6.

Existence

Chapter 1
❶ There is a Living Thing. …4
❷ There is a Thing. …5
❸ Counting Word …6

Chapter 2
❶ Position Words … 10
❷ There is … in a Place. … 14
❸ … is in a Place. … 16
❹ Is there … near here? … 19
❺ No, there isn’t … … 20

Usage : Where is…?

Chapter 3
❶ anybody・nobody … 24
❷ I have … … 26
❸ I have a Family Member. … 27
❹ Family Member … 28
❺ There is an Event. … 29
❻ An Accident happened. … 30

Article : Drinking
Quiz

1
This is a book for people learning basic Japanese without a teacher.

1. in the shortest way

Many people tend to give up learning Japanese, because textbooks don’t match your need or you
struggle with reading “Kanji”. In this book you’ll complete basic Japanese using only Roman alphabets
or “Hiragana & Katakana” which are necessary to understand Japanese sounds, so you don’t have
to spend too much time to learn “Kanji” at the basic level. Since the only way to improve Japanese is
to learn “sentence patterns” one by one, learning grammar before “Kanji” is going to be the shortest
way to improve your Japanese.

2. can save money

This book consists of 20 volumes in all, and each part is sold separately, so you can start from any
part on your convenience, and also you can use it only for strengthening a part which you feel
difficult. You don’t have to pay money for the part which you don’t need. If you study Japanese for
the first time, you may feel it’s a bit long from vol.1 to vol.20. However, to learn the basic “sentence
patterns” is necessary to master Japanese.

3. a handmade textbook
This book is made by a Japanese teacher, and the content is summarized simply, making use of the
experience in the class. The example sentences in Japanese are absolutely practical, and any
expressions which are too formal or old-fashioned as sometimes seen in other textbooks are not
included. However I apologize for the parts that English is not properly used. I nevertheless believe
that this book is useful to study Japanese without a teacher.

4. studying in sentence level

In the basic level, many people feel difficulty for various Verb conjugating, therefore this book has
lots of example sentences with less grammar explanation. Getting used to many sentences will help
you to improve, rather than reading a lot of grammar explanation. Please learn at sentence level
from English to Japanese with this book.

Thank you for choosing this book. I hope your dream comes true.

2
 chapter 1

1 There is a Living Thing.

2 There is a Thing.

3 Counting Word

3
 ❶ There is a living thing.

Existence
◎ There is a lady.
Living Thing [ga] i-masu.
Onnanohito [ga] i-masu.

Counting Word
● Living Thing [ga] i-masu. : = There is a Living Thing.
( LivingThing が います。)

□ ‘i-masu’ : = to exist

anybody・nobody
》It means that a living thing exists.
》living thing : person, animal, fish, insect etc.

◎ There is a dog.
→ Inu [ga] i-masu.
( いぬが います。)

Others
● Living Thing [ga] Number i-masu. : = There are Number of Living Things.
( Living Thing が Number います。)

□ Japanese Nouns basically do not have plural forms.

◎ There are 2 ladies.

→ Onnanohito [ga] futari i-masu.
( おんなのひとが ふたり います。)

◎ There are 2 dogs.

→ Inu [ga] nihiki i-masu.
( いぬが にひき います。)

on-na-no-hi-to おんなのひと Noun = lady

o-to-ko-no-hi-to おとこのひと Noun = man
o-to-ko-no-ko おとこのこ Noun = boy
on-na-no-ko おんなのこ Noun = girl
to-ri とり Noun = bird

There is a man. 》 Otokonohito [ga] i-masu.

おとこのひとが います。

There is a boy. 》 Otokonoko [ga] i-masu.

おとこのこが います。

There is a bird. 》 Tori [ga] i-masu.

とりが います。

There are 2 girls. 》 Onnanoko [ga] futari i-masu.

おんなのこが ふたり います。

There are 3 cats. 》 Neko [ga] sanbiki i-masu.

ねこが さんんびき います。

4
 ❷ There is a thing.

Existence
◎ There is a bag.
Thing [ga] ari-masu
Kaban [ga] ari-masu.

Counting Word
● Thing [ga] ari-masu. : = There is a thing.
( Thing が あります。)

□ ‘ari-masu’ : = to exist

anybody・nobody
》It means that a thing exists.
》thing : book, desk, chair, food, plant, building etc.

◎ There is a book.
→ Hon [ga] ari-masu.
( ほんが あります。)

Others
● Thing [ga] Number ari-masu. : = There are Number of Things.
( Thing が Number あります。)

◎ There are 2 bags.

→ Kaban [ga] niko ari-masu.
( かばんが にこ あります。)

ka-ban かばん Noun = bag

ki き Noun = tree
gin-kō ぎんこう Noun = bank
rin-go りんご Noun = apple

There is a car. 》 Kuruma [ga] ari-masu.

くるまが あります。

There are trees. 》 Ki [ga] ari-masu.

きが あります。

There is a bank. 》 Ginkō [ga] ari-masu.

ぎんこうが あります。

There are 2 balls. 》 ‘Ball’ [ga] niko ari-masu.

ボールが にこ あります。

There are 3 apples. 》 Ringo [ga] sanko ari-masu.

りんごが さんこ あります。

5
 ❸ Counting Word

Existence
● Small thing ( which is used for a various group of things ) :

nan-ko ? なんこ = How many?

ikko いっこ =1

Counting Word
ni-ko にこ =2
san-ko さんこ =3
yon-ko よんこ =4
go-ko ごこ =5
rokko ろっこ =6
na-na-ko ななこ =7

anybody・nobody
hakko はっこ =8
kyūko きゅうこ =9
jukko じゅっこ = 10
ni-jukko にじゅっこ = 20
san-jukko さんじゅっこ = 30

Others
● Small thing ( up to 10 ) :

i-ku-tsu ? いくつ = How many?

hi-to-tsu ひとつ =1
fu-ta-tsu ふたつ =2
mittsu みっつ =3
yottsu よっつ =4
i-tsu-tsu いつつ =5
muttsu むっつ =6
na-na-tsu ななつ =7
yattsu やっつ =8
ko-ko-no-tsu ここのつ =9
tō とお = 10

● Person :

nan-nin ? なんにん = How many?

hi-to-ri ひとり =1
fu-ta-ri ふたり =2
san-nin さんにん =3
yo-nin よにん =4
go-nin ごにん =5
ro-ku-nin ろくにん =6
na-na-nin ななにん =7
shi-chi-nin しちにん
ha-chi-nin はちにん =8
kyūnin きゅうにん =9
jūnin じゅうにん = 10

6
● small animal, fish :

nan-biki ? なんびき = How many?

ippi-ki いっぴき =1
ni-hi-ki にひき =2
san-bi-ki さんびき =3
yon-hi-ki よんひき =4
go-hi-ki ごひき =5
roppi-ki ろっぴき =6
na-na-hi-ki ななひき =7
happi-ki はっぴき =8
kyūhi-ki きゅうひき =9
juppi-ki じゅっぴき = 10

● book :

nan-sa-tsu ? なんさつ = How many?

issa-tsu いっさつ =1
ni-sa-tsu にさつ =2
san-sa-tsu さんさつ =3
yon-sa-tsu よんさつ =4
go-sa-tsu ごさつ =5
ro-ku-sa-tsu ろくさつ =6
na-na-sa-tsu ななさつ =7
hassa-tsu はっさつ =8
kyūsa-tsu きゅうさつ =9
jussa-tsu じゅっさつ = 10

● paper, shirts :

nan-ma-i ? なんまい = How many?

i-chi-ma-i いちまい =1
ni-ma-i にまい =2
san-ma-i さんまい =3
yon-ma-i よんまい =4
go-ma-i ごまい =5
ro-ku-ma-i ろくまい =6
na-na-ma-i ななまい =7
ha-chi-ma-i はちまい =8
kyūma-i きゅうまい =9
jūma-i じゅうまい = 10

7
● car, bicycle :

nan-da-i ? なんだい = How many?

i-chi-da-i いちだい =1
ni-da-i にだい =2
san-da-i さんだい =3
yon-da-i よんだい =4
go-da-i ごだい =5
ro-ku-da-i ろくだい =6
na-na-da-i ななだい =7
ha-chi-da-i はちだい =8
kyūda-i きゅうだい =9
jūda-i じゅうだい = 10

● water, coffee :

nan-ba-i ? なんばい = How many?

ippa-i いっぱい =1
ni-ha-i にはい =2
san-ba-i さんばい =3
yon-ha-i よんはい =4
go-ha-i ごはい =5
roppa-i ろっぱい =6
na-na-ha-i ななはい =7
happa-i はっぱい =8
kyūha-i きゅうはい =9
juppa-i じゅっぱい = 10

● pen, pencil :

nan-bon ? なんぼん = How many?

ippon いっぽん =1
ni-hon にほん =2
san-bon さんぼん =3
yon-hon よんほん =4
go-hon ごほん =5
roppon ろっぽん =6
na-na-hon ななほん =7
happon はっぽん =8
kyūhon きゅうほん =9
juppon じゅっぽん = 10

8
 chapter 2

1 Position Words

2 There is … in a Place.

3 … is in a Place.

4 Is there … near here?

5 No, there isn’t …

9
 ❶ Position Words

Existence
◎ on the table
‘table’ [no] ue

Counting Word
● Something [no] ue : = on Something
( Something の うえ )

□ ‘u-e’ : = on

anybody・nobody
◎ A present is on the table.
→ ‘Present’ [wa] ‘table’ [no] ue -desu.
( プレゼントは テーブルの うえです。)

Others
◎ under the table
‘table’ [no] shita

● Something [no] shita : = under Something

( Something の した )

□ ‘shi-ta’ : = under

◎ A present is under the table.

→ ‘Present’ [wa] ‘table’ [no] shita -desu.
( プレゼントは テーブルの したです。)

◎ in front of the box

hako [no] mae

● Something [no] mae : = in front of Something

( Something の まえ )

□ ‘ma-e’ : = in front

◎ A present is in front of the box.

→ ‘Present’ [wa] hako [no] mae -desu.
( プレゼントは はこの まえです。)

10
◎ behind the box
hako [no] ushiro

● Something [no] ushiro : = behind Something

( Something の うしろ )

□ ‘u-shi-ro’ : = behind

◎ A present is behind the box.

→ ‘Present’ [wa] hako [no] ushiro -desu.
( プレゼントは はこの うしろです。)

◎ the side of the box

hako [no] yoko

◎ the right of the box

hako [no] migi

● Something [no] yoko : = on the side of Something

( Something の よこ )

□ ‘yo-ko’ : = side

◎ A present is on the side of the box.

→ ‘Present’ [wa] hako [no] yoko -desu.
( プレゼントは はこの よこです。)

● Something [no] migi : = on the right of Something

( Something の みぎ )

□ ‘mi-gi’ : = right

◎ A present is on the right of the box.

→ ‘Present’ [wa] hako [no] migi -desu.
( プレゼントは はこの みぎです。)

◎ the left of the box

hako [no] hidari

11
 ● Something [no] hidari : = on the left of Something
( Something の ひだり )

□ ‘hi-da-ri’ : = left

◎ A present is on the left of the box.

→ ‘Present’ [wa] hako [no] hidari -desu.
( プレゼントは はこの ひだりです。)

◎ in the box
hako [no] naka

● Something [no] naka : = in Something

( Something の なか )

□ ‘na-ka’ : = in

◎ A present is in the box.

→ ‘Present’ [wa] hako [no] naka -desu.
( プレゼントは はこの なかです。)

ha-ko はこ Noun = box

hon ほん Noun = book
hi-ki-da-shi ひきだし Noun = drawer
ka-gi かぎ Noun = key
te-re-bi テレビ Noun = TV
to-ke-i とけい Noun = clock, watch

A book is on the box. 》 Hon [wa] hako [no] ue -desu.

ほんは はこの うえ です。

A book is under the box. 》 Hon [wa] hako [no] shita -desu.
ほんは はこの した です。

A key is in front of the TV. 》 Kagi [wa] terebi [no] mae -desu.
かぎは テレビの まえ です。

A key is behind the TV. 》 Kagi [wa] terebi [no] ushiro -desu.
かぎは テレビの うしろ です。

12
A key is on the side of the clock. 》 Kagi [wa] tokei [no] yoko -desu.
かぎは とけいの よこ です。

A key is on the right of the clock. 》 Kagi [wa] tokei [no] migi -desu.
かぎは とけいの みぎ です。

A key is on the left of the clock. 》 Kagi [wa] tokei [no] hidari -desu.
かぎは とけいの ひだり です。

A key is in the drawer. 》 Kagi [wa] hikidashi [no] naka -desu.

かぎは ひきだしの なか です。

13
 ❷ There is … in a Place.
⑴

Existence
◎ There is a tree in the yard.
Place [ni] Thing [ga] ari-masu.

Counting Word
Niwa [ni] ki [ga] ari-masu.

● Place [ni] Thing [ga] ari-masu. : = There is a Thing in a Place.

( Place に Thing が あります。)

anybody・nobody
□ It means a Thing exists in a Place.

● Place [ni] Living Thing [ga] i-masu. : = There is a Living Thing in a Place.
( Place に Living Thing が います。)

□ It means a Living Thing exists in a Place.

Others
◎ There is a dog in the yard.
→ Niwa [ni] inu [ga] i-masu.
( にわに いぬが います。)

e-ki えき Noun = station

hon-ya ほんや Noun = bookstore
kyōshi-tsu きょうしつ Noun = classroom
shi-ka しか Noun = deer

There is a bookstore at the station. 》 Eki [ni] honya [ga] ari-masu.

えきに ほんやが あります。

There is a big park in Shinjuku. 》 Shinjuku [ni] ōkī kōen [ga] ari-masu.
しんじゅくに おおきい こうえんが あります。

There is a Japanese student in my class. 》‘Class’ [ni] Nihon-jin [no] gakusei [ga] i-masu.
クラスに にほんじんの がくせいが います。

There are students in the classroom. 》Kyōshitsu [ni] gakusei [ga] i-masu.
きょうしつに がくせいが います。

There are deer in Nara Park. 》Nara Kōen [ni] shika [ga] i-masu.
ならこうえんに しかが います。

14
⑵
◎ There is a wine on the table.
Position [ni] Thing [ga] ari-masu.
‘Table’ [no] ue [ni] ‘wine’ [ga] ari-masu.

● Position [ni] Thing [ga] ari-masu. : = There is a Thing in a Position.

( Position に Thing が あります。)

□ It means a Thing exists in a Position.

● Position [ni] Living Thing [ga] i-masu. : = There is a Living Thing in a Position.
( Position に Living Thing が います。)

□ It means a Living Thing exists in a Position.

◎ There is a dog under the table.

→ ‘Table’ [no] shita [ni] inu [ga] i-masu.
( テーブルの したに いぬが います。)

ha-sa-mi はさみ Noun = scissors

ya-ne やね Noun = roof
ha-to はと Noun = pigeons

There is a key on the table. 》 ‘Table’ [no] ue [ni] kagi [ga] ari-masu.
テーブルの うえに かぎが あります。

There are scissors in the drawer. 》 Hikidashi [no] naka [ni] hasami [ga] ari-masu.
ひきだしの なかに はさみが あります。

There is a dog in front of the car. 》 Kuruma [no] mae [ni] inu [ga] i-masu.
くるまの まえに いぬが います。

There are 2 cats on the sofa. 》 ‘Sofa’ [no] ue [ni] neko [ga] ni-hiki i-masu.
ソファの うえに ねこが にひき います。

There are pigeons on the roof. 》 Yane [no] ue [ni] hato [ga] i-masu.
やねの うえに はとが います。

15
 ❸ … is in a Place.
⑴

Existence
◎ A : Where is a restroom?
◎ Otearai [wa] doko [ni] ari-masu-ka?

Counting Word
◎ B : A restroom is on the second floor.
◎ Otearai [wa] ni-kai [ni] ari-masu.

anybody・nobody
● … [wa] doko [ni] ari-masu-ka? : = Where is …?
( …は どこに ありますか︖ )

□ ‘doko?’ : = where?

Others
● … [wa] Place [ni] ari-masu. : = … is in a Place.
( …は Place に あります。)

□ It is an answer of ‘where is something?’.

◎ A : Where is ATM machine?

→ ATM [wa] doko [ni] ari-masu-ka?
( ATM は どこに ありますか︖ )

◎ B : ATM is in front of the supermarket.

→ ATM [wa] ‘super’ [no] mae [ni] ari-masu.
( ATM は スーパーの まえに あります。 )

□ Speaker ‘B’ tells where a thing is.

◎ A : Where is a cake?
→ ‘Cake’ [wa] doko [ni] ari-masu-ka?
( ケーキは どこに ありますか︖ )

◎ B : The cake is in a refrigerator.

→ ‘Cake’ [wa] reizōko [ni] ari-masu.
( ケーキは れいぞうこに あります。)

: → Reizōko [ni] ‘cake’ [ga] ari-masu.

( れいぞうこに ケーキが あります。)

Compare :
□ ‘Place [ni] … [ga] ari-masu.’
》The speaker talks about what is in a Place.
》It is often used when you found something.

◎ ( after you open the door … ) There is a cake in a refrigerator.

: → Reizōko [ni] ‘cake’ [ga] ari-masu.
( れいぞうこに ケーキが あります。)

16
 o-te-a-ra-i おてあらい Noun = washroom, restroom
re-i-zōko れいぞうこ Noun = refrigerator
shokki-da-na しょっきだな Noun = cupboard

A : Where is a glass? 》 Koppu [wa] doko [ni] ari-masu-ka?

コップは どこに ありますか︖

B : A glass is in the cupboard. 》 Koppu [wa] shokkidana [no] naka [ni] ari-masu.
コップは しょっきだなの なかに あります。

A : Where is a towel? 》 ‘Towel’ [wa] doko [ni] ari-masu-ka?

タオルは どこに ありますか︖

B : A towel is in the drawer. 》 ‘Towel’ [wa] hikidashi [no] naka [ni] ari-masu.
タオルは ひきだしの なかに あります。

⑵
◎ A : Where is Tomoko?
◎ Tomoko [wa] doko [ni] i-masu-ka?

◎ B : Tomoko is in the kitchen.

◎ Tomoko [wa] ‘kitchen’ [ni] i-masu.

● … [wa] doko [ni] i-masu-ka? : = Where is … ?

( …は どこに いますか︖ )

□ It is used when you ask where a living thing is.

● … [wa] Place [ni] i-masu. : = … is in a Place.

( …は Place に います。)

□ It is an answer of ‘where a living thing is’.

◎ A : Where is a cat?
→ Neko [wa] doko [ni] i-masu-ka?
( ねこは どこに いますか︖ )

◎ B : The cat is under the chair.

→ Neko [wa] isu [no] shita [ni] i-masu.
( ねこは いすの したに います。)

17
 ka-i-gi-shi-tsu かいぎしつ Noun = meeting room

A : Where is Mr. Suzuki? 》 Suzuki-san [wa] doko [ni] i-masu-ka?

すずきさんは どこに いますか︖

B : Mr. Suzuki is in a meeting room. 》 Suzuki-san [wa] kaigishitsu [ni] i-masu.

すずきさんは かいぎしつに います。

A : Where is Genta? 》 Genta [wa] doko [ni] i-masu-ka?

げんたは どこに いますか︖

B : Genta is in a yard. 》 Genta [wa] niwa [ni] i-masu.

げんたは にわに います。

18
 ❹ Is there … near here?

Existence
◎ A : Is there a convenience store near here?
◎ Chikaku [ni] Konbini [wa] ari-masu-ka?

◎ B : Yes. A convenience store is in front of the station.

Counting Word
◎ Hai. Konbini [wa] eki [no] mae [ni] ari-masu.

anybody・nobody
● Chikaku [ni] … [wa] ari-masu-ka? : = Is there … near here?
( ちかくに … は ありますか︖ )

□ ‘chikaku [ni]’ : = near

◎ A : Is there a bookstore near here?

→ Chikaku [ni] honya [wa] ari-masu-ka?
( ちかくに ほんやは ありますか︖ )

Others
◎ B : Yes. A bookstore is in the station.
→ Hai. Honya [wa] eki [ni] ari-masu.
( はい。ほんやは えきに あります。)

kon-bi-ni コンビニ Noun = convenience store

○○-dōri ○○どおり Noun = ○○ Street
yūbin-kyo-ku ゆうびんきょく Noun = post office

A : Is there a bank near here? 》 Chikaku [ni] ginkō [wa] ari-masu-ka?

ちかくに ぎんこうは ありますか︖

B : Yes. A bank is on Aoyama Street. 》 Hai. Ginkō [wa] Aoyama-dōri [ni] ari-masu.
はい。ぎんこうは あおやまどおりに あります。

A : Is there a post office near here? 》 Chikaku [ni] yūbinkyoku [wa] ari-masu-ka?
ちかくに ゆうびんきょくは ありますか︖

B : Yes. A post office is in front of the hotel. 》 Hai. Yūbinkyoku [wa] ‘hotel’ [no] mae [ni] ari-masu.
はい。ゆうびんきょくは ホテルの まえに あります。

19
 ❺ No, there isn’t …

Existence
◎ A : Is there a man at the bus stop?
◎ Basutei [ni] otokonohito [ga] i-masu-ka?

◎ B : No, there isn’t a man.

Counting Word
◎ Īe, otokonohito [wa] i-masen.

anybody・nobody
● Īe, … [wa] i-masen. : = No, there isn’t …
( いいえ、… は いません。)

□ [ga(が)] in the Question sentence changes to [wa(は)] in a Negative reply.

◎ A : Is there a boy?
→ Otokonoko [ga] i-masu-ka?

Others
( おとこのこが いますか︖ )

◎ B : Yes, there is.

→ Hai, i-masu.
( はい、います。)

◎ B : No, there isn’t a boy.

→ Īe, otokonoko [wa] i-masen.
( いいえ、おとこのこは いません。)

● Īe, … [wa] ari-masen. : = No, there isn’t …

( いいえ、… は ありません。)

◎ A : Is there ATM machine in the hotel?

→ ‘Hotel’ [ni] ATM [ga] ari-masu-ka?
( ホテルに ATM が ありますか︖ )

◎ B : Yes, there is.

→ Hai, ari-masu.
( はい、あります。)

◎ B : No, there isn’t ATM machine.

→ Īe, ATM [wa] ari-masen.
( いいえ、ATM は ありません。)

ba-su-te-i バスてい Noun = bus stop

he-ya へや Noun = room
ma-do まど Noun = window

20
A : Is there a Canadian student in your class? 》 ‘Class’ [ni] Kanada-jin [no] gakusei [ga] i-masu-ka?
クラスに カナダじんの がくせいが いますか︖

B : No, there isn’t a Canadian student. 》 Īe, Kanada-jin [no] gakusei [wa] i-masen.
いいえ、カナダじんの がくせいは いません。

A : Does the room have a window? 》 Heya [ni] mado [ga] ari-masu-ka?
へやに まどが ありますか︖

B : No, there isn’t a window. 》 Īe, mado [wa] ari-masen.

いいえ、まどは ありません。

21
 Where is ?
どこ？

( at a supermarket )
・ A : Sumimasen. Ninjin [wa] doko [ni] ari-masu-ka?
すみません。にんじんは どこに ありますか︖
( = Excuse me. Where is a carrot? )

B : Ninjin [wa] koko [ni] ari-masu.

にんじんは ここに あります。
( = Carrots are here. )

・ A : Sumimasen. ‘Wine’ [wa] doko [ni] ari-masu-ka?

すみません。ワインは どこに ありますか︖
( = Excuse me. Where is wine? )

B : Sumimasen. ‘Wine’ [wa] ari-masen.

すみません。ワインは ありません。
( = I’m sorry. We don’t have wine. )

22
 chapter 3

1 anybody・nobody

2 I have …

3 I have a Family Member.

4 Family Member

5 There is an Event.

6 An Accident happened.

23
 ❶ anybody・nobody
⑴

Existence
◎ A : Is anyone at home?
◎ Uchi [ni] dare-ka i-masu-ka?

Counting Word
◎ B : No, nobody is there.
◎ Īe, dare-mo i-masen.

anybody・nobody
● dare-ka : = anybody
( だれか )

□ It is used in the Question sentence.

》You can say ‘Dare-ka uchi [ni] i-masu-ka?’ as well.

Others
● dare-mo : = nobody
( だれも )

□ It is used in the Negative sentence.

◎ A : Does anybody understand?

→ Dare-ka wakari-masu-ka?
( だれか わかりますか︖ )

◎ B : No, nodody understand.

→ Īe, dare-mo wakari-masen.
( いいえ、だれも わかりません。)

A : Is there anybody in the classroom? 》 Kyōshitsu [ni] dare-ka i-masu-ka?

きょうしつに だれか いますか︖

B : No, nobody is there. 》 Īe, dare-mo i-masen.

いいえ、だれも いません。

A : Is anybody coming? 》 Dare-ka ki-masu-ka?

だれか きますか︖

B : No, nobody is coming. 》 Īe, dare-mo ki-masen.

いいえ、だれも きません。

⑵
◎ A : Is anything in the box?
◎ Hako [no] naka [ni] nani-ka ari-masu-ka?

◎ B : No, nothing is in it.

◎ Īe, nani-mo ari-masen.

24
● nani-ka : = anything
( なにか )

□ It is used in the Question sentence.

》You can say ‘Nani-ka hako [no] naka [ni] ari-masu-ka?’ as well.

● nani-mo : = nothing
( なにも )

□ It is used in the Negative sentence.

◎ A : Are you going to eat anything?

→ Nani-ka tabe-masu-ka?
( なにか たべますか︖ )

◎ B : No, I’m going to eat nothing.

→ Īe, nani-mo tabe-masen.
( いいえ、なにも たべません。)

A : Is there anything in front of the door? 》 ‘Door’ [no] mae [ni] nani-ka ari-masu-ka?
ドアの まえに なにか ありますか︖

B : No, nothing is there. 》 Īe, nani-mo ari-masen.

いいえ、なにも ありません。

A : Are you going to buy anything? 》 Nani-ka kai-masu-ka?

なにか かいますか︖

B : No, I’m going to buy nothing. 》 Īe, nani-mo kai-masen.

いいえ、なにも かいません。

25
 ❷ I have …

Existence
◎ I have a dream.
Someone [wa] Something [ga] ari-masu.
Watashi [wa] yume [ga] ari-masu.

Counting Word
● Watashi [wa] … [ga] ari-masu. : = I have …
( わたしは … が あります。)

□ ‘ari-masu’ has a meaning of ‘to have’.

anybody・nobody
》However ‘motte-i-masu(もっています)’ is more commonly used to express ‘to own’.

◎ I have Kimono.
→ Watashi [wa] kimono [o] motte-i-masu.
( わたしは きものを もっています。)

□ Object is marked by [ga(が)].

Others
◎ I have an appointment.
→ Watashi [wa] yakusoku [ga] ari-masu.
( わたしは やくそくが あります。)

□ ‘watashi [wa]’ is often omitted.

◎ I have a question.
→ Shitsumon [ga] ari-masu.
( しつもんが あります。)

yu-me ゆめ Noun = dream

ya-ku-so-ku やくそく Noun = appointment
shi-tsu-mon しつもん Noun = question
ji-kan じかん Noun = time
yōji ようじ Noun = something to do
ne-tsu ねつ Noun = fever

Do you have a minute now? 》 Ima chotto jikan [ga] ari-masu-ka?

いま ちょっと じかんが ありますか︖

I have an appointment with Mr. Suzuki. 》 Suzuki-san [to] yakusoku [ga] ari-masu.
すずきさんと やくそくが あります。

I have something to do. 》 Yōji [ga] ari-masu.

ようじが あります。

I have a fever. 》 Netsu [ga] ari-masu.

ねつが あります。

26
 ❸ I have a Family Member.

Existence
◎ I have a daughter.
Someone [wa] Family Member [ga] i-masu.
Watashi [wa] musume [ga] i-masu.

Counting Word
● Watashi [wa] Family Member [ga] i-masu. : = I have a Family Member.
( わたしは Family Member が います。)

□ ‘motte-i-masu’ can not be used for a family member.

anybody・nobody
◎ I have an older sister.
→ Watashi [wa] ane [o] motte-i-masu.
( わたしは あねを もっています。)

◎ → Watashi [wa] ane [ga] i-masu.

( わたしは あねが います。)

Others
□ It is used when you talk about your friend, boyfriend and girlfriend as well.

◎ I have a Japanese friend.

→ Watashi [wa] Nihon-jin [no] tomodachi [ga] i-masu.
( わたしは にほんじんの ともだちが います。)

mu-su-me むすめ Noun = daughter

mu-su-ko むすこ Noun = son
ko-do-mo こども Noun = child
ka-re-shi かれし Noun = boyfriend
ka-no-jo かのじょ Noun = girlfriend

I have a son. 》 Watashi [wa] musuko [ga] i-masu.

わたしは むすこが います。

I have a child. 》 Watashi [wa] kodomo [ga] i-masu.

わたしは こどもが います。

I have a boyfriend. 》 Watashi [wa] kareshi [ga] i-masu.

わたしは かれしが います。

I have a Japanese girlfriend. 》 Watashi [wa] Nihon-jin [no] kanojo [ga] i-masu.
わたしは にほんじんの かのじょが います。

Ms.Mori has an older brother. 》 Mori-san [wa] onīsan [ga] i-masu.

もりさんは おにいさんが います。

27
 ❹ Family Member

Existence
● Family Member :

□ There are 2 expressions for family members in Japanese.

》one for my family

Counting Word
》one for someone else’s family

◎ I have an older sister.

→ Watashi [wa] ane [ga] i-masu.
( わたしは あねが います。)

anybody・nobody
◎ Mr. Tanaka has an older sister.
→ Tanaka-san [wa] onēsan [ga] i-masu.
( たなかさんは おねえさんが います。)

Others
● my family :

a-ni あに = my older brother

o-tōto おとうと = my younger brother
a-ne あね = my older sister
i-mōto いもうと = my younger sister
chi-chi ちち = my father
ha-ha はは = my mother
otto おっと = my husband
tsu-ma つま = my wife
mu-su-ko むすこ = my son
mu-su-me むすめ = my daughter

● someone else’s family :

o-nīsan おにいさん = someone else’s older brother

o-tōto-san おとうとさん = someone else’s yonger brother
o-nēsan おねえさん = someone else’s older sister
i-mōto-san いもうとさん = someone else’s younger sister
o-tōsan おとうさん = someone else’s father
o-kāsan おかあさん = someone else’s mother
dan-na-san だんなさん = someone else’s husband
o-ku-san おくさん = someone else’s wife
mu-su-ko-san むすこさん = someone else’s son
mu-su-me-san むすめさん = someone else’s daughter

28
 ❺ There is an Event.

Existence
◎ A concert will be held at Tokyo Dome.
Event [ga] ari-masu.
‘Tokyo Dome’ [de] ‘concert’ [ga] ari-masu.

Counting Word
● Event [ga] ari-masu. : = There is an event.
( Event が あります。)

□ Event : concert, party, sports game, meeting, convention etc.

anybody・nobody
◎ We have a party on weekend.
→ Shūmatsu [ni] ‘party’ [ga] ari-masu.
( しゅうまつに パーティーが あります。)

Others
shū-ma-tsu しゅうまつ Time Word = weekend
shi-a-i しあい Noun = sports game, match
ka-i-gi かいぎ Noun = meeting, convention
ya-kyū やきゅう Noun = baseball

XYZ concert will be held in May. 》 Gogatsu [ni] XYZ [no] ‘concert’ [ga] ari-masu.
ごがつに XYZ の コンサートが あります。

A baseball game will be held tonight. 》 Konban yakyū [no] shiai [ga] ari-masu.
こんばん やきゅうの しあいが あります。

A tennis match is held in Melbourne every year. 》 Maitoshi Melbourne [de] ‘tennis’ [no] shiai [ga] ari-masu.
まいとし メルボルンで テニスの しあいが あります。

There is a meeting from Monday. 》 Getsuyōbi [kara] kaigi [ga] ari-masu.

げつようびから かいぎが あります。

A convention was held in Kyoto. 》 Kyōto [de] kaigi [ga] ari-mashita.

きょうとで かいぎが ありました。

29
 ❻ An Accident happened.

Existence
◎ An traffic accident happened.
Accident [ga] ari-mashita.
Kōtsū-jiko [ga] ari-mashita.

Counting Word
● Accident [ga] ari-mashita. : = An accident happened.
( Accident が ありました。)

□ Accident : traffic accident, fire, earthquake etc.

anybody・nobody
ji-ko じこ Noun = accident

Others
kōtsū-ji-ko こうつうじこ Noun = traffic accident
ka-ji かじ Noun = fire
ji-shin じしん Noun = earthquake

A traffic accident happened in front of my house. 》 Uchi [no] mae [de] kōtsū-jiko [ga] ari-mashita.
うちの まえで こうつうじこが ありました。

A train accident happened. 》 Densha [no] jiko [ga] ari-mashita.

でんしゃの じこが ありました。

A traffic accident happened last night. 》 Yūbe kōtsū-jiko [ga] ari-mashita.

ゆうべ こうつうじこが ありました。

A fire happened in Shinjuku. 》 Shinjuku [de] kaji [ga] ari-mashita.

しんじゅくで かじが ありました。

An earthquake happened in Japan in 2011. 》 Nisen-jūichi-nen [ni] Nihon [de] jishin [ga] ari-mashita.
にせん じゅういち ねん に にほんで じしんが ありました。

30
 Drinking
飲酒

Drinking in Tokyo
Shinjuku Golden Gai
Over 200 of tiny bars are packed in the small district. Golden Gai recently became popular with
tourists who want to experience Japanese drinking culture. Most of bars have a seating charge,
which is about 500 - 1.000 yen, so it’s better to make sure how much the charge is before
seating.

Restaurants under the train track in Yurakucho

Yurakucho is located in south of Tokyo station. There are delicious and low-cost restaurants
under train track. This area is a popular spot for ‘salary man’ ( = office worker ) on weekday. They
grab a beer at “Izakaya restaurant” before taking the train home.

Asakusa “HOPPY” street

This alley is named after “beer-like beverage”, called “Hoppy”. It’s located in west of Sensoji ( = a
famous temple). There are lots of low-cost bars with outdoor seating, which is popular for regular
customers and tourists. After the tour of Asakusa, many tourists drop in the bars and enjoy
drinking.

31
Suzuki-san [ga] ( i-masu・ari-masu ). i-masu ( Mr.Suzuki )
すずきさんが ( います・あります )。 います

Kaban [ga] ( i-masu・ari-masu ). ari-masu ( bag )

かばんが ( います・あります )。 あります

Ie [ga] ( i-masu・ari-masu ). ari-masu ( house )

いえが ( います・あります )。 あります

Mushi [ga] ( i-masu・ari-masu ). i-masu ( insect )

むしが ( います・あります )。 います

on the desk
tsukue [no] ( ) ue
つくえの ( ) うえ

under the desk

tsukue [no] ( ) shita
つくえの ( ) した

in front of the desk

tsukue [no] ( ) mae
つくえの ( ) まえ

behind the desk

tsukue [no] ( ) ushiro
つくえの ( ) うしろ

on the side of the desk

tsukue [no] ( ) yoko
つくえの ( ) よこ

on the right of the desk

tsukue [no] ( ) migi
つくえの ( ) みぎ

32
on the left of the desk
tsukue [no] ( ) hidari
つくえの ( ) ひだり

in the drawer
hikidashi [no] ( ) naka
ひきだしの ( ) なか

I saw a dog in front of my house.

Uchi [no] ( )( ) inu ( ) i-mashita. mae, ni, ga
うちの ( )( ) いぬ ( ) いました。 まえ、に、が

There is a bookstore over there.

Asoko ( ) honya ( ) ari-masu. ni, ga
あそこ ( ) ほんや ( ) あります。 に、が

A : Where is soy sauce?

Shōyu ( ) doko ( ) ari-masu-ka? wa, ni
しょうゆ ( ) どこ ( ) ありますか︖ は、に

B : A soy sauce is in a refrigerator.

Shōyu ( ) reizōko ( )( )( ) ari-masu. wa, no, naka, ni
しょうゆ ( ) れいぞうこ ( )( )( ) あります。 は、の、なか、に

A : Where is Mr. Saito?

Saitō-san ( ) doko ( ) i-masu-ka? wa, ni
さいとうさん ( ) どこ ( ) いますか︖ は、に

B : Mr. Saito is in the classroom.

Saitō-san ( ) kyōshitsu ( ) i-masu. wa, ni
さいとうさん ( ) きょうしつ ( ) います。 は、に

Is there a bakery near here?

( )( ) panya [wa] ari-masu-ka? chikaku, ni
( )( ) パンやは ありますか︖ ちかく、に

33
A : Is there a movie theater in this town?
Kono machi ( ) eigakan [ga] ari-masu-ka? ni
この まち ( ) えいがかんが ありますか︖ に

B : No, there isn’t a movie theater.

Īe, eigakan ( ) ari-masen. wa
いいえ、えいがかん ( ) ありません。 は

A : Is anybody in the room?

Heya [ni] ( ) i-masu-ka? dare-ka
へやに ( ) いますか︖ だれか

B : No, nobody is there.

Īe, ( ) i-masen. dare-mo
いいえ、( ) いません。 だれも

A : Is anything under the bed?

‘Bed’ [no] shita [ni] ( ) ari-masu-ka? nani-ka
ベッドの したに ( ) ありますか︖ なにか

B : No, nothing is there.

Īe, ( ) ari-masen. nani-mo
いいえ、( ) ありません。 なにも

I had fever yesterday.

Watashi ( ) kinō netsu ( ) ari-mashita. wa, ga
わたし ( ) きのう ねつ ( ) ありました。 は、が

I have a boy friend.

Watashi ( ) kareshi ( ) i-masu. wa, ga
わたし ( ) かれし ( ) います。 は、が

The Olympic game was held in Canada.

Canada ( ) ‘Olympic’ [ga] ( ). de, ari-mashita
カナダ ( ) オリンピックが ( )。 で、ありました

An earthquake happened last night in Kumamoto.

Kumamoto ( ) yūbe jishin [ga] ( ). de, ari-mashita
くまもと ( ) じしんが ( )。 で、ありました

34
Index :
(A)
Adjective -sōdesu Book 17
Adjective Conjugation Book 3
age-masu Book 5
aida Book 14
aida [ni] Book 14
amari Book 15
ano Book 3
are Book 3
ari-masu Book 6
asoko Book 3

(C)
Causative - Passive Form Book 20
Causative Form Book 20
chigai-masu Book 1
Comparative Book 15
Conditional Form Book 19
Counting Word Book 6

(D)
[dake] Book 7
dare-ka・dare-mo Book 6
[de] Book 7
demo Book 14
Dependent Clause Book 13
Dictionary Form Book 10
Dictionary Form -mae [ni] Book 14
Dictionary Form -nara Book 19
Dictionary Form -to ( Conditional ) Book 19
Dictionary Form -toki Book 14
Dictionary Form -tokoro-desu Book 10
Dictionary Form -tsumori-desu Book 17
Dictionary Form -yōni-īmasu Book 11
Dictionary Form yōni-nari-mashita Book 15
Dictionary Form yōni-shi-masu Book 15
dō-shita-ra-ī-desu-ka? Book 19
dō-sureba-ī-desu-ka? Book 19

(E)
[e] Book 7

(F)
Family Member Book 1

(G)
-ga Book 14
[ga] Book 7

35
Index :
(H)
hoshī-desu Book 17

(I)
i-Adjective Book 2
i-Adjecitve -kereba ( Conditional ) Book 19
i-Adjective -ku Book 15
i-Adjective -ku nari-masu Book 15
i-Adjective -ku shi-masu Book 15
i-Adjective -kute Book 8
i-Adjective -kute, ( so, … ) Book 9
i-masu Book 6
iki-masu Book 5
Imperative Form Book 18
Intrantitive Verb & Transitive Verb Book 9
itsumo Book 15

(J)
jōzu-desu Book 2

(K)
ka-dōka Book 13
[ka] Book 7
kaeri-masu Book 5
[kara] Book 7
[kara] ki-mashita Book 5
ki-masu Book 5
kikoe-masu Book 12
kite-i-masu Book 9
koko Book 3
koko [wa] … desu. / … [wa] koko desu. Book 3
kono Book 3
kore Book 3
-koto Book 13
-koto [ga] deki-masu Book 12
kure-masu Book 5

( M)
mada te-Form -i-masen Book 10
[made] Book 7
masu-Form Book 4
masu-Form -ni iki-masu Book 5
mie-masu Book 12
[mo] Book 7
morai-msu Book 5
mō Verb-mashita Book 10

36
Index :
(N)
na-Adjective Book 2
na-Adjective -datta-ra ( Conditional ) Book 19
na-Adjective -de Book 8
na-Adjective -de, ( so, … ) Book 9
na-Adjective -nara ( Conditional ) Book 19
na-Adjective -ni Book 15
na-Adjective -ni nari-masu Book 15
na-Adjective -ni shi-masu Book 15
nagara Book 14
nai-Form Book 8
nai-Form -de, Verb-masu ( without the situation ) Book 9
nai-Form -katta-ra ( Conditional ) Book 19
nai-Form -kereba ( Conditional ) Book 19
nai-Form -kereba-ike-masen Book 18
nai-Form -ku-nari-mashita Book 15
nai-Form -kudasai Book 8
nai-Form -kute, ( so, … ) Book 9
nai-Form -kutemo-ī-desu Book 18
nai-Form -to ( Conditional ) Book 19
nai-Form hōga-ī-desu Book 18
nai-Form yōni-shi-masu Book 15
nan-desu-ka? Book 1
nani-ka・nani-mo Book 6
[ni] Book 7
[ni] tsuite Book 11
-no Book 13
[no] Book 7
[node] Book 16
Nominalization Book 13
-noni Book 19
Noun -de, ( so, … ) Book 9
Noun -deshita-ka? Book 1
Noun -deshita Book 1
Noun -desu-ka? Book 1
Noun -desu Book 1
Noun -jaarimasen Book 1
Noun -jaarimasendeshita Book 1
Noun -nara ( Conditional ) Book 19
Noun [ga] deki-masu Book 12
Noun [ni] iki-masu Book 5
Noun [ni] nari-masu Book 15
Noun [ni] shi-masu Book 15
Noun [no] ato [de] Book 14
Noun [no] mae [ni] Book 14
Noun [no] toki Book 14

37
Index :
(O)
[o] Book 7

(P)
Passive Form Book 20
Plain Form Book 11
Plain Form -Noun ( = a person who ) Book 13
Plain Form -Noun ( = a thins which ) Book 13
Plain Form -deshō Book 17
Plain Form -kamoshiremasen Book 17
Plain Form -no [wa] Noun-desu Book 13
Plain Form -sōdesu Book 17
Plain Form -yōdesu Book 17
Plain Form [to] kiki-mashita Book 11
Plain Form [to] omoi-masu Book 11
Plain Form [to] omoi-masu Book 17
Plain Form [to] ī-mashita Book 11
Position Word Book 6
Potential Form Book 12
Potential Form yōni-nari-mashita Book 15
Prohibitive Form Book 18

(Q)
Question Word Book 3

(R)
Reported speech Book 11

(S)
[shika] Book 7
shikashi Book 14
shitte-i-masu Book 9
shumi [wa] Dictionary Form -koto-desu Book 13
soko Book 3
something [o] Quantity kudasai Book 4
something [o] kusadai Book 4
sono Book 3
sore Book 3
sorede Book 14
sorekara Book 14
soshite Book 14
suki-desu Book 2
sukoshi Book 15
Superlative Book 15
sō-desu Book 1

38
Index :
(T)
ta-Form Book 10
ta-Form -ato [de] Book 14
ta-Form -bakari-desu Book 10
ta-Form -koto [ga] ari-masen Book 10
ta-Form -koto [ga] ari-masu-ka? Book 10
ta-Form -ra ( Conditional ) Book 19
ta-Form -ri, ta-Form -ri, shi-masu Book 10
ta-Form -toki Book 14
ta-Form -tokoro-desu Book 10
ta-Form hōga-ī-desu Book 18
takusan Book 15
tame-ni Book 16
te-Form Book 8
te-Form -age-masu Book 8
te-Form -i-maendeshita ( Past Continuous Negative ) Book 8
te-Form -i-mashita ( Past Continuous ) Book 8
te-Form -i-masu ( Present Continuous ) Book 8
te-Form -iru-tokoro-desu Book 10
te-Form -kuddasai Book 8
te-Form -kure-masu Book 8
te-Form -mi-masu Book 9
te-Form -mo-ī-desu Book 18
te-Form -morai-masu Book 8
te-Form -oki-masu ( do in advance ) Book 9
te-Form -oki-masu ( do it for next use ) Book 9
te-Form -shimai-mashita Book 8
te-Form -shimai-masu Book 10
te-Form -wa-ike-masen Book 18
te-Form [kara] Book 14
te-Form, ( so, … ) Book 9
te-Form, Verb-masu ( A does …, and B does … ) Book 9
te-Form, Verb-masu ( I do …, and then I do … ) Book 9
te-Form, Verb-masu ( with the situation ) Book 9
te-From -ari-masu ( State resulting ) Book 9
te-From -ari-masu ( have already done ) Book 9
te-From -i-masu ( State resulting ) Book 9
-temo Book 19
Tense Book 10
Time Words Book 5
to-do-Verb Book 4
[to] Book 7
[to] iu Book 11
tokidoki Book 15
totemo Book 15

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Index :
(V)
Verb Conjugation Book 4
Verb Group Book 8
Verb-masen-ka? Book 4
Verb-mashō Book 4
Verb-mashō-ka? Book 4
Verb-masu -hajime-masu Book 10
Verb-masu -kata Book 8
Verb-masu -nasai Book 18
Verb-masu -nikui-desu Book 15
Verb-masu -owari-masu Book 10
Verb-masu -sugi-masu Book 15
Verb-masu -sōdesu Book 17
Verb-masu -tai-desu Book 17
Verb-masu -tsuzuke-masu Book 10
Verb-masu -yasui-desu Book 15
Volitional Form Book 17
Volitional Form [to] omotte-i-masu Book 17

( W)
[wa] Book 7
wakari-masu Book 12
watashi [ga] Plain Form -Noun ( = a person who I ) Book 13
watashi [ga] Plain Form -Noun ( = a place where I ) Book 13
watashi [ga] Plain Form -Noun ( = a thing which I ) Book 13

(Y)
[ya] Book 7
yoku Book 15
[yori] Book 7
yōni Book 16

(Z)
zenzen Book 15

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Self Study Japanese
6. Existence

41
Self Study Japanese

1. Noun
2. Adjective
3. Demonstrative Pronoun・Question Word
4. Verb
5. Verb & Particle
6. Existence
7. Particle
8. te-Form①・nai-Form①
9. te-Form②・nai-Form②
10. ta-Form・Dictionary Form
11. Plain Form・Reported Speech
12. Potential Form
13. Dependent Clause
14. Conjunction
15. Comparative・Adverb
16. Reason・Purpose
17. Volitional Form・Hope・Judgment
18. Imperative Form・Prohibitive Form
19. Conditional Form
20. Passive Form・Causative Form

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