20 A fair coin is tossed a large number of times. Assuming the tosses are independent which one ofthe
following statement, is True?
(A) Once the number of flips is large enough, the number of heads will always be exactly half of the total
number of tosses. For example, after 10,000 tosses one should have exactly 5,000 heads.
(B) The proportion of heads will be about 1/2 and this proportion will tend to get closer to 1/2 as the
number of tosses inreases
(C) As the number of tosses increases, any long run of heads will be balanced by a corresponding run of
tails so that the overall proportion of heads is exactly 1/2
(D) All ofthe above
Q.21 A and B each throw simultaneously a pair of dice. Find the probability that they obtain the same score.
Q.22 A is one of the 6 horses entered for a race, and is to be ridden by one of two jockeys B or C. It is 2 to
1 that B rides A, in which case all the horses are equally likely to win; if C rides A, his chance is trebled,
what are the odds against his winning?
i
Direction for Q.23 to Q.25
Let S and T are two events defined on a sample space with probabilities
P(S) = 0.5, P(T) = 0.69, P(S/T) = 0.5
Q.2 Events A and C are independent. If the probabilities relating A, B and C are P (A) = 1/5;
P (B) = 1/6 ; P (A n C) = 1/20 ; P (B u|C) = 3/8 then
(A) events B and C are independent
(B) events B and C are mutually exclusive
(C) events B and C are neither independent nor mutually exclusive
(D) events B and C are equiprobable
Q. 3 Assume that the birth of a boy or girl to a couple to be equally likely, mutually exclusive, exhaustive and
independent of the other children in the family. For a couple having 6 children, the probability that their
"three oldest are boys" is
20 2
(B) (C) (D)
*>64 64 64 64
Q.4 A and B play a game. A is to throw a die first, and is to win if he throws 6, If he fails B is to throw, and
to win if he throws 6 or 5. If he fails, A is to throw again and to win with 6 or 5 or 4, and so on,findthe
chance of each player.
Q. 5 Box A contains 3 red and 2 blue marbles while box B contains 2 red and 8 blue marbles. A fair coin is
tessed. If the coin turns up heads, a marble is drawnfromA, if it turns up tails, a marble is drawn from
bag B. The probability that a red marble is chosen, is
2 3 1
(A) (B)- (C)- (D)
Q.6 A examination consists of 8 questions in each of which one of the 5 alternatives is die correct one. On the
assumption that a candidate who has done no preparatory work chooses for each question any one of
thefivealternatives with equal probability, the probability that he gets more than one correct answer is
equal to:
(A) (0.8)8 (B) 3 (0.8)8 (C) 1 - (0.8)8 (D) 1 - 3 (0.8)8
Q. 7 The germination of seeds is estimated by a probability of 0.6. The probability that out of 11 sown seeds
exactly 5 or 6 will spring is:
C5. 6 'C 6 (3 5 2 5 )
(A) (B) (C) n c 5 V6 (D) none of these
510
Q. 8 The probability of obtaining more tails than heads in 6 tosses of a fair coins is:
(A) 2/64 (B) 22/64 (C) 21/64 . (D) none
1 Q.10 LotAeonsistsof3G and 2D articles. Lot B consists of4G and ID article. A new lot C is formed by
taking 3 articles from A and 2 from B. The probability that an article chosen at random from C is
defective, is
1
(A) (B) (C) (D)none
25
Q.ll A die is weighted so that the probability of different faces to turn up is as given:
Number 1 2 3 4 5 6
Probability 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 . 0.2
If P (A / B) = pj and P (B / C) = p2 and P (C / A) = p3 then the values of pj, p2, p3 respectively are
Take the events A, B & C as A= {1,2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 5} and C = {2,4, 6}
2 M
(A) (C) (D)
3 4 3' 6 3' 6 3' 6' 4
Q.12 If mn coins have been distributed into m purses, n into each find
(1) the' chance that two specified coins will be found in the same purse, and
(2) what the chance becomes when r purses have been examined and found not to contain either of
the specified coins.
Q.13 A box has four dice in it. Three of them are fair dice but the fourth one has the numberfiveon all of its
faces. A die is chosen at random from the box and is rolled three times and shows up the facefiveon all
the three occassions. The chance that the die chosen was a rigged die, is
216 215 216
(A)
217 (B) (C) (D)none
219 219
Q.14 On a Saturday night 20% of all drivers in U.S.A. are under the influence of alcohol. The probability that
a driver under the influence of alcohol will have an accident is 0.001. The probability that a sober driver
will have an accident is 0.0001. If a car on a Saturday night smashed into a tree, the probability that the
driver was under the influence of alcohol, is
(A) 3/7 (B)4/7 (C) 5/7 (D) 6/7
; J
Q.17 Given that she does not achieve success, the chance she studied for 4 hour, is
19 20 21_
(A) ii (B) (C) (D)
26 26 26 26
Q.18 There are four balls in a bag, but it is not known of what colour they are; one ball is drawn at random and
found to be white. Find the charlce that all the balls are white. Assume all number of white ball in the bag
to be equally likely.
Q.19 A letter is known to have come eitherfromLondon or Clifton. On the postmark only the two consecutive
letters ON are legible. What is the chance that it camefromLondon?
-fupp Ajt^e / too *** qH
Q.20 A purse contains n coins of unknown value, a coin drawn at random is found to be a rupee, what is the
chance that is it the only rupee hi the purse? Assume all numbers of rupee coins in the purse is equally likely.
Q.21 One of a pack of 52 cards has been lost, from the remainder of the pack two cards are drawn and are
'found to be spades, find the chance that the missing card is a spade.
Q. 2 2 A, B are two inaccurate arithmeticians whose chance of solving a given question correctly are (1/8) and
(1/12) respectively. They solve a problem and obtained the same result. If it is 1000 to 1 against their
making the same mistake, find the chance that the result is correct.
Q.23 We conduct an experiment where we roll a die 5 times. The order in which the number read out is
important.
(a) What is the total number of possible outcomes of this experiment?
(b) What is the probability that exactly 3 times a "2" appears in the sequence (say event E)?
(c) What is the probability that the face 2 appears at least twice (say event F)?
(d) Which of the following are true : E c F , F c E ?
(e) Compute the probabilities : P(E n F), P(E/F), P(F/E)
(f) |( Are the events E and F independent?
7>
(B) 1
(A) i (C) (D)
8
Q.2 5 out of 6 persons who usually work in an office prefer coffee in the mid morning, the other always drink
tea. This morning of the usual 6, only 3 are present. The probability that one of them drinks tea is:
(A) 1/2 (B) 1/12 (C) 25/72 (D) 5/72
Q.3 Pal's gardner is not dependable, the probability that he will forget to water therosebushis2/3.The
rose bush is in questionable condition. Any how if watered, the probability of its withering is 1/2 & if
not watered then the probability of its withering is 3/4. Pal went out of station & after returning he finds
that rose bush has withered. What is the probability that the gardner did not water the rose bush.
Q.4 The probability that a radar will detect an object in one cycle is p. The probability that the object will be
detected in n cycles is:
(A) 1 - p" (B) 1 - (1 - p)" (C) p" (D) p(l - p)""1
Q.5 Nine cards are labelled 0,1,2,3,4, 5,6,7,8. Two cards are drawn at random and put on atable in a
successive order, and then the resulting number is read, say, 07 (seven), 14 (fourteen) and so on. The
probability that the number is even, is
Q. 6 Two cards are drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52 playihg cards one by one. If
A: the event that the second card drawn is an ace and
B : the event that the first card drawn is an ace card,
then which of the following is true?
16 _ 4
(C) P (A) = ; P (B) = ~ (D) P (A); ; P ( B )
221 "?I
Q.9 An Urn contains'm' white and 'n' black balls. All the balls except for one ball, are drawn from it. The Q
probability that the last ball remaining in the Urn is white, is
<fi m n 1 mn
(A) (B) (C) (m + n)! (D) (m + n)!
m+ n m+n
Q, 10 A Urn contains'm' white and 'n' black balls. Balls are drawn one by one till all the balls are drawn.
Probability that the second drawn ball is white, is
m n(m + n - l )
(A) (B) (m + n)(m + n -1)
m+ n
m(m-l) mn
(C) (m + n)(m + n - l ) (D) (m + n)(m + n -1)
Q.ll Mr. Dupont is a professional wine taster. When given a French wine, he will identify it with probability
0.9 correctly as French, and will mistake it for a Californian wine with probability 0.1. When given a
Californian wine, he will identify it with probability 0.8 correctly as Californian, and will mistake it for a
French wine with probability 0.2. Suppose that Mr. Dupont is given ten unlabelled glasses of wine, three
with French and seven with Californian wines. He randomly picks a glass, tries the wine, and solemnly
says: "French". The probability that the wine he tasted was Californian, is nearly equal to
(A) 0.14 (B) 0.24 (C) 0.34 (D)0.44
Q.12 Let A, B & C be 3 arbitrary events defined on a sample space'S' and if,
P(A) + P(B) + P(C) = p,, P(A n B) + P(B n C) + P(C n A) = p2 & P(A n B n C) = p3, then the
probability that exactly one of the three events occurs is given by:
(A) p, - p2 + p3 (B) P l - p2 + 2p3 (C) p, - 2p2 + p3 (D) p, - 2p2 + 3p3
Q.13 Three numbers are chosen at random without replacement from {1,2,3, ,10}. The probability that
the minimum ofthe chosen numbers is 3 or their maximum is 7 is
1 _n
(A)- (B) (C) (D)
40
Q.14 A biased coin which comes up heads three times as often as tails is tossed. If it shows heads, a chip is
drawn from urn-I which contains 2 white chips and 5 red chips. If the coin comes up tails, a chip is
drawn from urn-II which contains 7 white and 4 red chips. Given that a red chip was drawn, what is the
probability that the coin came up heads?
Q.15 In a college, four percent of the men and one percent of the women are taller than 6 feet. Further
60 percent of the students are women. If a randomly selected person is taller than 6 feet, find the
probability that the student is a women.
Q.17 The probabilities of events, A n B, A, B & A u B are respectively in A.P. with probability of second
term equal to the common difference. Therefore the events Aand B are
(A) compatible (B) independent
(C) such that one of them must occur (D) such that one is twice as likely as the other
Q.18 From an urn containing six balls, 3 white and 3 black ones, a p erson selects at random an even number
of balls (all the different ways of drawing an even number of balls are considered equally probable,
irrespective of their number). Then the probability that there will be the same number of black and white
balls among them
11 U_
(A) (B) (C) (D)
15 30
Q. 19 One purse contains 6 copper coins and 1 silver coin; a second purse contains 4 copper coins. Five
coins are drawn from thefirstpurse and put into the second, and then 2 coins are drawnfromthe second
and put into thefirst.The probability that the silver coin is in the second purse is
1 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
9
Q.20 7 persons are stopped on the road at random and asked about their birthdays. Ifthe probability that 3 of
K
them are born on Wednesday, 2 on Thursday and the remaining 2 on Sunday is ^ , then K is equal to
(A) 15 (B) 30 (C) 105 (D)210
Q.21 Two buses A and B are scheduled to arrive at a town central bus station at noon. The probability that bus
A will be late is 1/5. The probability that bus B will be late is 7/25. The probability that the bus B is late
given that bus A is late is 9/10. Then the probabilities
(i) neither bus will be late on a particular day and
(ii) bus A is late given that bus B is late, are respectively
(A) 2/25 and 12/28 (B) 18/25 and 22/28 (C) 7/10 and 18/28 (D) 12/25 and 2/28
Q.22 A box contains a normal coin and a doubly headed coin. A coin selected at random and tossed twice, fell
headwise on both the occasions. The probability that the drawn coin is a doubly headed coin is
4
(A) (B) (C) (D)?
8
Q.23 Abox contains 5 red and 4 white marbles. Two marbles are drawn successively from the box without
replacement and the second drawn marble drawn is found to be white. Probability that thefirstmarble is
also while is
1
(A) (B)| (C)
In a maths paper there are 3 sections A, B & C. Section A is compulsory. Out of sections B & C a
student has to attempt any one. Passing in the paper means passing in A & passing in B or C. The
probability ofthe student passing in A, B & C are p, q & 1/2 respectively. If the probability that the
student is successful is 1/2 then:
1 1
(A) p = q = l (B) p = q = (C) p = l , q = 0 (D) p = l , q
Q.26 Abox contains 100 tickets numbered 1,2,3,.... ,100. Two tickets are chosen at random. It is given that
the maximum number on the two chosen tickets is not more than 10. The minimum number on them is 5,
1
with probability
1 2 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)none
11 19
Q.27 Sixteen players Sj, s 2 , , s16 play in a tournament. They are divided into eight pairs at random. From
each pair a winner is decided on the basis of a game played between the two players of the pair. Assume
l
'ir that all the players are of equal strength. The probability that "exactly one of the two players s, & s2 is
among the eight winners" is
4 7 8_
(A)- (B)- (C) (D)
15 15
Q.28 The number 'a' is randomly selected from the set {0,1,2,3, 98,99}. The number 'b' is selected
a b
from the same set. Probability that the number 3 + 7 has a digit equal to 8 at the units place, is
Q.34 Given that the first card is a Jack, the chance that it will be the heart, is
4 :
(B)
li o» 5
Q.35 Your opponent is dealt a King and a 10, and you are dealt a Queen and a 9. Being smart, your opponent
does not take any more cards and stays at 20. The chance that you will win if you are allowed to take as
many cards as you need, is
97 25 15
,(B) (C) (D)i
^ 564 282 188
i
f>i >
Bansal Classes [17]
Atari .awrv
v
> \ I j _ p(B)
(B) P (A n B) > P(A) + P(B) - 1 Q>
(C) P(A)> <P(A/B) according as p(a/b c ) > <P(A)
Q.8
(D) P(A/BC) +P(A C /B C ) = 1
>
Q.3 7 A bag initially contains one red & two blue balls. An experiment consisting of selecting a ball at random, Q.16
noting its colour & replacing it together with an additional ball of the"feame colour. If three such trials are
made, then:
(A) probability that atleast one blue ball is drawn is 0.9
(B) probability that exactly one blue ball is drawn is 0.2
(C) probability that all the drawn balls are red given that all the drawn balls are of same colour is 0.2 Q.l
(D) probability that atleast one red ball is drawn is 0.6.
Q.3
Q.38 Two real numbers, x & y are selected at random. Given that 0 < x < 1 ; 0 < y < 1. Let A be the event
that y2 < x ; B be the event that x2 < y, then : Q.7
1
(A) P (A n B) = - (B) A & B are exhaustive events Q.l
(C) A & B are mutually exclusive (D) A & B are independent events.
Q.l
Q. 3 9 For any two events A & B defined on a sample space ,
P(A) Q.l
(A) P (A/B) > p ^ B ) ~ 1 , P ( B ) ^ 0 is always true
Q.40 If E, and E2 are two events such that P(E,) = 1/4, P(E2/E,) =1/2 and P(E,/ E2) = 1/4
(A) then E, and E2 are independent Q
(B) E, and E2 are exhaustive
(C) E2 is twice as likely to occur as E, Q
(D) Probabilities of the events Ej n E 2 , E, and E2 are in G.P.
Q.41 Let 0 < P(A) < 1 , 0 < P(B) <1 & P(A u B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A). P(B), then :
(A) P(B/A) = P(B) - P(A) (B) P(AC u B c ) = P(AC) + P(BC)
c C C
(C) P((A u B) ) = P(A ). P(B ) (D) P(A/B) = P(A)
Q .42 If M & N are independent events such that 0 < P(M) < 1 & 0 < P(N) < 1, then :
(A) M & N are mutually exclusive (B) M & N are independent
(C) M & N are independent (D) P(M/N) +P(M/N) = 1
- X
J_
Q.l C Q.2 A Q.3 B Q.4 A Q.5 Q.6 A Q.7 56
3 2197 3 n(n-l)
Q.8 Q.IO Q.ll 952 to 715 Q-13 Tj Q'f 4
5 Q 15
" (m + n)(m + n - l )
8 20825
4
2 1 1 1 c„-48cr
Q.16 Q.17 Q.18 ^ Q.19 Q.20 521
3 4' 4 "13
ire
D P P - 2
7 1 2 2 1 . 9
Q.l (i)0.18,(ii)0.12,(iii)0.42,(iv)0.28, (v)0.72 Q.2(i) — ,(ii),!-,(iii) — ,(iv) —, (v) - , (vi) —
2 5 3
Q.3 Q.4 (a) 1/18, (b) 43/90, (c) 5/18, (d) NO Q.5 (i) - , (ii) - Q.6 C
at 3
Q.7 D Q.8 Q.9 D Q.10 A Q.ll A Q.12 A Q.13 B
1 5 53
Q.14 C Q.15 (i) 0.6, (ii) 0.5, (iii) 0.25 Q.16 (i) — , (ii) — , (in) —
30
Q.17P(E) = -j , P ( F ) 4 , P(E and F) = g;Yes Q.18P(E)=^,P(F)== - , P ( E n F ) = — ; Not independent
36
55 11 3 2 12
Q.23 A Q.24 A .
Q.20 - Q.21 - Q.22
Q 1 9 loo "= 20 25
D P P r ' 3
Q.l A Q.2 C Q.3 B Q.4 C Q.5 D Q.6 D Q.7 D
5 1 7
Q.8 B Q.9 Q.10 (i) 0.49; (ii) 0.973 Q.ll I Q.12 Q.13
8 4 3 8
364x363 17 4
Q.14 (0 3 6 5 , ( i i ) l - (365)2 Q.17 C
Q- 15
105 To
2 24 5 7 3 149 4 2 209
Q.18 ^ Q.19 (a) (b) (C) (d) Q.20
7 ' 35 204' 102' 68' 204 17' 51 343
(
10 16 12 9 22 13
Q.22 Q
Q-2' 37 ' 37 ' 37 ' 2 3 35 • .-•<
O P I * - ^
1
Q.l B Q.2 B Q.3 C Q.4 D Q.5 B Q.6 B Q.7 B
2133 4 1
Q.8 C Q.9 C Q.10 A Q.ll A Q.12 Q.13 Q.14
3125 9 2
7 2 4
Q.15 B Q.16 Q.17 (b)i Q.18 A Q.19 B=
5 15
27 ; C =
73
Q.20 B Q.21 Q.22 13 to 5 Q.23 B Q.24 A Q.25 C
648
4H Bansal Classes [19]
I> I ' P - 5
169 155
Q.l D Q.2 A Q.3 D Q.4 A: ;B: Q.5 B Q.6 D
324 ' " ' 324
Q.7 A Q.8 B Q.9 B Q.10 C Q.ll D
n-1
Q-12 ( 1. )mn-1
^ 7 . ( 2 ) mn - rn - 1 Q.13 C Q.14 C Q.15 C Q.16 B
2 n 2 n_ 13
Q.17 D Q.18 Q.19 — Q.20 Q.21 Q.22
17 n(n + l) 50 14
10-5
Q.23 (a) 65 (b) (c) 1-2 (d) EcF
P(E)
(e) P(E n F) =P(E); P(E/F) = ; P(F/E) = 1 (f) No
D P P - 6
3
Q.l A Q.2 A Q.3 Q.4 B Q.5 Q.6 B Q.7 A
4
Q.8 (i) A,B>C are pairwise independent (ii) A,B,C are n^i'hdependent. Q.9 A Q.10 A
165
Q.ll C Q.12 D Q.13 D Q.14 Q.15 n Q.16 A Q.17 D
193
Q.18 B Q.19 C Q.20 B Q.21 C Q.22 D Q.23 A Q.24 D
i >
i
1 1
Q.25 D Q.26 A Q.28 D Q.29 (i)-;(ii)-;(iii)-
Q.27 C
61 371
Q 30 (i) (U) Q.32 D Q.33 B Q.34 C Q.35 D
' 216 ' 1296 Q.31 C
More than one alternative are correct:
Q.36 A, B, C, D Q.37 A, B, C, D Q.38 A, B
MATHEMATICS
XII (ABCD)
PROBABILITY
CONTENTS
KEY CONCEPTS
EXERCISE-I
EXERCISE-II
EXERCISE-III
ANSWER KEY
KEY CONCEPTS
THINGS T O REMEMBER :
RESULT - 1
(i) SAMPLE-SPACE : The set of all possible outcomes of an experiment is called the SAMPLE-SPACE(S).
(iv) COMPOUND EVENT : If A & B are two given events then AnB is called COMPOUND EVENT and
is denoted by AnB or AB or A & B .
(v) MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE : Two events are said to be MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE (or disjoint or
EVENTS
incompatible) if the occurence of one precludes (niles out) the simultaneous occurence ofthe other. If
A & B are two mutually exclusive events then P (A & B) = 0.
(vi) EQUALLY LIKELY EVENTS : Events are said to be EQUALLY LIKELY when each event is as likely to occur
as any other event.
(vii) EXIIA USTIVE EVENTS : Events A,B,C L are said to be EXHAUSTIVE EVENTS if no event outside this
set can result as an outcome of an experiment. For example, if A & B are two events defined on a sample
space S, then A & B are exhaustive A u B = S=> P (Au B) = 1 .
(viii) CLASSICAL DEF. OF PROBABILITY: If n represents the total number of equally likely, mutually exclusive
and exhaustive outcomes of an experiment and m of them are favourable to the happening of the
event A, then the probability of happening of the event A is given by P(A) = m/n .
Note : (1) 0 < P(A) < 1
(2) P(A) + P( A) = 1, Where A = Not A .
— X
(3) If x cases are favourable to A & y cases are favourable to A then P(A) = - and
(x + y)
P( A) = —-— We say that O D D S I N FAVOUR O F A are x: y & odds against A are y: x
NOTE :
If three events A, B and C are pair wise mutually exclusive then they must be mutually exclusive,
i.e P(AnB) = P(BnC) = P(CnA) = 0 w P(AnBnC) = 0. However the converse of this is not true.
PROOF:
The events A occurs with one of the n mutually exclusive & exhaustive events B , , B 2 , B 3 , BN
A = AB, + AB., + AB, + + AB
1 2 3 n
n
P(A) = P(AB,) + P(AB2) +.......+ P(ABn) = X P(AB.)
N O T E : A = event what we have ; B. = event what we want ;
B2',, B3', B
n are alternative event.
/ //Bn-l, /
Now,
P(AB.) = P(A) . P(B/A) = P(B.) . P(A/B.) \ \ B / /
\B\ "
_ P(Bi).P(A/Bi) = P(Bi).P(A/Bi)
P(B,/A)
P(A) ~ "
I P(ABi)
WflL /B
P(B|) . P(A/Bi)
P(Bi/A) =
XP(B i ).P(A/B j )
Fig. 3
Q. 2 Numbers are selected at random, one at a time,fromthe two digit numbers 00,01, 02, ,99 with
replacement. An event E occurs if & only if the product ofthe two digits of a selected number is 18.
If four numbers are selected, find the probability that the event E occurs at least 3 times.
Q.3 In a box, there are 8 alphabets cards with the letters : S, S, A, A,A, H, H, H. Find the probability
that the word 'ASH' will form if:
(i) the three cards are drawn one by one & placed on the table in the same order that they are drawn.
(ii) the three cards are drawn simultaneously.
Q.4 There are 2 groups of subjects one of which consists of 5 science subjects & 3 engg. subjects & other
consists of 3 science & 5 engg. subjects. An unbiased die is cast. If the number 3 or 5 turns up a subject
is selected at random from first group, otherwise the subject is selected from 2nd group . Find the
probability that an engg. subject is selected.
Q.5 A pair of fair dice is tossed. Find the probability that the maximum of the two numbers is greater than 4.
Q.6 In a bui Iding programme the event that all the materials will be delivered at the correct time is M, and the
event that the building programme will be completed on time is F . Given that P (M) = 0.8 and
P (M n F) = 0.65, find P (F/M). If P (F) = 0.7,findthe probability that the building programme will
be completed on time if all the materials are not delivered at the correct time.
Q.7 In a given race, the odds in favour of four horses A, B, C & D are 1 : 3,1 :4,1: 5 and 1 : 6 respectively.
Assuming that a dead heat is impossible,findthe chance that one of them wins the race.
Q.8 A covered basket of flowers has some lilies and roses. In search of rose, Sweety and Shweta alternately
pick up a flowerfromthe basket but puts it back if it is not a rose. Sweety is 3 times more likely to be the
first one to pick a rose. If sweety begin this 'rose hunt' and if there are 60 lilies in the basket,findthe
number of roses in the basket.
Q.9 Least number of times must a fair die be tossed in order to have a probability of at least 91/216,
of getting atleast one six.
Q.10 Suppose the probability for A to win a game against B is 0.4. If A has an option of playing either a
^ ^ "BEST OF THREE GAMES" or a "BEST OF 5 GAMES" match against B, which option should A choose
so that the probability of his winning the match is higher? (No game ends in a draw).
Q.ll A room has three electric lamps . From a collection of 10 electric bulbs of which 6 are good 3 are
selected at random & put in the lamps. Find the probability that the room is lighted.
Q.12 A bomber wants to destroy a bridge. Two bombs are sufficient to destroy it.
If four bombs are dropped, what is the probability that it is destroyed, if the chance of a bomb hitting the
target is 0.4.
Q.14 A box contains 5 radio tubes of which 2 are defective. The tubes are tested one after the other until the
2 defective tubes are discovered. Find the probability that the process stopped on the
(i) Second test; (ii) Third test. If the process stopped on the third test, find the probability that the first
tube is non defective.
Q.15 Anand plays with Karpov 3 games of chess. The probability that he wins a game is 0.5, looses with
probability 0.3 and ties with probability 0.2. If he plays 3 games then find the probability that he wins
atleast two games.
Q.16 An aircraft gun can take a maximum of four shots at an enemy's plane moving awayfromit. The probability
of hitting the plane at first, second, third & fourth shots are 0.4, 0.3,0.2 & 0.1 respectively. What is the
probability that the gun hits the plane.
Q.17 In a batch of 10 articles, 4 articles are defective. 6 articles are taken from the batch for inspection.
If more than 2 articles in this batch are defective, the whole batch is rejected Find the probability that
the batch will be rejected.
Q. 18 Given P(AuB) = 5/6 ; P(AB) = 1/3 ; P( B) = 1/2. Determine P(A) & P(B). Hence show that the
events A & B are independent.
Q.19 One hundred management students who read at least one of the three business magazines are surveyed
to.study the readership pattern. It is found that 80 read Business India, 50 read
Business world and 30 read Business Today. Five students read all the three magazines. A student was
selected randomly. Find the probability that he reads exactly two magazines.
Q.20 An author writes a good book with a probability of 112. If it is good it is published with a probability of
2/3. If it is not, it is published with a probability of 1 /4. Fi nd the probability that he will get atleast one
book published if he writes two.
Q.23 3 students {A,B,C} tackle a puzzle together and offers a solution upon which majority ofthe 3 agrees.
Probability ofA solving the puzzle correctlyisp. Probability of B solving the puzzle correctly is also p. C
is a dumb student who randomly supports the solution of either A or B. There is one more student D,
whose probability of solving the puzzle correctly is once again, p. Out of the 3 member team {A, B, C}
and one member team {D}, Which one is more likely to solve the puzzle correctly.
Q.22 A uniform unbised die is constructed in the shape of a regular tetrahedron with faces numbered 2,2,3
and 4 and the score is takenfromthe face on which the die lands. If two such dice are thrown together,
find the probability of scoring.
(i) exactly 6 on each of 3 successive throws.
(ii) more than 4 on at least one of the three successive throws.
Q.23 Two cards are drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the probability that one of them
is a red card & the other is a queen.
[450]
<!§Bansal Classes Probability
Q.24 A cube with all six faces coloured is cut into 64 cubical blocks of the same size which are thoroughly
mixed. Find the probability that the 2 randomly chosen blocks have 2 coloured faces each.
Q.26 A player tosses an unbiased coin and is to score two points for every head turned up and one point for
f every tail turned up. If Pn denotes the probability that his score is exactly n points, prove that
V ^ i
P
n- n-. = 2 (Pn-2-Pn-l)
P
^>3
Also compute P, and P2 and hence deduce the pr that he scores exactly 4.
Q.27 Each of the 'n' passengers sitting in a bus may get down from it at the next stop with probability
p. Moreover, at the next stop either no passenger or exactly one passenger boards the bus. The
probability of no passenger boarding the bus at the next stop being pQ. Find the probability that
when the bus continues on its way after the stop, there will again be 'n' passengers in the bus.
Q . 2 8 The difference between the mean & variance of a Binomial Variate1X' is unity & the difference of their
square is 11. Find the proba^'ity distribution of'X'.
Q.29 An examination consists of 8 questions in each of which the candidate must say which one of the
5 alternatives is correct one. Assuming that the student has not prepared earlier chooses for each of the
question any one of 5 answers with equal probability.
(i) prove that the probability that he gets more than one correct answer is (58 - 3 x 48) / 5 8 .
(ii) find the probability that he gets correct answers to six or more questions.
(iii) find the standard deviation ofthis distribution.
Q.30 Two bad eggs are accidently mixed with ten good ones. Three eggs are drawn at random without
replacement, from this lot. Compute mean & S.D. for the number of bad eggs drawn.
EXERCISE-II
Q. 1 The probabilities that three men hit a target are. respectively, 0.3,0.5 and 0.4. Each fires once at the
target. (As usual, assume that the three events that each hits the target are independent)
(a) Find the probability that they all: (i) hit the target; (ii) miss the target
(b) Find the probability' that the target is hit: (i) at least once, (ii) exactly once.
(c) If only one hits the target, what is the probability' that it was thefirstman?
Q.2 Let A & B be two events defined on a sample space . Given P(A) = 0.4 ; P(B) = 0.80 and
P (A/B) =0.10. Then find ; (i)P(AuB) & -p[(AnB) u (AnB)].
Q. 3 Three shots arefiredindependently at a target in succession. The probabilities that the target is hit in the
first shot is 1/2, in the second 2/3 and in the third shot is 3/4. In case of exactly one hit, the probability
of destroying the target is 1/3 and in the case of exactly two hits, 7/1.1 and in the case of three hits is
1.0. Find the probability of destroying the target in three shots.
Q.5 A certain drug, manufactured by a Company is tested chemically for its toxic nature. Let the event
"THE DRUG IS TOXIC" be denoted byH & the event " T H E CHEMICAL TEST REVEALS THAT THE DRUG
IS TOXIC" be denoted by S. Let P(H) = a, P(S / H) = P(S / H) = l - a . Then show that the probability
that the drug is not toxic given that the chemical test reveals that it is toxic, is freefrom'a'.
Q.6 A plane is landing. If the weather is favourable, the pilot landing the plane can see the runway. In this case
the probability of a safe landing isp r Ifthere is a low cloud ceiling, the pilot has to make a blind landing by
instalments. The reliability (the probability of failurefreefunctioning) of the instruments needed for a blind
landing is P. Ifthe blind landing instruments function normally, the plane makes a safe landing with the same
probability P] as in the case of a visual landing. Ifthe blind landing instruments fail, then the pilot may make
a safe landing with probability p 2 < p 1 - Compute the probability of a safe landing if it is known that in K
percent of the cases there is a low cloud ceiling. Also find the probability that the pilot used the blind landing
instrument, if the plane landed safely.
Q.7 A train consists of n carriages, each of which may have a defect with probability p. All the carriages
are inspected, independently of one another, by two inspectors; the first detects defects (if any) with
probability Pj, & the second with probability p 2 . If none of the carriages is found to have a defect,
the train departs . Find the probability of the event; " THE TRAIN DEPARTS WITH ATLEAST ONE
DEFECTIVE CARRIAGE " .
Q.8 A is a set containing n distinct elements. A non-zero subset P ofA is chosen at random. The set A is
reconstructed by replacing the elements of P. A non-zero subset Qof A is again chosen at random.
Find the probability that P & Q have no common elements.
Q.9 In a multiple choice question there are five alternative answers of which one or more than one is correct. A
candidate will get marks on the question only if he ticks the correct answers. The candidate ticks the
answers at random. If the probability of the candidate getting marks on the question is to be greater than or
equal to 1 /3 find the least number of chances he should be allowed.
Q.10 n people are asked a question successively in a random order & exactly 2 of the n people know
the answer:
(a) If n > 5, find the probability that thefirstfour of those asked do not know the answer.
(b) Show that the probability that the rUl person asked is the first person to know the answer is :
2(n-r)
n(n-l) if 1 < r < n
Q.ll A box contains three coins two of them are fair and one two - headed. A coin i s selected at random and
tossed. If the head appears the coin is tossed again, if a tail appears, then another coin is selected from
the remaining coins and tossed.
(i) Find the probability that head appears twice.
(ii) If the same coin is tossed twice,findthe probability that it is two headed coin.
(iii) Find the probability that tail appears twice.
Q.13 Abatch of fifty radio sets was purchased from three different companies A, B and C. Eighteen of them
were manufactured by A, twenty of them by B and the rest were manufactured by C.
The companies Aand C produce excellent quality radio sets with probability equal to 0.9; B produces
the same with the probability equal to 0.6.
What is the probability of the event that the excellent quality radio set chosen at random is manufactured
by the company B?
Q.15 A slip of paper is given to a person "A" who marks it with either a (+)ve or a (-)ve sign, the probability
of his writing a(+)ve sign being 1/3. "A" passes the slip to "B" who may leave it alone or change
the sign before passing it to "C", Similarly "C" passes on the slip to "D" & "D" passes on the slip
to Refree, who finds a plus sign on the slip. If it is known that B, C & D each change the sign with
a probability of 2/3, then find the probability that "A" originally wrote a (+)ve sign.
Q.16 There are 6 red balls & 8 green balls in a bag. 5 balls are drawn out at random & placed hi a red box; the
remaining 9 balls are put in a green box. What is the probability that the number ofred balls in the green box
plus the number of green balls in the red box is not a prime number?
Q.17 Two cards are randomly drawnfroma well shuffled pack of 52 playing cards, without replacement. Let
x be the first number and y be the second number.
Suppose that Ace is denoted by the number 1; Jack is denoted by the number 11; Queen is denoted
by the number 12; King is denoted by the number 13.
Find the probability that x and y satisfy log3(x + y) - log3x - log3y +1=0.
Q. 18(a) Two natural numbers x & y are chosen at random. Find the probability that x2 + y2 is divisible by 10.
(b) Two numbers x&y are chosen at random from the set {1,2,3,4,....3n}. Find the probability that
x2 - y2 is divisible by 3 .
(c) If two whole numbers x and y are randomly selected, then find the probability that x 3 +y 3 is divisible by 8.
a2
Q.19 A hunter's chance of shooting an animal at a distance r is — (r>a). He fires when r = 2a &
if he misses he reloads & fires when r = 3a, 4a If he misses at a distance 'na', the animal
escapes. Find the odds against the hunter.
Q.22 There are two lots of identical articles with different amount of standard and defective articles. There are
N articles in the first lot, n of which are defective and M articles in the second lot, m of which are
defective. K articles are selectedfromthefirstlot and L articles from the second and a new lot results.
Find the probability that an article selected at randomfromthe new lot is defective.
Q.23 An instrument is being tested, upon each trial the instrument fails with probability p. After thefirstfailure
the instrument is repaired and after the second failure it is considered to be unfit for operation. Find the
probability that the instrument is rejected exactly in the kth trial.
Q.24(a) Prove that if A, B & C are random events in a sample space & A, B, Carepairwise independent
and Ais independent of (BuC) then A, B&C are mutually independent.
(b) An event A is known to be independent of the events B, BuC & BnC . Showthat it is also
independent of C.
Q.25 In a knockout tournament 2n equally skilled players; S,, S2, S n are participating. In each
round players are divided in pairs at random & winnerfromeach pair moves in the next round. If S2
reaches the semifinal thenfindthe probability that S, wins the tournament.
EXERCISE-III
Q.l Ifp&q are chosen randomly from the set {1,2,3,4,5,6,7, 8,9,10} with replacement. Determine
the probability that the roots of the equation x2 + px + q = 0 are real. [ JEE '97, 5 ]
Q. 2 There is 3 0% chance that it rains on any particular day. What is the probability that there is at least one
rainy day within a period of 7 - days ? Given that there is at least one rainy day, what is the probability
that there are at least two rainy days ? [ REE '97,6 ]
(ii) If from each of the 3 boxes containing 3 white & 1 black, 2 white & 2 black, 1 white & 3 black balls,
one ball is drawn at random, then the probability that 2 white & 1 black ball will be drawn is:
(A) 13/32 (B) 1/4 (C) 1/32 (D) 3/16
(iii) If E & F are the complementary events of events E & F respectively & if 0 < P (F) < 1, then:
(A) P (E | F) + P(E |F) = 1 (B) P(E|F) + P(E| F ) = l
(C) P(E |F) + P(E| F ) = l (D) P(E| F) + P ( E I F ) = l
(v) If E & F are events with P(E) < P(F) & P(E n F) > 0, then :
(A) occurrence of E => occurrence of F
(B) occurrence of F => occurrence of E
(C) non-occurrence of E => non-occurrence of F
(D) none of the above implications holds.
(vi) A fair coin is tossed repeatedly. If tail appears on first four tosses, then the probability of head
appearing on fifth toss equals :
(A) 1/2 (B) 1/32 (C) 31/32 (D) 1/5
Q.4 3 players A, B&Ctossacoin cyclically in that order (that is A, B, C,A, B, C, A, B, ) till a head
shows . Let p be the probability that the coin shows a head. Let a, p & y be respectively the
probabilities that A, B and C gets the first head. Prove that
(3 = (1 - p)a. Determine a, (3 & y (in terms of p). [ JEE '98, 8 ]
Q. 5 Each co-efficient in the equation ax2+bx + c = 0 is determined by throwing an ordinary die. Find the
probability that the equation will have equal roots. [ REE '98,6 ]
Q.6(a) If the integers m and n are chosen at random between 1 and 100, then the probability that a number of
the form 7m + 7" is divisible by 5 equals
K <b>7 < C
>I
(b) The probability that a student passes in Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry are m, p and c respectively.
Of these subjects, the student has a 75% chance of passing in at least one, a 50% chance of passing in
at least two, and a 40% chance of passing in exactly two, which of the following relations are true?
19 27 1 1
(A) p + m + c = — (B) p + m + c = — (C)pmc=— (D)pmc=-
(c) Eight players P,, P7, P3, Pg play a knock-out tournament. It is known that whenever the players
P; and P • play, the player P; will win if i < j. Assuming that the players are paired at random in each round,
what is the probability that the player P4 reaches the final. [ JEE '99, 2 + 3 + 10 (out of 200)]
Q.7 Four cards are drawn from a pack of 5 2 playing cards. Find the probability (correct upto two places of
decimals) of drawing exactly one pair. [REE'99,6]
Q.8 A coin has probability ' p' of showing head when tossed. It is tossed 'n' times. Let pn denote the
probability that no two (or more) consecutive heads occur. Prove that,
p, = 1 , p2 = 1 - p2 & pn = (1 - p) p n _! + p (1 - p) p n _ 2 , for all n > 3.
[ JEE' 2000 (Mains), 5 ]
Q.10 Two cards are drawn at random from a pack of playing cards. Find the probability that one card is a
heart and the other is an ace. [ REE' 2001 (Mains), 3 ]
Q. 11 (a) An urn contains'm' white and 'n' black balls. Aball is drawn at random and is put back into the urn along
with K additional balls of the same colour as that of the ball drawn. A ball is again drawn at random.
What is the probability that the ball drawn now is white.
(b) An unbiased die, with faces numbered 1,2,3,4,5,6 is thrown n times and the list of n numbers showing
up is noted. What is the probability that among the numbers 1,2,3,4,5,6, only three numbers appear
in the list. [JEE' 2001 (Mains), 5 + 5 ]
Q.12 A box contains N coins, m of which are fair and the rest are biased. The probability of getting a head
when a fair coin is tossed is 1/2, while it is 2/3 when a biased coin is tossed. A coin is drawnfromthe box
at random and is tossed twice. Thefirsttime it shows head and the second time it shows tail. What is the
probability that the coin drawn is fair? [ JEE' 2002 (mains)]
Q. 13(a) Aperson takes three tests in succession. The probability of his passing the first test is p, that of his
passing each successive test is p or p/2 according as he passes or fails in the preceding one. He gets
selected provided he passes at least two tests. Determine the probability that the person is selected.
(b) In a combat, A targets B, and both B and C target A. The probabilities ofA, B, C hitting their targets
are 2/3,1/2 and 1/3 respectively. They shoot simultaneously and Ais hit. Find the probability that B hits
his target whereas C does not. [JEE' 2003, Mains-2 + 2 out of 60]
Q. 14(a) Three distinct numbers are selectedfromfirst100 natural numbers. The probability that all the three
numbers are divisible by 2 and 3 is
4 4 4 4
(A)5 (B ) 5 5 (Q- CD) —
(b) If A and B are independent events, prove that P (A u B) • P (A' n B') < P (C), where C is an event
defined that exactly one of A or B occurs.
(c) A bag contains 12 red balls and 6 white balls. Six balls are drawn one by one without replacement of
which atleast 4 balls are white. Find the probability that in the next two draws exactly one white ball is
drawn (leave the answer in terms ofnCr). [JEE 2004,3 + 2 + 4]
Comprehension (3 questions)
There are n urns each containing n +1 balls such that the Ith urn contains i white balls and (n +1 - i) red
balls. Let u, be the event of selecting r111 urn, i= 1,2,3, ,n and w denotes the event of getting a white
ball.
Q. 16(a) If P(Uj) oc i where i = 1,2,3, , n then Lim P(w) is equal to
n-»oo
(c) If n is even and E denotes the event of choosing even numbered urn (P(u.) = —), then the value of
' n
P(w/E), is
n+2 n+2 n 1
Q 14. (i) 1/10, (ii) 3/10, (iii) 2/3 Q 15. 1/2 Q 16. 0.6976
125 63
Q 20. 407/576 Q 21. Both are equally likely Q 22. (i) 773- ; (ii) 77
16 o4
24
C 23
or
Q 23. 101/1326 Q24. " ^ T
Q25. Independent in (a) and not independent in (b) Q 26. P, = 1/2 , P2 = 3/4
481 4V2
Q 29. - 5 - , Q30. mean = 0.5
5 5
EXERCISE-II
Q 1. (a) 6%, 21%; (b) 79%, 44%, (c) 9/44 « 20.45% Q 2. (i) 0.82, (ii) 0.76 Q 3. |
Q 4. 74/81 Q5. p ( H / s ) = l / 2
K
K
. K 4 [1UPUP l + ( 1 " P ) P 2 ]
Q6. P(E) = (I- — -)p,+—[Pp,+(1-P)p
^ m . /1 r.x ]! ;P(H
2
/x x /A)
2
1 a :\
p1 + A [ P P 1 + ( 1 _ P ) P 2 ]
100
KnM+LmN 3
22 23 2 2 25
Q ' MN(K + L) Q - P d-P)" Q '
EXERCISE-III
Q.6 (a) A (b) B, C (c) 4/35 Q.7 0.31 Q.9 | & | or J& -
6
1 m C 3 (3"-3.2 n +3)Z 9m
Q.10 — Q.ll (a)—;(b) Q.12
26 " m+n 6" ^ m + 8N
+ +
2V 2 4 H 6
QUESTION BANK ON
STRAIGHT LINE
COMPLEX NUMBER
SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
SEQUENCE & PROGRESSION
A B 1
Q. 1 If in a triangle ABC, b cos2 — + a cos2 — = - c then a, b, c are :
(A) in A.P. (B) in GP. (C) in H.P. (D) None
Q.2 ^ On the portion ofthe straight line, x + 2y = 4 intercepted between the axes, a square is constnicted on
the side ofthe line away from the origin. Then tire point ofintersection of its diagonals has co-ordinates
(A) ( 2 . 3 ) (B) (3,2) (C) (3.3) (D) (2,2)
3.3 If A is the area and 2s the sum ofthe 3 sides of a triangle, then !
<wveifthe (ami ly of lines, a (2x + y + 4) + b (x - 2y - 3) = 0. Among the lines of the family, the number
of lines situated at a distance of from the point M (2, - 3) is :
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) oo
1
2n + f 2n
i +1 2n + .v
1
).6 The sum of n terms ofthe series. +3 +5 + is:
in 2n - I v 2n - 1 /
2
(A) 2 n i n 2
(B)n + 2n i i
(C) m + n (D) none of these
).7 II ' A (3, 4). B (5, - 2) & C are 3 points such th^t AC = BC & the area of A ABC = 10, then the
co-ordinates ofC are :
(A) ( 7 , - 2 ) or ( 1 , 0 ) (B) (-7.2) or (0,1)
( C ) ( - 7 . - 2 ) or (-1.0) (D) (7,2) or (1,0)
z, + z,
).8 If —is purely imaginary then is equal to :
Z, - z ,
(A) (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 0
c c
).9 In any triangle ABC, (a + b)2 sin2— + (a - b)2cos2 —
(A) c (a + b) (B) b (c + a) (C) a (b + c) (D) c2
i.IO I f the point B is symmetric to the point A (4, -1) with respect to the bisector of thefirstquadrant, then
1
the lenuth AB is :
(A) 3 ^2 (B) 4^2 (C) 5 h (D) none
'.11 In a triangle ABC, CM and CM are the lengths of the altitude and median to the base AB. If a = 10,
b = 26, c = 32 then length (HM)
(A) 5 (B) 7 (C) 9 (D) none
(S? Bansal Classes Q. B. on St. line, sequence & progression,complex No. <j>-III, [2]
Q.12 Number of points denoting the complex number Z on the complex plane and satisfying simultaneously
7 the system of equations 0 < argZ <7t/4 and | Z - 6 i | = 5is
/yy/ (A) 0 (B) 1! (C) 2 (D) more than 2
Q.13 A stick of length 10 units rests against the tloor & a wall ofa room . If the stick begins to slide on the floor
then the locus of its middle point is :
(A) x2 + y2 = 2.5 (B) x2 + y2 = 25 (C) x2 + y2 = 100 (D) none
Q. 15 Through a given point P (a, b) a straight line is drawn to meet the axes at Q & R. If the parallelogram
Sy-yf OQSR is completed then the equation ofthe locus of S is
(given'O' is the origin):
a b a ib h .
(A) - + -i (B) ^ = (C) t + - = 2 (I)) 2
x V! y x x y • v x
1 — iz ll
Q. 16 11 z = x+ iy & to = then | to | = 1 implies that, in the complex plane :
z- i
(A) z lies on the imaginary axis (B) z lies on the real axis
(C) z lies on the unit circle (D) none
C I
Q. 17 In a triangle ABC. CD is the bisector ol the angle C. 11 cos — has the value ~ and /(CD) - 6, then
2 j
•i
— + j has the value equal to
Q. 1JL Two mutually perpendicular straight lines through the origin from an isosceles triangle with the line
2x + y = 5 . Then the area of the triangle is :
> (A) 5 (B) 3 (C) 5/2 (D) 1
Q. 19 If the median ofa triangle ABC through A is perpendicular to AB then — --- has the value equal to
n- > tan Ii
A 5
(A) (B) 2 (C) - 2 (D) -
Q.20 The region represented by inequalities Arg Z < — ; | Z | < 2; lm(z) > 1 in the Argand diagram is given
by:
2- a
1 \
(D)
7V>0° \ ,
\
TV1"'
1 2 1 2
(S? Bansal Classes Q. B. on St. line, sequence & progression,complex No. <j>-III, [462]
Q.21 Distance between the two lines represented by the line pair,
x2 - 4xy + 4y2 +.x - 2y - 6 = 0 is : •
"(A) (B) V5 (C) 2 4 (D) none
V5
Q.23 The distance between the two parallel lines is 1 unit. A point 'A' is chosen to lie between the lines at a
distance'd' from one of them . TriangleABC is equilateral with B on one line and C on the other parallel
line. The length ofthe side ofthe equilateral triangle is
(A) | V d 2 + d + l (B) ~ 3
d+
' (C) 2 V d 2 - d + l (D) V d 2 _ d + i
Q.24 Let /. be a complex number, then the fey ion represented by the inequality |z + 2| < | z 4' 4 [ is given
by:
(A) Re(z)>-3 (B) Im(z) < - 3
(C) Re (z) < - 3 & Im (z) > - 3 (D) Re (z) < - 4 & Im (z) > - 4
Q.25 .With usual notations, in a triangle ABC, a cos(B - C) + b cos(C - A) + c cos( A - B) is equal to
abc abc 4abc i abc
(A)
F"
1
Q.26 The co-ordinates ofthe points A, B, C are (- 4. 0), (0, 2) & (-13, 2) respectively . The point of
intersection ofthe line which bisects the angle CAB internally and the line joining C to the middle point of
AB is:
Q.27 With usual notations in a triangle ABC, (11, )• (112) • (113) has the value equal to
(A) R2r (B) 2R2r (C)4R2r (D) 16R2r
Q.29 The points A(a, 0), B(0, b), C(c, 0) & D(0, d) are such that ac = bd & a, b, c, d are all non-zero. The
the points:
(A) form a parallelogram (B) do not lie on a circle
(C) form a trapezium (D) areconcyclic
Q.30 Ifthe roots of the cubic x3 - px2 + qx - r = 0 arc in G.P. then
(A) q3 = p3r (B)p3 = q3r (C) pq = r (D)pr = q
Q.31 If A, is the area ofthe triangle with the vertices (0,0); (atanO, bcotO); (asinO, bcosO); A2isthe
area of the triangle with the vertices (a, b); (a sec2 0 , b cosec2 0); (a + a sin2 0 , b + b cos2 0) and A3
is the area ofthe triangle with the vertices (0,0); (atanO, -bcotO); (asinO, bcosO) then the values
of 0 for which A,,A2, A3 areinGP. is:
(A) 0 (B) tt/2 (C) 0 , 0 e R (D) none
(S? Bansal Classes Q. B. on St. line, sequence & progression,complex No. <j>-III, [4]
Q.32 If -7 - 1 . then the expression z" +z r is equal to : '
-k- i
(A) 1 (B) - 1 (C) i (D)-i
Q.33 In a A ABC, ifthe median, bisector and altitude drawn from the vertex A divide the angle at the vertex
into four equal parts then the angles of the A ABC are :
2i it i n n k rt .nr n n jit it
(A)T.7.~ <B> T T 1 <0 J.-J-j W - . - . j
Q. 34 The acute angle between two straight lines passing through the point M(- 6.-8) and the points in which
the line segment 2x + y + 10 = 0 enclosed between the co-ordinate axes is divided in the-ratio
1 :2 :2 in the directionfromthe point of its intersection with the x - axis to the point of intersection with
the y-axis is:
(A) ft/3 (B) TI/4 (C) N / 6 (D) TI/12
1 1 ,•
Q.35 With usual notation in a AABC — + - — -t— - , , , where K has the value
V r, r2j \r2 r, j vr, \\J a"b c"
equal to:
(A) 1 (B) 16 (C) 64 (D) 128
< . i
Q.36 If P the affix ofz in the Argand diagram & P moves so that - ' is always purilv imaginary, then the
z-1
locus ofz is :
V I
(A) circle centre , , radius -J= (B) circle centre ^ 1, - - j • radiu^ -|=
(C) circle centre (2,2) and radius 1/2 (D) none of these I
(|).37 In an A.P. with first tenn 'a' and the common difference d (a. d * 0). the ratio' p' ofthe sum ofthe first
a
n terms to sum ofn terms succeeding them does not depend on n. Then the ratio — and the ratio' p'.
respectively are
11 1 ( C ) 11 ( D )1
(A)-,- (B)2, - 2'3 2'2
Q.39 Ifthe straight lines joining the origin and the points of intersection ofthe curve
5x2 + 12xy - 6y2 + 4x - 2y + 3 = 0 and x + ky - 1 = 0
are equally inclined to the co-ordinate axes then the value of k :
(A) is equal to 1 (B) is equal to - 1
(C) is equal to 2 (D) does not exist in the set of real numbers ,
(S? Bansal Classes Q. B. on St. line, sequence & progression,complex No. <j>-III, [5]
Q .40 If co is one ofthe imaginary cube root of unity then the value of tire expression,
(1 + 2co + 2or)lt) + (2 + co + 2co2)10 + (2 + 2co + to2)10 is:
(A) 0 -(B) 1 '(C) co (D) co2
Q.42 I fa, b, c are in CP., then the equations, ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 & dx2 + 2ex + f = 0 have a common root, i f
d c r
- -,-arcin: , ..
a bb c' c >
(A) A.P. (B) G.P. • (C) HP. (D) none
i
j I
Q.43 In a triangle ABC, AI) is the altitude from A. Given b > c , angle C = 23° & ! AD = ? h c ;
1 Iv - c'
then angle B =
Q.44 If ot& [5 are imaginary cube roots of unity then a n +P" is equal to :
n it
(A) 2cos-2— (B) cos + (C)2isin— (D) isin
3 3 3
Q.45 A pair of perpendicular straight lines is drawn through the origin forming with the line
2x t 3y 6 an isosceles triangle right angled at the origin. The equation to the line pair is:
(A) 5x2 - 24xy - 5y2 0 I (B) 5x2 - 26xy - 5y2 = 0
(C) 5x2 i 24xy - 5y2 0 ' (D) 5x2 + 26xy - 5y2 = 0
Q.47 If the sum ofthe roots ofthe quadratic equation, ax2 + bx + c = 0 is equal to sum ofthe squares of their
, . a b c
reciprocals, then —, —, — are in :
c a b
(A) A.P. (B) GP. (C)H.P. (D) none
71
Q.48. The locus of z, for arg z = - — is
2n , 7 i
(A) same as the locus of z for arg z = — (B) same as the locus ofz for arg z = ~
(S? Bansal Classes Q. B. on St. line, sequence & progression,complex No. <j>-III, [6]
Q.49 If the incirclc ofthe A ABC touches its sides respectively at L. M and N and if x. v, z be the circumradii
of the triangles MIN. NIL and LIM where I is the incentre then the product xy/, is equal to :
Q.50 If the line y = mx bisects the angle between the lines ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 then m is a root of the
quadratic equation:
(A) hx2 + ( a - b ) x - h = 0 (B) x2 + h (a - b) x - 1 = 0
(C) (a - b) x2 + hx - (a - b) = 0 (D) (a - b) x2 - hx - (a - b) = 0
I
Q.5 1 AD, BE and CF are the perpendiculars from the angular points of a A ABC upon the opposite sides.
The perimeters ofthe A DEF and A ABC are in the ratio :
(A)
<B> £i <c> i . <D) i
where r is the in radius and R> is the circum radius ofthe A ABC !
f i
j
(COS0 - isinO)4
Q.52
(sinQ +• icosO)5
(A) cosO-isinO (B) cos 90 - i sin 90 (C) sin 90 - i cos 90 (D) sin 0 - i cos 0
Q.53 Letan, n e N is an A.P. with common'difference 'd'&all whose terms are non-zero. If n approaches
1
infinity, then the sum —-— + —!— + — will approach
a,a-> a T <i ^ i+i
i
2
(A);a jd (B) ajd (D)a.d
Q.54 Points A & B are in the first quadrant; point'O'is the origin . If the slope of OA is 1. slope of OB is 7
and OA = OB, then the slope of AB is :
(A) - 1/5 (B) - 1/4 (C) - 1/3 (D) - 1/2
B C
Q.55 In a A ABC if b + c = 3a then cot— • cot— has the value equal to :
V 4J
•
3ti ) . . f. 3K 71 . . 7t
(C) ?V2 cos| + 1 sin (D) 72 cos| -— + tsin
4/ V 4 4J K4
Q.57 If P (1,2), Q(4,6), R(5,7)& S (a, b) are the vertices of a parallelogram PQRS, then:
(A) a = 2, b = 4 (B) a = 3, b = 4 (C) a = 2, b = 3 (D) a = 3, b = 5
(S? Bansal Classes Q. B. on St. line, sequence & progression,complex No. <j>-III, [7]
Q.58 Let f„ g, h be the lengths ofthe perpendiculars from the circumcentre ofthe A ABC on the sides a. b and
4 + 371
- <B)(V2
v + I)' ( O - U . (D)
~> yj 2 . 3-2V2
^ ™: 3 -l- 21sinx . . . .
Q.60 11 is purely imaginary then x =
1 - 2isinx
1
(A) nn ! (B) nu ± -7 (C) 2nn ± ~ (D) 2n n ± ~
6 3 3 6
I
1
. I
Q.61 II the orthocentre anjd circumcentre of a triangle ABC be at equal distances from the side BC and lie on
the same side of BC then tanB lanC has the value equal to:
(A) 3 (B)j (C)-3 (D)- ~
Q.62 P is a point inside the triangl? ABC. Lines arc drawn through P, parallel to the sides of the triangle. The
three resulting triangles with the vertex at P have areas 4,9 and 49 sq. units. The area ofthe triangleABC
is
(A) 2^3 (B) 12 (C) 24 (D) 144
Q.63 The product ofthe distances ofthe incentre from the angular points ofa AABC is :
(a b c) R (abc)s
(A) 4 R2 r (B) 4 Rr2 (C) (D)
R
Q.64 The number of solutions ofthe equation z2 + z = 0 where z is a complex number, is:
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1
Q.65 If Sn denotes the sum ofthefirstn tenns of a GP., with thefirstterm and the common ratio both positive,
then
(A) S„ , S 2 n , S3n form a G.P.
( B ) Sn ' S2n • " Sn , S 3n , -S 2n form a G.P.
(C) S2n - Sn , S3n - S2n , S3n - Sn form a GP.
(D) S2n-Sn , S 3 -S 2 n , S 3 -S n form a GP.
ar,
Q.66 In a AABC if b = a (V3 — 1) d ZC = 30° then the measure of the angle A is
; (A) 15° (B) 45° (C) 75° (D) 105°
VII 4
where
(A) r, =p r=2 1,2 then (B)r, = 2r, ' (C) r2 = 2r, (D) r2.= 3r
Q.70 In a triangle AI3C. side AB has the equation 2 x + 3 y = 29 and the side AC has the equation .
x + 2y = 16. If the mid-point of BC is (5,6) then the equation of BC is :
(A) x - y = - 1 (B)5x-2y=*13 (C) x + y = 11 (D)3x-4y = - 9
Q.71 Consider an A.P. a, , a-, „ a, such that a3 + a- + a8 = 11 and a^ + an = -2. then the value of
a, + a6 + a 7 is j
(A)-8 (B)5 j (C)7 (D) 9
Q.72 The solution set ofthe equation, z2 + (3 + 2i)z - 7 + 17i = 0 where z is a complex number expressed in
the form of a + bi is
(A) 2 - 3i; - 5 + i (B)2 + 3 i ; - 5 + i (C) 2 - 3i; 5 - i (D)none
Q.73 Three lines x + 2y + 3 = 0 ; x + 2y - 7,= 0 and 2x - y - 4 = 0 form the three sides of two squares. The
equation to the fourth side of each square is
( A ) 2 x - y + 14 = 0 & 2x - y + 6 = 0 ( B ) 2 x - y + 14 = 0 & 2 x - y - 6 = 0
(C) 2x - y - 14 = 0 & 2x - y - 6 = 0 (D) 2x - y - 14 = 0 & 2x - y + 6 = 0
'1 1 1
Q.74 If'()' is the circumcentre ofthe A ABCj" and R,, R, and R3 are the radii ofthe circumcircles of triangles
OBC, OCA and OAB respectively then — + — + — has the value equal to:
j R, R2 R3
abc R1 4A A
(A) , v(B) (C) —T K(D)
J ^—7
2R abc R 4R2
Q.75 The circumcentre ofthe triangle formed by the lines, xy + 2x + 2y + 4 = 0 and x + y + 2 = 0 is:
(A) ( - 2 , - 2 ) (B) ( - 1 , - 1 ) (C) (0,0) (D) ( - 1 , - 2 )
Q.76 The principal value ofthe arg(z) and | z | of the complex number
flljO . . flliO
ar
z = 1 + cos + 1 sin ^ ^ " J e respectively :
Q.77 The medians ofa A ABC are 9 cm, 12 cm and 15 cm respectively. Then the area of the triangle is
(A) 96 sq cm (B)84sqcm (C)72sqcm (D)60sqcm
Bansal Classes Q. B. on St. line, sequence & progression,complex No. <j>-III, [9]
Q.78 ABC is an isosceles triangle'.*Ifthe co-ordinates ofthe base are (1.3) and (- 2. 7), then co-ordinates
of vertex A can be :
t
(A) ( 4 . 5 ) • <B)(-i,5) (C)(f.-5) <D)(-7;i)
Q.79 A circle of radius r is inscribed in a square. The mid points ofsides of the square have been connected by
line segment and a new square resulted. The sides ofthe resulting square were also connected by
segments so that a new square was obtained and so on, then the radius ofthe circle inscribed in the nlh
square is
1-11" 3-3n " n _ 5-3 n
1 2 O" 2
2 2
(A) r
- (B) 2 r
(C) (D)
3.80 Let z = 1 -,sin a + i cos a where a e (0, n/2), then the modulus and the principal value ofthe
argument ofz are respectively: j
n a
(A) ^ ( l - s i n a ) + f (B) (l-sina) ,
4 2
n a
(C) (l + sina) — + —
(D) 72 (l + sina) ,
4 2
3.81 The equatiohs ofthe straight line PL, PM are 13x + 4y = 8 and 19x - 3y = 17 respectively, then the
length ofthe perpendiculars from any point on the line PQ to the lines PL, PM arc in the ratio
[where coordinates of Q s(5,3)] t
: ; 1
(A)1:V2 (B) 1 :2 (C) 2 : 1 (0)^2:1 I
82 If x, y and z are the distances of incentre from the vertices ofthe triangle ABC respectively then
ja be
!xyz" is Mequal to
A ^ A ^ A A
(A) n t a n (B)2>ly (C) Z t a n Y (D)Z sm -
83 The line x + y = p meets the axis of x&y at A&B respectively .A triangle APQ is inscribed in the
triangle OAB, O being the origin, with right angle at Q . P and Q lie respectively on OB and AB . Ifthe
area ofthe triangle APQ is 3/8lh ofthe area of the triangle OAB, then is equal to :
71 71
(C) cos — +1 sin — (D) cos — + i sin -
4 4
(S? Bansal Classes Q. B. on St. line, sequence & progression,complex No. <j>-III, [10]
Q.85 la a AABC, a semicircle is inscribed, whose diameter lies on the side c. Then the radius ofthe semicircle
7
is '
2A 2A 2A c
(A)— (B)— (O— (D)
a+b a+b-c
Where A is the area ofthe triansjle ABC.
Q.8 6 If in triangle ABC , A = (1. 10). circumcentre s j - §) and orthocentre = (V ' 4) lhcn llic
co-ordinates of mid-point of side opposite to A is :
, (A) (1,-11/3) (B)(l-5) (C) (1,-3) (D) (1,6)
Q.87 Given am+n = A ; ain = B as the terms ofthe GP. a, . a2 . a, then for A ^ 0 which ofthe
following holds?
(A)a=VAB (B) ^ =2VA"B"
in m n - mn in" 11 n-11
A\ nun „ (A)
(C) am = a, (D)a„=a,
vB,
Q.88 A point 'z' moves on the curve | z - 4 - 3 i | = 2 in an argand plane. The maximum and minimum values
of | z | are :
(A) 2, 1 (B) 6, 5 (C) 4, 3 (D) 7.3
Q.89 The points with the co-ordinates (2a, 3a), (3 b. 2b) & (c.c) are collinear :
(A) for no value of a, b, c (B) for all values of a, b, c
i
(C) if a, - . b are in II.P. (D) if a. - c. b arc in H.P.
5 5
Q.94 'friangle formed by the lines x + y = 0 , x - y = 0 and /x + my = 1. If 1 and m vary subject to the
condition / 2 + m2 = 1 then the locus of its circumcentre is
(A) (x2 - y2)2 = x2 + y2 (B) (x2 + y2)2 = (x2 - y2)
(C) (x2 + y2) = 4x2 y2 (D) (x2 - y2)2 = (x2 + y2)2
(S? Bansal Classes Q. B. on St. line, sequence & progression,complex No. <j>-III, [11]
Q.95 Ifthe sum of the first 11 terms ofan arithmetical progression equals that ofthe first 19 terms, then the sum
of itsfirst30 terms, is •
(A) equal to 0 (B) equal to - 1 (C) equal to 1 (D) non unique
Q 96 If z = (3 + 7i) (p + iq) where p.qe I - {0}, is purely imaginary then minimum value of |zp is
3364
(A) 0 (B) 58 (C)—— (D) 3364
j
Q.97 Two rays emanate from the point Aand form an angle of 43° with one another. Lines L,,L, and L, (no
two of which are parallel) each form an isosceles triangle witli the original rays. The largest angle ofthe
triangle formed by lines L,, L-, and L, is :
(A) 127° ~ " (B) 129°
(C) 133° (D) 137°
Q.98 If in a A ABC.cosAcosB -t sinA sinB' ,sin2C — 1 then, the statement which isiincorrect, is
(A) A ABC is isosceles but not right angled (B) AABC is acute angled
Q.99 The co-ordinates ofthree points A(-4,0); B(2,1) and C(3,1) determine the vertices of an equilateral
trapezium ABCD . The co-ordinates ofthe vertex D are :
(A) (6,0) (B) (- 3, 0) (C) (-5,0) (D) (9, 0)
Q 100 If in a triangle ABC p. q, r are the altitudes from the vcrticcs A, B, C to the opposite sides, then which
ofthe following does not hold good? ,
( 0 (1 1
s i n :- + - - -
(C) (Z p) (Z pq) ( n a) = (Z a) (Z ab) (fl p) (D)
V p) V p q rJ
where R is the circum-radius of A ABC
Q.101 The image ofthe pair of lines represented by ax2 + 2h xy + by2 = 0 by the linemirrory = 0 is
(A) ax2 - 2h xy - by2 = 0 (B) bx2 - 2h xy + ay2 = 0
2 2
(C) bx + 2h xy + ay = 0 (D) ax2 - 2h xy + by2 = 0
Q.l 02 Let C be a circle with centre P() and AB be a diameter of C. Suppose P, is the mid point ofthe line
segment P()B, P, is the mid point ofthe line segment P,B and soon. Let C,, C-,, C3, be circles with
diameters P()Pp P,P2, P2P3 respectively. Suppose the circles C p C2, C3, are all shaded. The
ratio of the area ofthe unshaded portion of C to that ofthe original circle C is
(A)8:9 (B)9:10 (C)10:11 (O) 11:12
Q. 103 The set of values of 'b' for which the origin and the point (1,1) lie on the same side ofthe straight line,
a2x + a by + 1 = 0 V a G R, b > 0 are :
(A) b 6 (2, 4) (B) b e (0, 2) (C) b g [0, 2] (D) (2, 00)
Q. 104 The product of the arithmetic mean of the lengths ofthe sides of a triangle and harmonic mean ofthe
lengths of the altitudes ofthe triangle is equal to:
(A) A (B) 2 A (C) 3 A (D) 4 A
[ where A is the area of the triangle ABC ]
(S? Bansal Classes Q. B. on St. line, sequence & progression,complex No. <j>-III, [12]
Q. 105 The co-ordinates ofthe vertices P. Q, R & S of square PQRS inscribed in the triangle ABC with vertices
As(0.0). B = (3.0) & C = (2, 1) given that two of its vertices P Q are on the side AB are respectively
,A) 0 U
U - V u f > U ' S
(C) (1,0) .0 1 1
3 ' 27 V' 2 M
4 4
4J . 12 4
Q.107 The line 2x + 3y= 12 meets the x-axis at A and they-axis at B .The line through (5,5) perpendicular
toAB meets the x-axis, y- axis & the line AB at C, D, E respectively. IfO is the origin, then the area of
the ojrEB is : ,
i f
2j0 23 26 5752
(A) — sq. units (B) — sq. units (C) — sq. units (D) sq. units
n? n 71
t
(A) (B) ( C ) -jr (D)~
8
Q. 109 Let As (3.2) and B s (5,1). ABP is an equilateral triangle is constructed on the side'ofAB remote from
the origin then the orthocentre of triangle ABP is '
\
(A) 4-—73.
-) ?- - 7 3 (B) 4 + —
i
73, — + 73
i
Q. 111 The vertex ofa right angle of a right angled triangle lies on the straight line 2x + y - 10 = 0 and the two
other vertices, at points (2, -3) and (4,1) then the area of triangle in sq. units is
33
(A)7io (B)3 (C) CD) 11
(
a 2 + b2 + c2 ^ A B C
Q.l 12 In a AABC . sin~ siny sin~ simplifies to
v sinA' sinB sinC
(S? Bansal Classes Q. B. on St. line, sequence & progression,complex No. <j>-III, [13]
Q.l 13 GivenA = (1, 1) and AB is any line through it cutting the x-axis in B. IfAC is perpendicular to AR and
meets the y-axis in C, then the equation of locus of mid- point P of BC is
(A) x + y =j 1 (B) x + y = 2 (C)x + y = 2xy (t>)2x + 2y=l
Q. 114 Area ofa triangle inscribed in a circle of radius 4 if the measures of its angles are in the ratio 5 : 4 : 3 is
(A) 4 (V3-V2) (B) 4(73 + 72) (C) 4(3-75") (0)4(3 + 73)
^.l 15 ABCD is a rhombus. Its diagonals AC & BD intersect at the point M&satisfy BD = 2AC. Ifthe points
D & M represent the complex numbers 1 + i and 2 - i respectively, then A represents the complex
numbers are
(A) w 1
r
3 3.
—1 (B) 3 + 11 , —1
v 2 , v 2 ,
(C) 3- i • 1 + —i (D)none
). 116 The number of possible straight lines. passing through (2,3) and forming a triangle with coordinate axes,
whose area is 12 sq. units, is
cos [ 7t . . 71
(A) - 3 , < 1 sm-. (B) 2 I - ism—
4 4 V 4 4
71 2n
(C) 2 sm
.1
- -t 1 cos
3 (D) cos ~ + i sin —
'.120 If one vertex of an equilateral triangle of side 'a' lies at the origin and the other lies on the line
x - 73 y ~ 0 then the co-ordinates ofthe third vertex are :
^73a a") f 73j1 a a
(A) (0, a) (B) (C) (0, - a)
v 2 2y ( D ) 9 ' 9
, x y x y x y
.121 II - t- - --- 1 is a line through
c the intersection of — + — = 1 & — + — = 1 and the lengths ofthe
c d a b b a
perpendiculars drawn from the origin to these lines are equal in lengths then
(A) — 4 V = V ^ "T
a" b" c" d' a' b" c a"
1 1 1 1
(C) - + - = - + - (D) none
a b e d
(S? Bansal Classes Q. B. on St. line, sequence & progression,complex No. <j>-III, [14]
2 in 2 m'
Q.l 22 ' The bisectors of angle between the st. lines. v-b=- — (x-a)& v - b = -^-—(x-a)are
I-nr " I - m'"
(A) (y - b) (m + m') + (x - a) (1 - m m') = 0
(B) (y - b) (m + m') - (x - a) (1 - m m') = 0
(C) (y - b) (1 - mm') + (x - a) (m + m') = 0
(D) (y - b) (1 - m m') - (x - a) (m + m') = 0
Q. 123 In the quadratic equation x2 + (p + iq) x + 3i = 0. p & q are real. If the sum ofthe squares ofthe roots
is 8 then :
(A) p = 3. q = - 1 (B) p = 3. q = 1 (C) p = 43, q = - 1 (D)p - 3 , q = l
Q.l24 The x - co-ordinates of the vertices of a square of unit area are the roots of the equation
x2 - 3 | x | + 2 = 0 and the y - co-ordinates of the vertices are the roots of the equation
y2 - 3y + 2 = 0 then the possible vertices ofthe square is/are :
(A) (1. 1). (2. 1). (2. 2). (1.2) (B) (-1. 1), (- 2. 1). (-2. 2). (-1. 2)
(C) (2, 1), (1, - 1). (1. 2), (2, 2) (D) (-2, 1). (- 1,-1). (- 1, 2|. (-2. 2)
Q. 125 Consider the equation y - y, = m (x - x,). If m & x, arefixedand different lines are drawn for different
values of y,, then:
(A) the lines will pass through afixedpoint (B) there will be a set of parallel lines
(C) all the lines intersect die line x = x, (D) all the lines will be parallel to the line y = x,.
I
i
t
1
' i I
i I
i i
(S? Bansal Classes Q. B. on St. line, sequence & progression,complex No. <j>-III, [15]
[9ll 'Illrf '°N xsidwoD'uoissBjSojd y douanbds 'vui] 75" no 7/ () sdssoj^) jvsuvfjlj
A3>l H3AVSNV
BANSAL CLASSES
TARGET IITJEE 2007
MATHEMATICS
XII (ABCD)
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVE
i N P E X
TANGENT & NORMAL
KEY CONCEPT Page-2
EXERCISE-I : ! Page -3
EXERCISE-II Page -5
EXERCISE—III Page -6
MONOTQNQCITY
KEY CONCEPT Page -7
EXERCISE-I Page -8
EXERCISE-II Page -10
EXERCISE-III Page -11
MAXIMA - MINIMA
KEY CONCEPT Page -13
EXERCISE-I . Page -16
EXERCISE-II Page -18
EXERCISE-III Page -20
= Slope of tangent at
Jx
iyi
P(x1y1) = m(say).
n Equation of tangent at (x p y^ is;
dy
(X-XJ).
*iyi Length of I
HI Equation of normal at(x1,y1) is; Subnormal
dy
dx xi yi
NOTE:
1. The point P (Xj, y,) will satisfy the equation of the curve & the equation of tangent & normal line.
2. If the tangent at any point P on the curve is parallel to the axis of x then dy/dx = 0 at the point P.
3. If the tangent at any point on the curve is parallel to the axis of y, then dy/dx = oo or dx/dy=0.
4. If the tangent at any point on the curve is equally inclined to both the axes then dy/dx=± 1.
5. If the tangent at any point makes equal intercept on the coordinate axes then dy/dx=-1.
6. Tangent to a curve at the point P (Xj, y^ can be drawn even through dy/dx at P does not exist,
e.g. x = 0 is a tangent to y = x2/3 at (0,0).
7. If a curve passing through the origin be given by a rational integral algebraic equation, the equation ofthe
tangent (or tangents) at the origin is obtained by equating to zero the terms ofthe lowest degree in the equation,
e.g. If the equation of a curve be x2 - y2 + x3 + 3 x2 y - y3 = 0, the tangents at the origin are given by
x2 - y2 = 0 i.e. x + y = 0 and x - y = 0.
IV Angle of intersection between two curves is defined as the angle between the 2 tangents drawn to the
2 curves at their point of intersection. If the angle between two curves is 90° eveiy where then they are
called ORTHOGONAL curves.
intersection of the straight line through the origin & the straight line parallel to the x-axis & passing
through the point M is x2 + y2 = a2.
a a + Van - x2 r-z -
Q. 6 Prove that the segment of the tangent to the curve y=~
2
In < 0 ~ V a - x contained between
a - V a - x2
the y-axis & the point of tangency has a constant length.
Q. 7 A function is defined parametrically by the equations
. 1 ift*0
2t +12 sin-
1
- •" - _sint 2 if t * 0
f(t) = x = 1
t
0 if t = 0 "*™m>m o if t = 0
Find the equation of the tangent and normal at the point for t = 0 if exist.
Q. 8 Find all the tangents to the curve y = cos (x + y), - 2n < x < 2n, that are parallel to the line x + 2y = 0.
Q. 9 (a) Find the value of n so that the subnormal at any point on the curve xy n =a" +1 may be constant,
(b) Show that in the curve y=a. In (x2 - a2), sum of the length of tangent & subtangent varies as the
product of the coordinates of the point of contact.
Q. 10 Prove that the segment of the normal to the curve x = 2a sin t + a sin t cos 2 t; y = - a cos3t contained
between the co-ordinate axes is equal to 2a.
Q.ll Show that the normals to the curve x = a(cost + t sin t) ; y = a(sint-t cost) arctangent linesto the
circle x2 + y2 = a2.
Q. 12 The chord of the parabola y = - a2x2 + 5 ax - 4 touches the curve y=—— at the point x = 2 and is
1—x
bisected by that point. Find 'a'.
Q. 13 If the tangent at the point (xl5 y,) to the curve x3 + y3 = a3 (a * 0) meets the curve again in (x2, y2) then
x v
showthat—+— = - 1 .
x
i yi
Q. 1'4 Determine a differentiable function y=f (x) which satisfies f 1 (x) = [f(x)]2 and f(0)=- —. Find also the
equation of the tangent at the point where the curve crosses the y-axis.
Q.21 A curve is given by the equations x = at2 & y = at3. A variable pair of perpendicular lines through the
origin 'O' meet the curve at P & Q. Show that the locus of the point of intersection of the tangents at P &
Q is 4y2 = 3ax - a2.
x2 y2 = 1&
x2 + y2 =
Q.22(a) Show that the curves ~2—TT + T i — ~ i — 1 — 1 intersect orthogonally.
a +Kj b +Kj a + K2 b + &2
2
X v2 x2 v2
(b) Find the condition that the curves— + — = 1 & — - + — = 1 may cut orthogonally.
a b a b
Q.23 Show that the angle between the tangent at any point A' of the curve /n (x2 + y2) = C tan 1xx and the
line joining A to the origin is independent of the position ofAon the curve.
i i2
Q.24 For the curve x2/3 + y2/3 = a2/3, show that | z | + 3p2 = a2 where z = x + i y & p is the length of the
perpendicular from (0,0) to the tangent at (x, y) on the curve.
Q.25 Aand B are points of the parabolay=x2. The tangents at Aand B meet at C. The median of the triangle
ABC from C has length'm' units. Find the area of the triangle in terms of'm'.
Q. 2 A man 1.5 m tall walks awayfroma lamp post 4.5 m high at the rate of 4 km/hr.
(i) how fast is the farther end of the shadow moving on the pavement ?
(ii) how fast is his shadow lengthening ?
Q. 3 A particle moves along the curve 6 y=x 3 + 2. Find the points on the curve at which the y coordinate is
changing 8 times as fast as the x coordinate.
Q.4 An inverted cone has a depth of 10 cm & a base of radius 5 cm. Water is poured into it at the rate of
1.5 cm3/min. Find the rate at which level of water in the cone is rising, when the depth of water is 4 cm.
Q.5 A water tank has the shape of a right circular cone with its vertex down. Its altitude is 10 cm and the
radius of the base is 15 cm. Water leaks out of the bottom at a constant rate of leu. cm/sec. Water is
poured into the tank at a constant rate of C cu. cm/sec. Compute C so that the water level will be rising
at the rate of 4 cm/sec at the instant when the water is 2 cm deep.
Q.6 Sand is pouringfroma pipe at the rate of 12 cc/sec. The falling sand forms a cone on the ground in such
a way that the height of the cone is always l/6th of the radius of the base. How fast is the height of the
sand cone increasing when the height is 4 cm.
Q.7 An open Can of oil is accidently dropped into a lake; assume the oil spreads over the surface as a
circular disc ofuniform thickness whose radius increases steadily at the rate of 10 cm/sec. At the moment
when the radius is 1 meter, the thickness of the oil slick is decreasing at the rate of 4 mm/sec, how fast is
it decreasing when the radius is 2 meters.
Q. 8 Water is dripping outfroma conical funnel of semi vertical angle TC/4, at the uniform rate of 2 cm3/sec
through a tiny hole at the vertex at the bottom. When the slant height of the water is 4 cm, find the rate of
decrease of the slant height of the water.
Q. 9 An air force plane is ascending vertically at the rate of 100 km/h. If the radius of the earth is R Km, how
fast the area of the earth, visiblefromthe plane increasing at 3min after it started ascending. Take visible
Q. 10 A variable A ABC in the xy plane has its orthocentre at vertex 'B', a fixed vertex 'A' at the origin and the
7x2
third vertex 'C' restricted to lie on the parabola y = H——. The point B starts at the point (0,1) at time
36
t = 0 and moves upward along the y axis at a constant velocity of 2 cm/sec. How fast is the area of the
triangle increasing when t = ^ sec.
Q. 11 A circular ink blot grows at the rate of 2 cm2 per second. Find the rate at which the radius is increasing
6 22
after 2 — seconds. Use it =—.
11 7
% Bans aIClasses Application of Derivative [81
Q. 12 Water is flowing out at the rate of 6 m3/minfroma reservoir shaped like a hemispherical bowl of radius
% 2
R = 13 m. The volume of water in the hemispherical bowl is given by V = (3R - y) when the
water is y meter deep. Find
(a) At what rate is the water level changing when the water is 8 m deep.
(b) At what rate is the radius of the water surface changing when the water is 8 m deep.
Q. 13 If in a triangle ABC, the side 'c' and the angle 'C' remain constant, while the remaining elements are
changed slightly, show that ^ — = 0.
cos A cosB
Q. 14 At time t > 0, the volume of a sphere is increasing at a rate proportional to the reciprocal of its radius. At
t = 0, the radius of the sphere is 1 unit and at t= 15 the radius is 2 units.
(a) Find the radius of the sphere as a function of timet.
(b) At what time t will the volume of the sphere be 27 times its volume at t = 0.
EXERCISED!
Q. 1 Find the acute angles between the curves y = | x2 -11 and y = | x2 - 3 ! at their point of intersection.
[REE '98,6]
Q.2 Find the equation of the straight line which is tangent at one point and normal at another point of the
curve, x — 3t 2 , y — 2t3. [ REE 2000 (Mains) 5 out of 100 ]
3tt
Q. 3 If the normal to the curve, y=f(x) at the point (3,4) makes an angle — with the positive x-axis. Then
f'(3) -
(A)-l (B)-| (C)j (D)l
[JEE 2000 (Scr.) 1 out of 35 ]
Q.4 The point(s) on the curve y3 + 3x2 = 12y where the tangent is vertical, is(are)
f A \ c 4
4 ' TT ^
(A) 2) (B) { ^ J , l j (C) (0,0) (D) . 2J
[JEE 2002 (Scr.), 3]
Q.5 Tangent to the curve y=x 2 + 6 at a point P (1,7) touches the circle x2 + y2 + 16x+ 12y+c = 0atapoint
Q. Then the coordinates of Q are
(A) (-6,-11) (B) (-9,-13) (C) ( - 10, - 15) (D)(-6,-7)
[JEE 2005 (Scr.), 3]
2. A differentiable function is called increasing in an interval (a, b) if it is increasing at every point within the
interval (but not necessarily at the end points). A function decreasing in an interval
(a, b) is similarly defined.
3. A function which in a given interval is increasing or decreasing is called "Monotonic" in that interval.
4. Tests for increasing and decreasing of a function at a point:
If the derivative f'(x) is positive at a point x = a, then the function f (x) at this point is increasing. If it is
negative, then the function is decreasing. Even if f (a) is not defined, f can still be increasing or decreasing.
f'<0
f'<0
0 increasing at x = 0
O c decreasing at x = c
Note : If f'(a) = 0, then for x = athe function may be still increasing or it may be decreasing as shown. It has to
be identified by a seperate rule. e.g. f (x) = x3 is increasing at every point.
Note that, dy/dx = 3 x2.
yt J'<0
N
•f'(a)=0
f'(a)=0
/ f'>01 f'>0 sf'<0
—»x
O x=a O x=a
5. Tests for Increasing & Decreasing of a function in an interval:
SUFFICIENCY TEST : If the derivative function f'(x) in an interval (a, b) is every where positive, then the
function f(x) in this interval is Increasing;
If f'(x) is every where negative, then f (x) is Decreasing.
General Note:
(1) If a function is invertible it has to be either increasing or decreasing.
(2) If a function is continuous the intervals in which it rises and falls may be separated by points at which its
derivative fails to exist.
(3) If f is increasing in [a, b] and is continuous then f (b) is the greatest and f (c) is the least value of f in [a,
b]. Similarly if f is decreasing in [a, b] then f (a) is the greatest value and f (b) is the least value.
6.
(a) ROLLE'S THEOREM:
Let f(x) be a function of x subject to the following conditions:
(i) f(x) is a continuous function of x in the closed interval of a < x < b.
00 f' (x) exists for every point in the open interval a < x < b.
(iii) f(a) = f(b).
Then there exists at least one point x = c such that a < c < b where f' (c) = 0.
Note that if f is not continuous in closed [a, b] then it may lead to the adjacent
graph where all the 3 conditions of Rolles will be valid but the assertion will not
be true in (a, b).
[81
% BansaIClasses Application of Derivative
(b) LMVT THEOREM:
Let f(x) be a function of x subject to the following conditions:
(i) f(x) is a continuous function of x in the closed interval of a < x < b.
(ii) f' (x) exists for every point in the open interval a < x < b,
(iii) f(a)*f(b).
Then there exists at least one point x = c such that a < c < b where f' (c) = '——^
b- a
Geometrically, the slope of the secant line joining the curve at x = a & x = b is equal to the slope of the
tangent line drawn to the curve atx = c. Note the following:
"a. Rolles theorem is a special case of LMVT since
b- a
Note : Now [f (b) - f (a)] is the change in the function f as x changes from a to b so that [f (b) - f (a)] / (b - a)
is the average rate ofchange of the function over the interval [a, b]. Also f'(c) is the actual rate of
change of the function for x = c. Thus, the theorem states that the average rate of change of a function
over an interval is also the actual rate of change ofthe function at some point of the interval. In particular,
for instance, the average velocity of a particle over an interval of time is equal to the velocity at some
instant belonging to the interval.
This interpretation of the theorem justifies the name "Mean Value" for the theorem.
(c) APPLICATION O F ROLLES THEOREM FOR ISOLATING T H E R E A L ROOTS O F A N EQUATION f ( x ) = 0
Suppose a & b are two real numbers such that;
(i) f(x) & its first derivative f' (x) are continuous for a < x < b.
(ii) f(a) & f(b) have opposite signs.
(iii) f' (x) is different from zero for all values of x between a & b.
Then there is one & only one real root of the equation f(x) = 0 between a & b.
EXER CISE-I
Q. 1 Find the intervals ofmonotonocity for the following functions & represent your solution set on the number line.
(a) f(x) = 2. e x2 "4x (b) f(x) = ex/x (c) f(x) = x2 e~x (d) f (x) = 2x2 - In \ x |
Also plot the graphs in each case.
1
Q.2 Find the intervals in which f (x) = cosx-;, cos3x is a decreasing function.
r max{f(t):0<t<x} ,0<x<l
3 2
Q.5 Let f (x) = x - x + x + 1 and g(x) =
3-x ,1 < x < 2
Discuss the conti. & differentiability of g(x) in the interval (0,2).
Q.6, Find the set of all values of the parameter 'a' forwhich the function,
^ f(x) = sin 2x - 8(a +1 )sin x + (4a2 + 8a -14)x increases for all x e R and has no critical points for all
x e R.
% Bans aI Classes Application of Derivative [81
Q.7 Find the greatest & the least values of the following functions in the given interval ifthey exist.
(a)/(x) = sin 1
/—— - / n x i n (b) y = xx in (0,oo) (c) y = x5 - 5x4+ 5x3 +1 in [-1,2]
V*+l 2 » oJb\ AV>\ » r •
Q.8 Find the values of'a' for which the function f(x)=sinx - a sin2x - — sin3x+2ax increases throughout the
number line.
e
Q.9 Prove that f (x) = j(9cos 2 (2/nt)-25cos(2/nt) + 17)dt is always an increasing function of x,VxeR
V-0
Q.IO Iff(x) = x3 + (a -1) x2 + 2x +1 is monotonic increasing for every x e R then find the range of
\ y
values of'a'.
Q. 11 Find the set of values of 'a' for which the function,
f(x) = {
V 2 1 - 4a - a2 x3 + 5x + V7 is increasing at every point of its domain.
a+1
Q.12 Find the intervals in which the function f (x) = 3 cos4 x + 10 cos3 x + 6 cos2 x - 3 , 0 < x < 7 i ; i s
monotonically increasing or decreasing.
Q.13 Find the range of values of'a'for which the function f(x)=x 3 + (2a+3)x2 + 3(2a+ l)x+5 is monotonic
in R. Hence find the set of values of'a' for which f (x) in invertible.
Q.14 Find the value of x> 1 for which the function ^
crn O
I / ^ 2
F ( x ) - Jf-/n dt is increasing and decreasing.
t I 32 J
Q.15 Find all the values of the parameter 'a' for which the function;
1
\ f(x) = Sax - a sin 6x - 7x - sin 5x increases & has no critical points for all x € R.
Q.16 Iff(x) = 2ex - ae~x+(2a +1 )x - 3 monotonically increases for every x e R then find the range of values
x2 - 9
Q.17 Construct the graph of the function f (x) = - --x+- and comment upon the following
x+3 x—1
(a) Range ofthe function,
(b) Intervals of monotonocity,
(c) Point(s) where f is continuous but not dififrentiable,
(d) Point(s) where f fails to be continuous and nature of discontinuity.
(e) Gradient of the curve where f crosses the axis of y.
Q.18 Prove that, x2 - 1 > 2x In x > 4(x - 1 ) - 2 In x for x > 1.
, * f 3n } ) CUP
Q.19 Prove that tan2x + 6 In secx + 2cos x + 4 > 6 sec x for x e — , 2 n \ . ' ~ *
U' J Y^tesU^-
Q.20 If ax2 + (b/x) > c for all positive x where a > 0 & b > 0 then show that 27ab2 > 4c3. fa^ fr
'\ ::
. >1
Q.21 If 0 < x < 1 prove that y = x In x - (x2/2) + (1/2) is a function such that d2y/dx2 > 0. Deduce
that x/nx>(x 2 /2)-(l/2).
4§Bansal Classes Application of Derivative * [9]
0 » »
Q.22 Prove that 0 < x. sirix - (1/2) sin2x < (1/2) (71 - 1 ) for 0 < x < tc/2.
Q.23 Show that x2 > (1 + x) [/n(l + x)]2 Vx>0.
Q.24 Find the setofvalues of x for which the inequality /n(l +x)> x/(l +x) is valid.
Q.2^ If b> a,findthe minimum value of |(x-a) 3 |+ | ( x - b ) 3 | , x € R.
EXERCISE-II
Q. 1 Verify Rolles throrem for f(x) = (x - a)m (x - b)n on [a, b]; m, n being positive integer.
.2 Let f: [a, b] R be continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b). Iff (a) < f (b), then show that
f ' (c) > 0 for some c e (a, b).
Q.3 Let f (x) = 4x3 - 3x2 - 2x +1, use Rolle's theorem to prove that there exist c, 0< c <1 such that f(c) = 0.
Q. 4 Using LMVT prove that: (a) tan x > x in i sin x < x for x > 0
V
Q.5 Prove that if / i s differentiable on [a, b] and if f (a) = f (b) = 0 then for any real a there is an x e (a, b)
X ^ N such that a f ( x ) + f'(x).= 0.
r 3 x=0
2
Q.6 For what value of a, m and b does the function f (x) = L - x +3x + a 0 < x < l
mx+b l<x<2
satisfy the hypothesis of the mean value theorem for the interval [0,2].
Suppose that on the interval [-2,4] the function/is differentiable,/(-2) = 1 and \f (x) | < 5. Find the
bounding functions offon [-2,4], using LMVT.
Q.8 Let f, g be differentiable on R and suppose that f(0) = g (0) and f ' (x) < g' (x) for all x > 0. Show that
f (x) < g (x) for all x > 0.
Q.9 Let f be continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b). If f (a) = a and f (b) = b. show that there exist
distinct c p c2 in (a, b) such that f ' (Cj) + f'(c 2 ) = 2.
Q. 10. Let f (x) and g (x) be differentiable functions such that f' (x) g (x) * f (x) g' (x) for any real x. Showthat
between any two real solutions of f (x) = 0, there is at least one real solution of g (x) = 0.
Q. 11 Let f defined on [0,1 ] be a twice differentiable function such that, | f" (x) | < 1 for all x e [0,1 ]
If f (0) = f (1), then showthat, | f' (x) | < 1 for all x e [0,1]
Q. 12 f (x) and g (x) are differentiable functions for 0 < x < 2 such that f (0) = 5, g (0) = 0, f (2) = 8, g (2) = 1.
Show that there exists a number c satisfying 0 < c < 2 and f ' (c) - 3 g' (c).
Q.13 If f, <J>, i|/ are continuous in [a, b] and derivable in ]a, b[ then show that there is a value of c lying between
a&b such that,
f(a) f(b) f'(c)
<j>(a) «b) *'(c) = 0
¥(a) ¥(b) ^'(c)
Q.14 Show that exactly two real values of x satisfy the equation x 2 =x sinx + cos x.
Q.15 Let a > 0 and/ be continuous in [-a, a]. Suppose that / (x) exists a n d / (x) < 1 for all x € (-a, a). If
/(a) = a and/(- a) = - a, show that f (0) = 0.
Q. 16 Let a, b, c be three real number such that a < b < c, f (x) is continuous in [a, c] and differentiable
in (a, c). Also f 1 (x) is strictly increasing in (a, c). Prove that
(c - b) f (a) + (b - a) f (c) > (c - a) f (b)
% Bans aIClasses Application of Derivative [81
X—1
Q.17 Use the mean value theorem to prove, </nx<x-l, Vx>l
Q.19 Using L.M. V.T. or otherwise prove that difference of square root of two consecutive natural numbers
greater than N2 is less than 1 .
Q.20 Prove the inequality ex > (1 + x) using LMVT for all x e Rq and use it to determine which of the two
numbers e" and ne is greater.
EXERCISE-III
3
xe* x<0
Q.l Letf(x) = , , ' ; where 'a' is a positive constant. Find the interval in which f'(x) is
x + ax - x , x > 0
increasing. [ JEE '96,3 ]
X X
Q.2 Iff(x)= &g(x)= , where 0 < x < 1, then in this interval:
sin x tan x
(A) both f(x) & g (x) are increasing functions (B) both f(x) & g (x) are decreasing functions
(C) f (x) is an increasing function (D) g (x) is an increasing function
[ JEE '97 (Scr), 2 ]
dg
Q.3 Let a+b = 4, where a < 2 and let g (x) be a differentiable function. If > 0 for all x, prove that
dx
a b
j g(x) dx + J g(x) dx increases as (b - a) increases. [JEE '97,5]
o o
Q.4(a) Let h(x) = f(x) - (f(x))2 + (f(x))3 for every real number x. Then:
(A) h is increasing whenever f is increasing (B) h is increasing whenever f is decreasing
(C) h is decreasing whenever f is decreasing (D) nothing can be said in general.
x2- 1
(b) f(x) = —r—, for every real number x, then the minimum value of f:
x +1
(A) does not exist because f is unbounded (B) is not attained even though f is bounded
(C) is equal to 1 (D) is equal to - 1 . [JEE '98,2 + 2 ]
Q.5(a) Foralfx e (0,1):
(A) ex < 1 + x (B) loge(l +x)<x (C) sinx>x (D)log e x>x
(b) Consider the following statements S and R:
S : Both sin x & cos x are decreasing functions in the interval (n/2, n).
R: If a differentiable function decreases in an interval (a, b), then its derivative also decreases in (a, b).
Which of the following is true ?
(A) both S and R are wrong
(B) both S and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation for S
(C) S is correct and R is the correct explanation for S
(D) S is correct and R is wrong.
(c) Let f (x) = J ex (x - 1) (x - 2) d x then f decreases in the interval:
(A) ( - oo, 2) (B) ( - 2 , - 1 ) (C) (1,2) (D) (2, + oo)
[JEE 2000 (Scr.) 1+1+1 out of 35]
( M
Q.7 The length of a longest interval in which the function 3 sinx - 4sin3x is increasing, is
7t 7X 3TC
(A) — (B) — (C)y '((D)
D) n7i
[JEE 2002 (Screening), 3]
Q.8(a) Using the relation 2(1 - cosx) < x 2 , x ^ 0 or otherwise, prove that sin (tanx) > x, V x« 0'i
1
(A)-2 (B)-l (C)0 (D)-
f(x2)-f(x) .
T.
(b) If/is a strictly increasing function, then Lim — i s equal to
Note that:
(i) the maximum & minimum values of a function are also known as local/relative maxima or
local/relative minima as these are the greatest & least values ofthe function relative to some neighbourhood
of the point in question.
(ii) the term 'externum' or (extremal) or 'turning value' is used both for maximum or a minimum value,
(iii) a maximum (minimum) value of a function may not be the greatest (least) value in a finite interval,
(iv) a function can have several maximum & minimum values & a minimum value may even be greater than a
maximum value.
(v) maximum & minimum values of a continuous function occur alternately & between two consecutive
maximum values there is a minimum value & vice versa.
A NECESSARY CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM & MINIMUM :
If f(x) is a maximum or minimum at x = c & iff' (c) exists then f' (c) = 0.
Note :
(0 The set of values of x for which f' (x) = 0 are often called as stationary points or critical points. The rate
of change of function is zero at a stationary point.
(ii) In case f' (c) does not exist f(c) may be a maximum or a minimum & in this case left hand and right hand
derivatives are of opposite signs.
(iii) The greatest (global maxima) and the least (global minima) values of a function fin an interval [a, b] are
f(a) or f(b) or are given by the values of x for which f' (x) = 0.
dy
(iv) Critical points are those where — = 0, if it exists, or it fails to exist either by virtue of a vertical tangent
dx
or by virtue of a geometrical sharp corner but not because of discontinuity of function.
SUFFICIENT CONDITION FOR EXTREME VALUES :
f'(c-h) > 0
=> x - c is a point of local maxima, where f' (c)=0. h is a sufficiently
f'(c+h) < 0 small positive
. f'(c-h) < 0
Similarly • x - c i s aFpoint of local minima, where f'(c)
v = 0. quantity
f'(c+h) > 0_ '
Note : Iff' (x) does not change sign i.e. has the same sign in a certain complete neighbourhood of c,
then f(x) is either strictly increasing or decreasing throughout this neighbourhood implying that f(c) is not
an extreme value of f.
Ifthe derivative fails to exist at some point, examine this point as possible maximum or minimum.
Important Note:
Given a fixed point A(xl5 yt) and a moving point P(x, f (x)) on the curve y=f(x). Then AP will be
maximum or minimum if it is normal to the curve at P.
- If the sum of two positive numbers x and y is constant than their product is maximum ifthey are
equal,i.e. x + y = c , x > 0 , y > 0 , t h e n
xy= ^ [(x + y ) 2 - ( x - y ) 2 ]
- If the product of two positive numbers is constant then their sum is least if they are equal,
i.e. (x + y)2 = ( x - y)2 + 4xy
d2y
(ii) —7 < 0 => concave downwards,
dx
d2y
At the point of inflection wefindthat —y = 0 &
dx
dV changes sign.
2
dx
d2y
Inflection points can also occur if—-y fails to exist. For example, consider the graph of the function
dx
V
defined as,
,3/5
for x e ( - oo, 1) \2-x2
f ( x ) = [ 2 - x2 for x e (1, oo)
Note that the graph exhibits two critical points one is a point of local
maximum & the other a point of inflection. A 1 V2 "
l
If Jf (x) find the cubic/(x).
3
-l
X
Q.2 Investigate for maxima & minima for the function, f(x)= j [2 (t — 1) (t - 2)3 + 3 (t - l) 2 (t - 2)2] dt
i
Q.3 Find the maximum & minimum value for the function;
(a) y = x + sin2x, 0 < x < 2 7 i (b) y = 2 c o s 2 x - cos4x, 0 <x <7t
Q.4 Suppose f(x) is real valued polynomial function of degree 6 satisfying the following conditions;
(a) f has minimum value at x = 0 and 2
(b) f has maximum value at x = 1
f(x) ! Q
x
(c) for all x, Limit I / n 0
X i 1 = 2.
1 0 i
Determine f(x).
Q. 5 Find the maximum perimeter of a triangle on a given base4 a' and having the given vertical angle a.
Q. 6 The length of three sides of a trapezium are equal, each being 10 cms. Find the maximum area of such a
trapezium.
Q. 7 The plan view of a swimming pool consists of a semicircle ofradius r attached to a rectangle of length '2^
and width's'. If the surface area A of the pool isfixed,for what value of'r' and V the perimeter 'P! of the
pool is minimum.
Q. 8 For a given curved surface of a right circular cone when the volume is maximum, prove that the semi
vertical angle is sin-1 .
V3
6
Q.9 Of all the lines tangent to the graph of the curve y - 2~77 >findthe equations of the tangent lines of
x +5
minimum and maximum slope.
Q.IO A statue 4 metres high sits on a column 5.6 metres high. How farfromthe column must a man, whose eye
level is 1.6 metresfromthe ground, stand in order to have the most favourable view of statue.
Q. 11 By the post office regulations, the combined length & girth of a parcel must not exceed 3 metre. Find the
volume ofthe biggest cylindrical (right circular) packet that can be sent by the parcel post.
Q. 12 A running track of440ft.is to be laid out enclosing a footballfield,the shape of which is a rectangle with
semi circle at each end. Ifthe area ofthe rectangular portion is to be maximum,findthe length of its sides.
22
Use : n « — .
3X. 4" b
Q.l? If y =————— has a turning value at (2,-1) find a & b and show that the turning value is a
maximum
Q.18 Prove that among all triangles with a given perimeter, the equilateral triangle has the maximum area.
Q.19 A sheet of poster has its area 18 m2. The margin at the top & bottom are 75 cms and at the sides
50 cms. What are the dimensions of the poster if the area of the printed space is maximum?
x2 y 2
Q.20 A perpendicular is drawnfromthe centre to a tangent to an ellipse h—j - 1 . Find the greatest value
a b
of the intercept between the point of contact and the foot of the perpendicular.
X
Q .24 Theflowerbed is to be in the shape of a circular sector of radius r & central angle 0. If the area is fixed
& perimeter is minimum,findr and 0.
Q.25 The circle x2 + y 2 = 1 cuts the x-axis at P&Q. Another circle with centre at Q and varable radius
intersects the first circle at R above the x-axis & the line segment PQ at S. Find the maximum area of
the triangle QSR.
3
Q.1 The mass of a cell culture at time t is given by, M (t) = ~zr
l + 4e
(a) Find Lim M(t) and Lim M(t)
t->-00 t-»00
dM 1 ,,„ ,
(b) Show that — - - M(3 - M)
(c) Find the maximum rate of growth of M and also the vlaue of t at which occurs.
Q. 2 Find the cosine of the angle at the vertex of an isosceles triangle having the greatest area for the given
constant length I of the median drawn to its lateral side.
Q. 3 From a fixed point A on the circumference of a circle of radius 'a1, let the perpendicular AY fall on the
tangent at a point P on the circle, prove that the greatest area which the AAPY can have
2
• , ra
is3V3 — sq. units.
Q. 4 Given two points A ( - 2,0) & B (0,4) and a line y = x. Find the co-ordinates of a point M on this line
so that the perimeter of the A AMB is least.
Q. 5 A given quantity of metal is to be casted into a half cylinder i.e. with a rectangular base and semicircular
ends. Show that in order that total surface area may be minimum, the ratio of the height of the cylinder
to the diameter of the semi circular ends is n/(n+2).
Q. 6 Depending on the values of p e R,findthe value of'a' for which the equation x3 + 2 px 2 +p = ahas three
distinct real roots.
Q.7 Show that for each a > 0 the function e~ax. xa2 has a maximum value say F (a), and that F (x) has a
minimum value, e~e/2.
Q.8 Let f (x) = sin3 x + X sin2x, -n/2<x< n/2. Find the intervals in which X should lie in order that f(x) has
exactly one maximum & one minimum.
Q. 9 For what real values of 'a' and 'b' are all the extremum values of the function,
f(x) = a2x3 + ax2 - x + b negative and the maximum is at the point x0 = - 1 .
- Vx/nx whenx>0
Q.IO Consider the function /(x) =
L 0 for x = 0
(a) Find whether/ is continuous at x = 0 or not.
(b) Find the minima and maxima if they exist.
(c) Does/' (0) ? Find Lim / ' (x).
x-> 0
3 5
Q.14 Find the set of value of m for the cubic x3 - — x2 + — = log1/(4 (m) has 3 distinct solutions.
Q.15 Let A (p2, - p), B (q2, q), C (r2, - r) be the vertices of the triangle ABC. A parallelogram AFDE is drawn
with vertices D, E & F on the line segments BC, CA & AB respectively. Using calculus, show that
1
maximum area of such a parallelogram is: — (p + q) (q + r) (p - r).
T
Q.16 A cylinder is obtained by revolving a rectangle about the x - axis, the base of the rectangle lying on the
x - axis and the entire rectangle lying in the region between the curve
x
y = & the x - axis. Find the maximum possible volume of the cylinder.
Q.17 For what values of' a' does the function f (x) = x3 + 3 (a - 7) x2 + 3 (a2 - 9) x - 1 have a positive point
ofmaximum
Q.18 Among all regular triangular prism with volume V,findthe prism with the least sum of lengths ofall edges.
How long is the side of the base of that prism?
Q.19 A segment of a line with its extremities on AB and AC bisects a triangle ABC with sides a, b, c into two
equal areas. Find the length of the shortest segment.
Q.20 What is the radius of the smallest circular disk large enough to cover every acute isosceles triangle of a
given perimeter L?
Q.21 Find the magnitude of the vertex angle ' a ' of an isosceles triangle of the given area 'A' such that the
radius 'r' of the circle inscribed into the triangle is the maximum.
Q.22 Prove that the least perimeter of an isosceles triangle in which a circle of radius r can be inscribed
is6rv3.
Q.23 The function f (x) defined for all real numbers x has the following properties
(i) f (0) = 0, f (2) = 2 and f 1 (x) = k(2x - x2)e_x for some constant k > 0. Find
(a) the intervals on which/is increasing and decreasing and any local maximum or minimum values.
(b) the intervals on which the graph/is concave down and concave up.
(c) Hie function f (x) and plot its graph.
Q.24 Find the minimum value of j sin x + cos x + tan x + cot x + sec x + cosec x | for all real x.
2x n
Q.25 Use calculus to prove the inequality, sin x > - in 0 < x < — •
71 2
x2 TE
You mav use the inequality to prove that, cos x< 1 - — in 0 < x < ~
71 2
Q.4 The function f(x) = j t (el - 1) (t - 1) (t - 2)3 (t - 3)5 dt has a local minimum at x =
(b) The maximum value of (cos ctj) • (cos a 2 ) (cos a n ), under the restrictions
iz
O < ctj, a 2 , a n <— and cot otj • cot a 2 cot a n = 1 is
ex 0 < x <1 x
x_1
(b)/(x) = 2 - e 1 < x < 2 andg(x) = Jf(t)dt ,x e [1,3]theng(x)has
x-e 2<x < 3
M O N O TO N O C I T Y
EXERCISE-I
Q.l (a) I in (2,oo) & Din ( - 0 0 , 2 ) (b) I in (1,00) & D in ( - 00, 0) u (0,1)
(c) I in(0,2) & D in(-00,0) u(2,oo)
(d)
w I for x > -J- or - - < x < 0 & D for x < - - or 0 < x < -
2 2 2 2
71 371 7t
Q.2 xe 2n7c + — ,2mn u 2mt—,2n7i uf2mr + 71, 2mt + — I; n e l
I 4' 4 4 I 4 J
Q.3 (a) I in [0, 3ti/4) u (7tt/4 , 2 tt] & D in (3tt/4 , 7 7t/4)
(b) I in [0 , ti/6) u (tc/2 , 5tx/6) u (3tc/2 ,2 71] & D in (tt/6 , tt/2) u (5ti/6, 3 ti/2)]
Q.5 continuous but not diff. at x= 1 Q.6 a < - (2+V5 j or a > V?
Q.7 (a)(7r/6)+(l/2)/n3,(7i/3)-(l/2)/n3, (b) least value is equal to (l/e)1/e, no greatest value, (c) 2 &-10
Q.8 [l,oo) Q.10 a e (-oo,-3]u[l,oo) Q.ll [ - 7 , - 1 ) u [2, 3]
Q.12 increasing in x e (tt/2 ,27t/3) & decreasing in [0 , n/2) u (27t/3, 7t]
Q.13 0<a< — Q.14 t in (3,00) and I in (1,3) Q.15 (6,00) Q.16 a>0
EXERCISE-II
Q.l c = -m'° + n a which lies between a & b Q.6 a = 3, b = 4 and m = 1
m+n
Q.7 y = - 5x - 9 and y = 5x + 11 Q.18 0
EXERCISE-1II
Q.l ( - 2/a, a/3) Q.2 C Q.4(a) A,C;(b) D Q.5 (a)B;(b)D; (c)C
Q.6 (a) A, (b) cos(j cos"1 p Q.7 A Q.9 (a) D ; (b) C Q.ll (a)D
MAXIMA. - MINIMA
EXERCISE-I
Q.l f (x) = x3 + x2 - x + 2 Q.2 max.at x = l ; f(l) = 0, min.at x = 7/5; f(7/5) = -108/3125
Q.3 (a) Max at x = 2 n, Max value = 2 IT, Min. at x = 0, Min value = 0
(b) Max at x-n/6 & also at x = 5 n/6 and
Max value = 3/2, Min at x = 7t/2, Min value = - 3
Q.24 r = Va , 0 = 2 radians Q 25
' 173
Q.6 p < a < y ^ + p if p > 0 ; ^ - + p < a < p i f p < 0 Q.8 -3/2 <A.<0U0<A,<3/2
1 f
Q.9 a = - ~ and b e -oo,— or a= 1,be(-oo,- 1)
Q.IO (a) f is continuous at x = 0; (b) - — ; (c) does not exist, does not exist; (d) pt. of inflection x = 1
6
71 3it
Q.ll (a) x = - 27t, - 7t, 0,it, 2n, (b) no inflection point, (c) maxima at x = — and - — and no'minima,
37C 7t
(d) x = — and x = - —, (e) - n in 2
'4VY/3 (c+a-b)(a + b - c )
Q.17 ( - oo, - 3) u (3 ,29/7) Q.18 H = x = Q.19
vV3y
71
Q.20 L/4 Q.21 -
Q.23 (a) increasing in (0,2) and decreasing in (-oo, 0) u (2, oo), local min. value = 0 and local max. value = 2
(b) concave up for ( - oo, 2 - V2) u (2 + V2, oo) and concave down in (2 - V2), (2 + V2)
EXERCISE-IJI
Q.8 A Q.9 2ab Q.IO (a) D; (b) A Q.ll (a) A; (b) 18 Q.12 (a) (2,1); (b) 5
Q.13 (a)D Q.14 4^65 Q-15 (a) B, C; (b) A, B, (c) 6 solutions
MATHEMATICS
XII (ABCD)
BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
CONTENTS
KEY- CONCEPTS
SUGGESTED EXERCISE
ANSWER-KEY
KEY CONCEPTS
Mathematical logic is the science of reasoning. It is a process by which we arrive at a conclusion from
known statements or assertions with the use of valid assumption which is known as
Laws of Logic.
1. Basic Concepts: A statement is a sentence which is either true of false but not both simultaneously.
2. Truth value of statement: If a statement is true, we say that its truth value is TRUE or T and if it is false
we say that its truth value is FALSE or F.
3. Compound statements: A statement is said to be simple, if it cannot be broken down into two or more
sentences. New statements that can be formed by combining two or more simple statements are called
sub-statements or component statements of the compound statements.
5. Basic logical connectives: The words which combine simple statements to form compound statements
are called connectives. To define a set of connectives with definite meanings in the language of logic is
called object language. Three basic connectives (logical) are
" p if and only if q " such statements are called bi-conditional statements and are denoted by p o q .
only if biconditional
Example:
(1) Construct the truth table for [ p A (~ p) ]
P ~ P [PA P)]
T F F
F T F
T F F T F T
F T F F T T
F F F F F F
Logical equivalence:
Two statements S, (p, q, r,...) and S2 (p, q, r,....) are said to be logically equivalent, or simply equivalent
if they have the same truth values for all logical possibilities and denoted by
S, (p, q, r,...) = S2 (p, q, r,....)
Note:
(1) p -> q = ( ~ p ) v q (Conditional statement)
(2) ~ ( p -> q) s p A (--q) (Negation of Conditional statement)
(3) p -> q s ( ~ q) -> p) (Contrapositive of Conditional statement)
(4) p <-> q - (p -> q) A (q->p) (Bicond statement)
(5) ~ (p q) = ( p A - •q) V (~p A q) (Negation of Biconditional statement)
Duality:
Two compound statements S, and S2 are said to be duals of each other if one can be obainedfromother
by replacing A by v and v by A . The connections A and v are called duals of each other.
Algebra of statements:
1. Idempotent laws : If p is any statement then (a) p v p = p (b) p A p = p
2. Associative laws : If p, q and r are any three statements, then
(a) p v (q v r) = (p v q) v r (b) p A (q A r) = (p A q) A r
3. Commutative laws: If p and q are two statements, then
(a) p v q s q v p (b) p A q = q A p
4. Distributive Laws: If p, q and r are three statements then,
(a) p v (q A r) = (p v q) A (p v r)
(b) p A (q v r) S (p A q) v (p A r)
Definition:
A non empty set B together with two operations generally denoted by '+' and '.'is said to be a Boolean
Algebra if the following axioms hold:
Important points:
1. Boolean algebra is designated as (B,'+','.',"', 0,1) in order to emphasise it six parts, namely set B,
the two binary operations '+' and '.', the complement operation''' and the two special elements 0 and
1. The symbols 0 and 1 not necessarily represent the numbers zero and one but elements are called zero
elements and unit elements.
2. For the set S of all logical statements, the operations v and A play the roles of'+'and'.'respectively.
The tautology t and the contradiction C play the roles of 1 and 0, and the operationplays the role
? 11
3. For P(A), the set of all subsets of a set A, the operations u and n play the roles of '+' and'.', A and
(j) play the roles of 1 and 0, and complementation plays the role of " ' .
Theorem 1 :In a Boolean algebra 0 and the unit element 1 are unique.
Theorem 2: Let B be a Boolean algebra. Then for any x and y in b we have,
(a) x + x = x (a') x. x = x
(b) x + 1 = 1 (b') x . 0 = 0
(c) x + (x.y) = x (c) x. (x + y) = x
(d) 0' = 1 (d')l' = 0
(e)(x')' = x
(f)(x + y)' = x',y' (f')(x.y)' = x'+y'
Note that a', b', c', d' and f ' are duals of a, b , c, d and f.
Arguments and their validity:
An argument is the assertion that statement S, follows from other statements, S,, S 2 , S 3 , ...Sn We
denote the argument by (S,, S 2 , S 3 ,.... ,S n ; S). The statement S is called the comclusion and the
statements S,, S 2 ,...., Sn are called hypothesis.
An argument consisting of the hypothesis S,, S 2 ,..., Sn and conclusion S is said to be valid if S is true
whenever all S.,1 ' 2,....,
' S' nare true.
Lamp /
R "
Switches p and q are in series. Switches p and q are in parallel.
If we replace the words 'closed' and 'on' by the word 'True (or T)' and words 'open' and 'off by the
word 'False (or F)' then the tables becomes truth table for logical experiment p A q and p v q respectively.
In the language of logic we use symbols 1 and 0 to represent T and F.
Switches p and q are in series, i.e. p A q Switches p and q are in parallel, i.e. p v q .
These type of tables are called input/output tables with input as all possible values in bits of the switches
p, q etc. and output as the corresponding values in bits of their outcome.
We define the logical operations '+' and '.' on the set of bits {0,1} by
The NOT operation ',' on the set {0, 1} is defined by 0'= 1 as ~ F = T and 1' = 0 as ~T = F.
Definition 2:
Let {B, + , . , ' , 0 , 1 , } be a Boolean algebra and Xj, x 2 , , xn are in B. Then Boolean expressions
in Xj, x2, ,...,xn are definedrecursivley as follows:
(I) 0,1, Xj, x,,..., xn are all Boolean expression.
(II) If x and y are Boolean expressions, then
(a) x'
(b) x + y(orx v y)
(c) x . y (or x A y)
are also Boolean expressions.
Note: We denote a Boolean expression X in x,, x 2 ,...., xn by X( x,, x 2 ,...., xn)
Definition 3:
Let X(x, , x 2 , ...., xn) be a boolean expression in , x 2 , ...,xn . Then a function f of the form
f(x,,x 7 ,...,x ) = X(x , X2, ..., X] ) is called a Boolean function.
Three basic gates :
Gates are circuits constructed using solid state devices, which are capable of switching voltage levels (
bits 0 and 1).
The input / output tables for these gates are similar to the truth tables of conjuction, discunjuction and
negation respectively with T = 1 and F = 0.
Definition: An AND gate is a Boolean function defined by f (x p x?) = x, .x2 Xj, x2 e {0,1}
In DUt Output
x2 x1 . x 2
1 1 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 0
Definition: An NOT gate is a Boolean function defined by f(x) = x' x,, x2 e {0,1}
Input Output
X X'
NOT 0 1
1 0
x-r
OR NOT
XR-
(1) (2)
Definition:
Two combinatorial circuits are equivalent if their input/output tables are identical.
OR NOT s,
x,-
Ql. Let B = { {1} , {2}, {1,2 } ,(j>}. Show that (B , u , n , ' , (j), {1,2 }) is a Boolean Algebra.
Q2. Let L be set of all logical statements. Define operations '+', '.' and " ' b y
p + q = p v q ; p . q = p A q ; p' = ~p
for all p, q E L where v , A has usual meaning in mathematical logic.
Show that (L, + , . , ' , C , t) is a Boolean Algebra.
Q7. Construct an input output table for each of the following Boolean Algebra functions:
(i) f (x,, x 2 , x3) = ((x,. x2') + x 3 ). x,'
(ii) f (x,, x2) - (x,. x2') + x2 '
Q8. Write the Boolean expression for the following input/output table. Show that it is a Boolean function and
also draw its arrow diagram.
Input Output
x2 x3 S
1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0
Qll. Simplify
(i) { [ (a' A b')' v c] A (a v c)} ' a, b e B
(ii) (x A y) v [ (x v y ' ) A y]' x,yeB
where B is a Boolean algebra
Q12. Draw the circuit which realizes the function a A [(b v d1) v (c' A (a v d v c')] A b
Q13. Write the Boolean expression corresponding to the following switching circuit. Use laws of Boolean
algebra to simplify the circuit. Construct the network for the simplified circuit.
. ^.
q
q rq'
Q14. If A, B, C represent three switches in an on position and A', B' and C' represent the switches in an off
position, then construct a network for the polynomial ABC + AB'C + A'B'C. Using the laws of the
Booean algebra, show that above polynomial is equivalent to C(A+ B') and construct an equivalent
switching circuit.
OR
Q15. Simplify the combinational circuit:
not>O-
N0T>O-
P q r P A(q->r)
T T T T T
T T F F F
T F T T T
T F F T T
F T T T F
(ii)
F T F F F
F F T T F
F F F T F
X
Xl x2 1X2 (xvx2)' ( x v x 2 )' + x 2
1 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 1
© 0 1 0 1 1
0 0 0 1 1
Arrow Diagram
Q9. (i)
(ii)
(iii)
Q12. V
V -
B C
A
Q14.
A B' c"
xr T \ x ; + x2
Q15. X, - N0j>O—
MATHEMATICS
XII (ABCD)
: :
:. : :.:. " v.. :
VECTORS
&
3-D
CONTENTS
KEY- CONCEPTS
EXERCISE-I
EXERCISE-II
EXERCISE-III
EXERCISE-IV
ANSWER KEY
KEY CONCEPTS
1. DEFINITIONS:
A VECTOR may be described as a quantity having both magnitude & direction. A vector is generally
represented by a directed line segment, say AB . A is called the initial point & B is called the terminal
UNIT VECTOR a vector of unit magnitude in direction of a vector a is called unit vector along a and is
EQUAL VECTORS two vectors are said to be equal if they have the same magnitude, direction & represent
the same physical quantity.
COLLINEAR VECTORS two vectors are said to be collinear if their directed line segments are parallel
disregards to their direction. Collinear vectors are also called PARALLEL VECTORS. If they have the same
direction they are named as like vectors otherwise unlike vectors.
Simbolically, two non zero vectors a and b are collinear if and only if, a=Kb ,
where K e R
COPLANAR VECTORS a given number of vectors are called coplanar if their line segments are all parallel
to the same plane. Note that "Two VECTORS A R E ALWAYS COPLANAR".
POSITION VECTORlet O be a fixed origin, then the position vector of a point P is the vector OP • If
a & b & position vectors of two point A and B, then ,
AB = b - a = pvofB - pvofA.
2. VECTOR ADDITION :
If two vectors a & b are represented by OA & OB , then their sum a + b is a vector represented
by OC , where OC is the diagonal of the parallelogram OACB.
a + b = b + a (commutative) (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) (associativity)
a + 0=a = 0 + a a +(-a)=0 = (-a)+a
3. MULTIPLICATION OF VECTOR BY SCALARS :
If a is a vector & m is a scalar, then m a is a vector parallel to a whose modulus is | m | times that of
a. This multiplication is called SCALAR MULTIPLICATION. If a & b are vectors & m, n are scalars, then:
m ( a ) = (a)m = ma m ( n a ) = n ( m a ) = (mn )a
( m + n ) a = ma + na m(a + b) = ma + mb
4. SECTION FORMULA :
If a & b are the position vectors of two points A & B then the p. v. of a point which divides AB in the
t
ratio m: n is given by: -r= na + mb . Note
, , , p. v. of. mid
., point
. x oi AB = a + b .
m+n 2
Let a = aji + a 2 j + a 3 k the angles which this vector makes with the +ve directions OX,OY & OZ are
called DIRECTION ANGLES & their cosines are called the DIRECTION COSINES .
a-
cos a = 1 -! i r 5> cos p=~-
a o 2
(3=7^- > cos r = 1 J r •
a
Note that, cos2 a + cos213 + cos2 F = 1
a aI la
Figure
VECTOR EQUATION OF A LINE : B (B
TEST OF COLLINEARITY :
Three points A,B,C with position vectors a,b,c respectively are collinear, if& only if there exist scalars
x, y, z not all zero simultaneously such that ; xa + yb + zc = 0, where x + y + z = 0.
note that if 9 is acute then a.b > 0 & if 9 is obtuse then a.b < 0
I |2 7 " — —
a.b
the angle d between a & b is given by cos<|) 0<<|><7t
A A A — — •
if a = a1i + a 2 j + a 3 k & b = bji+ b 2 j + b3k then a.b = a,bj + a2b2 + a3b3
|aj= Y a i 2 + a
22 + a
j b ^ b, 2 + b 2 2 + b ;
Note
_i
(i) Maximum value of a . b = [ a I I b |
(ii) Minimum values of a . b = a . b = - | a | lb
bisector of the angle between the two vectors g&b is X (a + bj, where X e R+. Bisector ofthe
where n is the unit vector perpendicular to both a&b such that a , b & n forms a
right handed screw system .
a.a a.b
(ii) Lagranges Identity: for any two vectors a & b;(axb)2 =|a|~|b| -(a.b) 2 =
a.b b.b
(vi) Geometrically axb area of the parallelogram whose two adjacent sides are
represented by a & b .
axb
(vii) Unit vector perpendicular to the plane of a & b is n = ±
axb
(a x b j
A vector of magnitude 'r' & perpendicular to the palne of a & b is ± y — -
axb
axb
If 9 is the angle between a&b then sin 9 =
lal b
AB . (pxq) ( b - a ) . (pxq)
pxq pxq
1. The two lines directed along p & q will intersect only if shortest distance = 0 i.e
bx(a2 - a , )
2. If two lines are given by r, = a, + Kb & r2 = a, + Kb i.e. they are parallel then, d =
3.1 ?L2
A A A A A /V A A A —*
b, b2 b3
If a = aji + a 2 j + a 3 k ; b = bji + b 2 j + b3k & c = Cji + c 2 j + c3k then [a b c] =
C[ c 2 c 3
The volume of the tetrahedron OABC with O as origin & the pv's of A, B and C being a , b & c
respectively is given by V = — [a b c]
6
cir
" The positon vector of the centroid of a tetrahedron if the pv's of its angular vertices are a , b, c & d are
given by ~ [a + b + c + d].
Note that this is also the point of concurrency of the lines joining the vertices to the centroids ofthe
opposite faces and is also called the centre of the tetrahedron. In case the tetrahedron is regular it is
equidistantfromthe vertices and the four faces ofthe tetrahedron.
Remember that a-b b-c c-a 0 & a+b b+c c+a = 2 a b c
(d) If x j ,x 2 , x n are not LINEARLY INDEPENDENT then they are said to be LINEARLY DEPENDENT
Note :
If a = 3i + 2j + 5k then a is expressed as a LINEAR COMBINATION of vectors i, j, k • Also, a, I5 js K
form a linearly dependent set of vectors. In general, every set of four vectors is a linearly dependent
system.
i, j, k are LINEARLY LNDEPENDENT set of vectors. For
^ Two vectors a & b are linearly dependent => a is parallel to b i.e. axb= 0 => linear dependence of
a & b • Conversely if axb^O then a & b are linearly independent .
If three vectors a ,b ,c are linearly dependent, then they are coplanar i.e. [a, b, c] = 0, conversely, if
[a, b, c] * 0 , then the vectors are linearly independent.
XT ^ . u- 2xa , axb
Note: a = r - •, ; b'= _ , ; c'-
jSbcj abcj |abcj
[482]
<!§Bansal Classes Probability
(c) The moment of F about 'O' is defined as M = f x Fwherer
is the pv of P wrt ' 0 \ The direction of M is along the
normal to the plane OPN such that r , F & M form a
right handed system.
where
(d) Moment ofthe couple = ( r , - r 2 ) x F h & ?2 are pv's of the
point ofthe application of the forces F & - F.
3 -D COORDINATE GEOMETRY
USEFUL RESULTS
A General:
(1) Distance (d) between two points (x,, y,, z,) and (x 2 , y 2 , z2)
P(x, y, z)
d= yl(x2-xl)2+(y2-y1)2+(z2-zrf A m —!- m, —B
(X|,y,, z,) i (x2, y? j z.)
(2) Section Fomula
m2x1 + m 1 x 2 m
2Yl + m i Y2 m2Zj +nii z 2
z= mj +m 2
m!+m 2 ' : m]+m 2
(For external division take -ve sign)
Direction Cosine and direction ratio's of a line
(3) Direction cosine of a line has the same meaning as d.c's ofa vector.
(a) Any three numbers a, b, c proportional to the direction cosines are called the direction ratios i.e.
I _ m _ n _ 1
a b c _ Va2+b2+c2
same sign either +ve or -ve should be taken through out.
note that d.r's of a line joining x,, y,, z, and x 2 , y 2 , z2 are proportional to x2 - x, , y, - y, and z2 - z,
(b) If 9 is the angle between the two lines whose d.c's are /,, m,, n, and l 2 , m 2 , n2
cos9 = /, /2 + m ; m2 + n ; n2
hence if lines are perpendicular then /, l2 + m, m2 + nj n2 =0
U
n = m i = ni y2 .zb)
if lines are parallel then
l2 m 2 n 2
(x„ y,,z,)
h ml ni
note that if three lines are coplanar then h m2 n
2 =0 d.c's
m3 n3 I, m, n
h
(4) Projection of the join of two points on a line with d.c's /, m, n are
/ (x2 - x,) + m(y2 - y,) + n(z2 - z,)
B PLANE
(i) General equation of degree one in x, y, z i.e. ax + by + cz + d = 0 represents a plane.
(ii) Equation of a plane passing through (x,, y,, z,) is
a (x - x,) + b (y - y,) + c (z - z,) = 0
where a, b, c are the direction ratios of the normal to the p l a n e .
(iii) Equation of a plane if its intercepts on the co-ordinate axes are xl, y,, z, is
x y z
h— +— =1
x
i Yi z i
coincident if a2"b2"c2 d2
(vi) Angle between a plane and a line is the compliment of the angle between the normal to the plane and the
d
l"d2
V a + b 2 +c 2
2
EXERCISE-I
Q.l If a&b are non collinear vectors such that, p = (x + 4y)a + (2x + y + l)b &
q = ( y - 2 x + 2)a + ( 2 x - 3 y - l ) b .find x&ysuchthat 3p = 2q.
Q.2 (a) Show that the points a - 2b + 3c;2a + 3b - 4 c & - 7 b + 10c are collinear.
(b) Prove that the points A=(1,2,3), B (3,4,7), C (-3 ,-2,-5) are collinear &findthe ratio in which
B divides AC.
Q.3 Points X & Y are taken on the sides QR & RS, respectively of a parallelogram PQRS, so that QX = 4XR
(2\~\
& RY = 4 YS. The line XY cuts the line PR at Z. Prove that PZ = — PR.
{25 J
Q.4 Find out whether the following pairs of lines are parallel, non-parallel & intersecting, or non-parallel &
non-intersecting.
i- = i + j + 2k + A. (3i - 2j + 4k) i = i - j + 3k + X (i - j + k)
(i) . . . \ . . (n) / - -
r 2 =2i + j + 3k + p. (-6i + 4 j - 8 k ) h = 2i + 4j + 6k + p (2i + j + 3k)
r, = i + k + X (i + 3j + 4k)
r2 =2i + 3j + p (4i - j + k)
Q.5 Let OACB be paralelogram with O at the origin & OC a diagonal. Let D be the mid point of OA.
Using vector method prove that BD & CO intersect in the same ratio. Determine this ratio.
Q.6 Aline EF drawn parallel to the base BC of a AABC meets AB & AC in F & E respectively. BE & CF
meet in L. Use vectors to show that AL bisects BC.
Q.7 'O'is the origin of vectors and A is a fixed point on the circle of radius'a'with centre O. The vector OA
is denoted by a. A variable point 'P' lies on the tangent at A & OP = r. Showthat a.r =|a| .Hence
if P = (x,y) & A s (x19y,) deduce the equation of tangent at Ato this circle.
Q.8 (a) By vector method prove that the quadrilateral whose diagonals bisect each other at right angles
isarhombous.
(b) By vector method prove that the right bisectors of the sides of a triangle are concurrent.
2a & b is perpendicular to b.
Q-10 and
a, b,De(l
c and-1.2)
d are the positionIf vectors
respectively. of the
| a | = 2sl3.; (aApoints A=(x,
b)= (a'c); (a^)y,= z);
\ aBn d=(a(y,j -) i 2z,
s 3x); C
obtuse, = (2z,
then find3x,
x, y,- z.
y)
Q.19 IfO is origin ofreference, point A( a) ; B(b);C(c) ; D(a + b);E(b + c);F(c + a);G(a + b + c) where
/\ /V — > /V /\ A /V /V
a = aji + a 2 j + a 3 k ; b = b1i + b 2 j + b3k and c = c } i+ c 2 j + c3k then prove that these points are
vertices of a cube having length of its edge equal to unity provided the matrix.
a, a 2 a 3
b b b
i 2 3 is orghogonal. Also find the length XY such that X is the point of intersection of CM and
C, C2 C3^
GP; Y is the point of intersection of OQ and DN where P, Q, M, N are respectively the midpoint of
sides CF, BD, GF and OB.
Q.20 (a) If a + b + c = 0 , showthat axb=bxc=cxa . Deduce the Sine rule fora AABC.
(b) IfA, B, C, D are any 4 points in space, prove that
ABx CD + BCx AD+ CAx BD =4 (area of triangle ABC).
Q.21 (a) Determine vector of magnitude 9 which is perpendicular to both the vectors:
4 i - j + 3k & - 2 i + j - 2 k fn
(b) A triangle has vertices (1,1,1);(2,2,2),(1, l,y) and has the area equal to csc sq. units.
v4 j
Find the value of y.
Q.25 If the point R(r) is on the line, which is parallel to the vector, a i + b j + ck (where a, b, c * 0) and
Further if, T (t) is a point outside the given line then show that the distance of the line from the point
(t-s).(cj-bk)" + (t-s).(ak-ci) + ( t - s ) . (b i - a jj
T (t) is given by,
/a 2 + b2 + c2
EXERCISE-II
_ 1
Q.l A(a) ; B(b); C(c) are the vertices ofthe triangle ABC such that a = - ( 2 i - r - 7 k ) ; b = 3r + j - 4 k ;
y = j + c j + c2^ are non coplanar, show that the vectors dj = i +a,j + af k;p, = i + b,j + b, k and
y, = i + Cj j + c 2 k are coplaner.
Q. 4 Given non zero number x,, x2, x 3 ; y,, y2, y3 and z,, z2 and z3 such that Xj > 0 and y; < 0 for all i = 1,2, 3.
(i) Can the given numbers satisfy
X
1 x 2 x3 x]x2+y1y2+z1z2=0
Yi 2 y y 3 =0 and • x 2 x 3 +y 2 y 3 +z 2 z 3 =0
z Z Z
l 2 3
© IfP = (x, , x2, x 3 ); Q (y ], y2, y3) and O (0,0,0) can the triangle POQ be a right angled triangle?
Q.7 Thevector OP = i + 2j + 2k turns through a right angle, passing through the positive x-axis on the way.
Find the vector in its new position.
Q. 8 Find the point R in which the line AB cuts the plane CDE where
a = i + 2j + k, b= 2i + j + 2k, c - - 4 j + 4k, d = 2 i - 2 j + 2k & e = 4i + j + 2k-
Q.9 If a = aji + a 2 j + a 3 k ; b = b,i + b 2 j + b3k and c = c,i + c 2 j + c3k then show that the value of the
a-i a-j a-k
scalar triple product [ na + b nb + c nc + a] is (n 3 +1) b-i b-j b-k
c i c-j c-k
Q.10 Find the scalars a & p if Sx(bxc) + (a.b)b = (4-2p-sina)b + (p2 - l)c & (c.c)5 = c while b & c
are non zero non collinear vectors.
Q.ll Ifthe vectors b,c,d are not coplanar, then prove that the vector
(a x b) x (c x d) + (a x c) x (d x b) + (a x d) x (b x c) is parallel to a .
Q.12 a , b, c are non-coplanar unit vectors. The angle between b & c is a, between c & a is P and between
a & b is y . If A (a cosa), B (b cosp), C (c cosy), then show that in AABC,
n
bxc . _ cxa „ axb
i " 1 7 — ' n2 - p—^
c x a & n, =
bx c axb
Q.13 Given that a,b,p,q are four vectors such that a + b = pp,b.q = 0& ( b ) 2 = l , where p is a scalar then
prove that |(a.q )p - (p.q )a |= |p.q |.
Q.14 Show that a = px(qxr) ; b = q x ( r x p ) & c = r x ( p x q ) represents the sides of a triangle. Further
prove that a unit vector perpendicular to the plane of this triangle is
n,tan(pAq) + n2tan(qAr) + ri3tan(rAp)
where a, b, c, p, q are non zero vectors and
jn, tan(pAq) + n2 tan(qAr) + n3 tan(r Ap)|
Q.16 Let a = cxi + 2 j - 3 k , b = i + 2 a j - 2 k andc = 2i - a ] + k. Find the value(s) ofa, if any, such that
p.r p.s
Q.17 Prove the result (Lagrange's identity) (p x q) • (r x s) = & use it to prove the following. Let
q.r q.s
(ab)denote the plane formed by the lines a,b. If (ab) is perpendicular to (cd) and (ac) is perpendicular to
(bd) prove that (ad) is perpendicular to (bc).
b +(b
Q.18 (a) If px + (xxg) = b;(p*0) prove that x = ' ? 5 ~? p ( b x 5 ) •
P(P" + a )
(b) Solve the following equation for the vector p ; pxa + (p.bjc = bxc where a, b, c are non
zero non coplanar vectors and a is neither perpendicular to b nor to c , hence show that
abc
pxa + is perpendicular to b - c.
a.c
Q.19 Find a vector v which is coplanar with the vectors i + j - 2 k & i - 2 j + k and is orthogonal to the
vector-2i + j + k. Itis given that the proj ection ofv along the vector i - j + k is equal to 6 73 .
Q.20 Consider the non zero vectors a, b, c & d such that no three of which are coplanar then prove that
b5d + c|abdj = a cd + d a b c . Hence prove that a, b, c & d represent the position vectors of
bed + abd
the vertices of a plane quadrilateral if and only if =1 .
acd + abc
Q.21 The base vectors a1,a2,a3 are given in terms of base vectors b p b 2 ,b 3 as, aj = 2b, +3b 2 - b 3 ;
a,,a 2 & a 3 .
Q.22 If A (a) ; B(bj & C(c) are three non collinear points , then for any point P(p) in the plane of the
AABC , prove that;
(i) abc axb + bxc + cxa
)
(ii) The vector v perpendicular to the plane of the triangle ABC drawn from the origin 'O' is given by
abc (axb + bxc + cxa)
= ± where A is the vector area ofthe triangle ABC.
4A
Q.24 Let a,b & c be non coplanar unit vectors, equally inclined to one another at an angle 9. If
axb + bxc = pa + qb + rc . Find scalars p , q & r in terms of9.
Q.25 Solve the simultaneous vector equations for the vectors x and y.
x+cxy=a and y + c x x=b where c is a non zero vector.
EXERCISE-III
Q.l Find the angle between the two straight lines whose direction cosines /, m, n are given by
2/ + 2 m - n = 0 and mn + n/ + /m = 0.
Q. 2 If two straight line having direction cosines I, m, n satisfy al + bm + cn = 0 and f m n + g n / + h / m = 0
f g h
are perpendicular, then show that — + — + — =0.
a b c
Q.3 Pisanypointon theplane/x+my+nz=p.ApointQtakenonthelineOP (where O is the origin) such
that OP. OQ = p2. Show that the locus of Q is p( lx + my + nz) = x2 + y2 + z2.
Q.4 Find the equation of the plane through the points (2,2,1), (1, -2,3) and parallel to the x-axis.
Q.5 Through a point P (f, g, h), a plane is drawn at right angles to OP where 'O' is the origin, to meet the
r5
coordinate axes in A, B, C. Prove that the area of the triangleABC is 2f gh w ^ e r e OP = r-
Q. 6 The plane lx + my = 0 is rotated about its line of intersection with the plane z-0 through an angle 9.
Prove that the equation to the plane in new position is lx + my + zVl2 + m2 tan 9 = 0
Q. 7 Find the equations of the straight line passing through the point (1,2,3) to intersect the straight line
x + l = 2 ( y - 2 ) = z + 4 and parallel to the plane x + 5y + 4z = 9.
x-3 y-3 z
Q.8 Find the equations of the two lines through the origin which intersect the line ^ = ——=y at an
angle of -n .
Q.9 A variable plane is at a constant distance pfromthe origin and meets the coordinate axes in points A, B
and C respectively. Through these points, planes are drawn parallel to the coordinates planes. Find the
locus of their point of intersection.
x+2 2y+ 3 3z + 4
Q.10 Find the distance of the point P (- 2,3, - 4)fromthe line = ——— = —-— measured parallel to
the plane 4x + 12y- 3z + 1 = 0.
[490]
<!§Bansal Classes Probability
Q.ll Find the equation to the line passing through the point (1, -2, -3) and parallel to the line
2x + 3y - 3z + 2 = 0 = 3x - 4y + 2z ~ 4.
Q.12 Find the equation of the line passing through the point (4, -14,4) and intersecting the line of intersection
ofthe planes: 3x + 2 y - z = 5 and x - 2 y - 2 z = - l at right angles.
Q.13 Let P = (1,0,- 1); Q = (l, 1, l)andR = (2,1,3) are three points.
(a) Find the area of the triangle having P, Q and R as its vertices.
(b) Give the equation of the plane through P, Q and R in the form ax + by + cz = 1.
(c) Where does the plane in part (b) intersect the y-axis.
(d) Give parametric equations for the line through R that is perpendicular to the plane in part (b).
Q.14 Find the point where the line of intersection of the planes x - 2y + z = 1 and x + 2y - 2z = 5, intersects
the plane 2x + 2y + z + 6 = 0.
Q.15 Feet ofthe perpendicular drawnfromthe point P (2,3, -5) on the axes of coordinates are A, B and C.
Find the equation of the plane passing through their feet and the area of AABC.
Q.16 Find the equations to the line which can be drawn from the point (2, -1,3) perpendicular to the lines
x—1 y-2 z-3 x-4 y z+3 . ,
— =— = — and — = y = — at right angles.
x—1 y+2 z
Q.17 Find the equation ofthe plane containing the straight line — = =- and perpendicular to the
plane x - y + z + 2 = 0.
x+l y-p z+2 x y-1 z+ 7 . ,
Q.18 Find the value of p so that the lines —-- D = —— Z* = —— I and 1— = —— = —— are in the same
plane. For this value of p, find the coordinates of their point of intersection and the equation ofthe plane
containing them.
Q. 19 Find the equations to the line of greatest slope through the point (7,2, -1) in the plane
x - 2y + 3z = 0 assuming that the axes are so placed that the plane 2x + 3y - 4z = 0 is horizontal.
Q.20 Let ABCD be a tetrahedron such that the edges AB, AC and AD are mutually perpendicular. Let the
area of triangles ABC, ACD and ADB be denoted by x, y and z sq. units respectively. Find the area of
the triangle BCD.
Q.21 The position vectors of the four angular points of a tetrahedron OABC are (0,0,0); (0,0,2); (0, 4, 0)
and (6,0,0) respectively. Apoint P inside the tetrahedron is at the same distance 'r'fromthe four plane
faces of the tetrahedron. Find the value of V.
x + 6 y + 10 z + 14
Q.22 The line _ = —-— = —-— is the hypotenuse of an isosceles right angled triangle whose opposite
5 3 8
vertex is (7,2,4). Find the equation of the remaining sides.
Q.23 Find the foot and hence the length of the perpendicular from the point (5, 7, 3) to the line
x-15 y - 2 9 5-z
—-— = —~— = - r - . Alsofindthe equation ofthe plane in which the perpendicular and the given
3 8 5
straight line lie.
x—1 y-2 z+3
Q.24 Find the equation of the line which is reflection of the line ——=——=—— in the plane
3 x - 3 y + 10z = 26.
x - l y z . x - 3 _ y _ z-2
Q. 2 5 Find the equation ofthe plane containing the line = — - — and parallel to the line ^ 4 •
Find also the S.D. between the two lines.
Q.l (a) Let OA=a, 0B=l()a+2b and OC=b where O.A&C are non-collinear points. Let p denote the
area of the quadrilateral OABC, and let q denote the area of the parallelogram with OA and OC as
adjacent sides. If p = kq, then k = .
(b) If A, B&C are vectors such that |B| = |C| , Prove that ;
Q.2(a) Vectors x,y&z each of magnitude -J2, make angles of 60° with each other. If
xx(yxz) = a,yx(zxx) = b and xxy = c thenfmd x, y and z intermsof a, b and c-
(b) The position vectors of the points P&Qare 5i + 7 j - 2 k and - 3 i + 3 j + 6 k respectively. The
vector A = 3 i - j + k passes through the point P & the vector B = - 3 i + 2 j + 4 k passes through the
point Q. A third vector 2i + 7 j - 5 k intersects vectors A&B. Find the position vectors of the points
of intersection. [ REE' 97, 6 + 6 ]
(c) Let a & b be two non-collinear unit vectors. If u = a - (a . bj b & v = a x b, then |v| is:
(d) Let u & v be unit vectors. If w is a vector such that w + (w x u) = v , then prove that
(b) If a , b, c are non-coplanar vectors and d is a unit vector, then find the value of,
(a.d)(bx5) + (b.d)(cx5) + (5.d)(Sxb) independent of d . [REE'99,6 + 6]
Q.7
(a) Select the correct alternative:
(i) If the vectors a , b & c form the sides BC, C A & AB respectively of a triangle ABC, then
(A) a . b + b . c + c . a = 0 (B)axb = b x c = c x a
=
( C ) a . b = b . c = c.a (D) a x b + b x c + c x a 0
(ii) Let the vectors a , b, c & d be such that (a x b )x (c x d) = 0 .Let P, & P2 be planes determined by
the pairs of vectors a , b & c,d respectively. Then the angle between P, and P2 is:
(A) 0 (B) 7 i / 4 (C) 7T/3 (4) tx/2
(iii) If a , b & c are unit coplanar vectors, then the scalar triple product
2a-b 2b-c 2c-a
Q.9(a) The diagonals ofa parallelogram are given by vectors 2i + 3 j - 6 k and 3i - 4 j - k • Determine its sides
and also the area,
(b) Find the value of X such that a, b, c are all non-zero and
(~4i + 5 j ja + (3i - 3 j + k)b + (i + j + 3k)c - X (ai + bj + ck) [ REE '2001 (Mains) 3 + 3]
r • (2i + j + k) +8 = 0.
A A A A A A
(b) Two vertices of a triangle are at - i + 3 j and 2i + 5 j and its orthocentre is at i + 2 j. Find the position
vector of third vertex. [ REE '2001 (Mains) 3 + 3]
Q. 11 (a) If a, b and c are unit vectors, then a - b + b-c + |c-a| 2 does NOT exceed
(A) 4 (B) 9 (C) 8 <D)6
(b) Let a = i - k , b = xi + j + ( l - x)k a n d c = yi + x j + (l + x - y ) k - T h e n [a, b, c] depends on
(A) only x (B)onlyy (C) NEITHER x NOR y (D) both x and y
[ JEE '2001 (Screening) 1 + 1 out of 35]
Q. 12(a) Show by vector methods, that the angular bisectors of a triangle are concurrent and find an expression
for the position vector of the point of concurrency in terms of the position vectors of the vertices.
(b) Find 3-dimensional vectors v,, v 2 , v3 satisfying
v, • v, = 4, v, • v2 = -2, v, • v3 = 6, v2 • v2 = 2, v2 • v3 = -5, v3 • v3 = 29.
(c) Let A(t) = f, (t)i + f 2 (t)j and B(t) = g, (t)i + g2 (t)j, t e [0,1], where f,, f2, g,, g2 are continuous
functions. If A(t) and B(t)are nonzero vectors for all t and A(0) = 2 i + 3 j ,
A(l) = 6i + 2j, B(0)= 3i + 2j and B(l) = 2i + 6j, then showthat A(t) and B(t) are parallel for
some t. [ JEE '2001 (Mains) 5 + 5 + 5 out of 100 ]
Q.l 3(a) If a and b are two unit vectors such that a +2b and 5 a - 4 b are perpendicular to each other then
the angle between a and b is
(I) 2
(A) 45° (B) 60° (C)cos-1 - (D)cos , _
A A A _ A A
(b) Let V = 2i + j - k and W = i + 3k. If u is a unit vector, then the maximum value of the scalar triple
product [U V W is
(A)-l (B) 7l0 + V6 (C)V59 (D) V60
[JEE 2002(Screening), 3 + 3]
<!§Bansal Classes Probability [19]
Q.14 Let V be the volume of the parallelopiped formed by the vectors a =a,i + a 2 j + a 3 k,
b =bji + b2 j+b 3 k, c =c j + c2 j+c 3 k. If a , b , c , where r = 1, 2, 3, are non-negative real
3
numbers and £ (ar + br + c r ) = 3L, show that V < L3. [JEE 2002(Mains), 5]
Q.15 If a = i + aj +k , b = j +ak , c = ai +k, then find the value of 'a' for which volume of
parallelopiped formed by three vectors as coterminous edges, is minimum, is
1 1 1
(C)± (D)none
(A)^ (B)--JJ V3
[JEE 2003(Scr.), 3]
Q.16
(i) Find the equation ofthe plane passing through the points (2,1,0),(5,0, l)and(4,1,1).
(ii) If P is the point (2,1,6) then find the point Q such that PQ is perpendicular to the plane in (i) and the mid
point of PQ lies on it. [ JEE 2003,4 out of 60]
Q.17 If u , v , w are three non-coplanar unit vectors and a, P, y are the angles between u and v ,
v andw , w and u respectively and x , y , z are unit vectors along the bisectors of the angles
r_ _ l1r1r I-\2l 2 «a 22PP
sec2 —
7 .
a, P, y respectively. Prove that [xxy y xz z x x j =—[u v wj —c sec — — sec
sec — - sec
16 2 2
2. L2
[JEE 2003,4 out of 60]
x - 1 y+1 z - 1 x-3 y-k z
Q. 18(a) If the lines — y = - y - = and —— = —— = y intersect, then k =
6i-5k 3j —k 2i-5k 2i + j - 2 k
(d) Incident ray is along the unit vector v and the reflected ray is along the
unit vector w. The normal is along unit vector a outwards. Express vN
w in terms of a and v. mmmmMfmmuum
[ JEE 2005 (Mains), 2 + 4 out of 60 ]
Q.21(a) A plane passes through (1,-2, 1) and is perpendicular to two planes 2x - 2y + z = 0 and
x - y + 2z = 4. The distance of the plane from the point (1,2,2) is
(A)0 (B)l (C) 4 1 (D) 2 V2
(b) Let a = i + 2 j + k , b = i - j + k and c = i + j - k • A vector in the plane of a and b whose projection
- . 1 .
on c is —p=, is
V3
(A) 4 i - j + 4k (B) 3i + j - 3 k (C) 2 i + j - 2 k (D) 4 i + j - 4 k
[JEE 2006,3 marks each]
(c) Let A be vector parallel to line of intersection of planes P j and P9 through origin. P, is parallel to the
A /V /\ /V a a a a
EXERCISE-II
+
Q.l 2Jl7 Q-2 Q-4 N0
' N 0
„ „. 1 2cos0 1
Q.24 p = - ; q= ; r= - ,
V l + 2cos0 V1 + 2COS0 yl + 2cos0
1 2cos9 1
or p= -r —— ; q ~ — F — = ; r :
VT+TcosO" ' / l + 2cos0 ' ^/l + 2cos0_
a + (c.a)c + b x c b + (c.b)c + a x c
Q.25 x= —^ , y= _
1+c 1 + 2c
EXERCISE-III
x-7_y-2_z-4 x-7_y-2_z-4
Q.22
x-4 y+1 z-7
Q.23 (9,13,15); 14 ; 9 x - 4 y - z = 14 Q.24
Q.25 x - 2y + 2z - 1 = 0; 2 units
EXERCISE-IV
Q.l (a) 6
Q.2 (a) x = a x c ; y ^ b x c ; z = b + a x c or b x c - a (b) (2, 8, - 3) ; (0, 1, 2)
Q.3 (a) (i) D (ii) C (iii) A, C
axb - axb _ r axb r axb
—-—a x —— axb —^— + b x —
Q.4 (a) x = — ; y=—; Z=.-L- -^L- (b) P = (3,8,3)& Q = (-3,-7,6)
axbSY* ' y fa x b
Y
abc
Q.5 (a) B (b) A (c) A, C Q.6 (a) 5 = -V3a + 2b (b)
Q.7 (a) (i) B (ii) A (iii) A «
Q.9 (a) y(5i - j-7k), y ( - i + 7j-5k); | Vl 274 sq. units (b)A, = 0, X = -2± V29
5 a 17 a
Q.10 (a) r = -13i + l l j + 7k; ( b ) - i + y j
Probability [24]
<!§Bansal Classes