i?n&eer& htUr&? bwt&3 vol. 34, NO.s/6, pp. 1031-1040, 1989 0013.7944/89 $3.00 + 0.

00
Printed in Great Britain. Pergamon press pk.

THE A~O~ATED ANALYSIS OF PRESTRESSED

CONCRETE POLES FOR STREET LIGHTING
Y. F. AL-OBAID
Faculty of Technological Studies, PAAET, Kuwait

Ahatract-Different countries have produced codes for prestressed concrete poles for street lighting.
An attempt is made to present au automated analysis to caMate the safety factors, rest&ant
stresses, ultimate loads and forces against cracking in prestressed pole. Based on these results one
can bring about a unified analysis in which a provision is made for a comparative study of all these
codes.

NOMENCLATURE
iocation of transverse load
: area of annui~ of cross-section
4 gross area of section
neutral axis depth
: distance from the extreme compressive fibre to centroidal axis
4i inside diameter of the section at the tip
40 outer diameter of the section at the tip
modules of elasticity
; cube strength of concrete at 28 days and over
height of the pole above ground
i inside taper m/m
K, reduction factor
M moment
M, cracking moment
T transverse load
6 strain
A deflection

INTRODUCTION
IN DESIGNINGprestressed concrete poles many countries[l-131 have insisted on the provision of
cracking resistance under specified substained loads although the loads and other design require-
ments differ. In East Germany these poles are designed for the ultimate load conditions allowing
crack width under regulations TCLO-4227 and TCLll2-049 1(C). In West Germany, the loads and
stresses are assessed using several documents in force including DIN4228 DIN48353, DIN1055,
VDEO2101562 and DIN4227(d). Checks on stresses are made under average and exceptional
loading cases, restricting the crack width to less than 0.1 mm with a spacing of about 100mm. In
the Soviet Union the limit state concept for the poles is fully described in documents SNIP II-C. 1-62
and SNIP 11-1.9-62(e).They cover limit state for affability and emergencies and overloading.
In the United States the Building Code Requirements for such structures are based on uhimate
strength according to the AC131883. In Canada concrete poles may be designed in accordance
with CSA standard A 23-3. Poles under this code may be designed using empirical coefficients
obtained from ~la~i~~ation tests. In the United Kingdom poles are designed in accordance with
BS.1308.1970(h) which covers the maximum stress conditions. Table 1 gives major provisions of
the various codes of practice and lists some of the basic code requirements. Currently the E.E.C.
has produced an international standard EN 4O/B55649(i)[13]. Several shapes are under consider-
ation as shown in Fig. 1. The purpose of the paper is to integrate all these codes and compare the
results using a computer program YAQ. These are given later on in this work.
1031
1032 Y. F. AL-OBAID

00 q 13=cl
 Prestrosscdconcrete poles 1033

E - Constant

Fig. 2. Transverse concentrated loads &ect. Fig. 3. Vertical loads effect.

AN AUTOMATED ANALYSIS
(A) Design loads and stresses
Three types of loads on lighting pole:
(a) Loads due to the weight of pole, the lantern(s) and the bracket arm(s).
(b) The wind load on the pole, the lantern and the associated suspended equipment.
(c) The stresses in concrete and reinforcement under different loading conditions.
Appendix gives additional details about individual loadings and material stresses considered
in Program YAQ.
(B) Moments and deflection
For the transverse concentrated loads (Fig. 2), the moment
M= -P(x-a)
m= --x (1)
and deflection

64F ’ x(x - a)
= TiiiE c(39, + .D,*)*- Dfi + iXr *
(I
(2)

For the vertical loads (Fig. 3),

~=2~]“,I~~
0
64Vb k
c (3)
= -EE (I (0,+,X)4x- (&,+!.X

For the uniform windioad (Fig. 4),

A#= -q(o.5&Jx~ + ~.~x3) (4)
m= -x
kiUmAx
Aw=~~. (9
(I
1034 Y. F. AL-OBAID

Fig. 4. Uniform windload effect. Fig. 5. Extreme windload effect.

For the extreme windload (see Fig. 5). Here the load is based on the parabolic distribution, and
the load varies with height.
The deflection,

A+!E$~~ Mx (6)
12IZE 0 (Dfl+~J4-D,i-iX)4*

(C) Ultimate moment of resistance

Table 2 shows a typical calculation for the moment of resistance of a circular section. A
cracking moment is given by:
EJ PI
M “=d+A,d (7)

where: M,, is cracking moment; d = distance of extreme fibre to centroidal axis; P = prestressing
force; A, = gross area; I = second moment of area; and E, = modules of rupture.

Table 2. Ultimate moment capacity

K A.

compmasion tension
L

Concrete stress area and assumed stress distribution in pole section

Equilibrium of section
C (concrete compression) = T (steel tension)
C=O.4f,K,A.
K, is the area reduction factor.

Tension is steel T = i ApAll

i-1
where A, and f,,, are the area and stress of the ith strand, respectively
 Prestressed concrete poles 1035

Table 3. Materials used for manufacturing prestressed concrete and prestressed steel poles
Concrete Prestreasing steel
Country Compressive Type Type Ultimate Section and shape
strength, psi strength, psi
(MPa) (MPa)
New Zealand 5500 Normal Hard drawn 192,000 3/16-l/2 in.
(38) concrete high tensile (1973) (5-12.7 mm)
steel wire (Round)
Poland/Romania 3000-8500 Normal St 140/160 230,000 Plain round
(20-60) concrete (1569)
United Kingdom 6000 Normal Plain and 213,000 l/8, 3/16 and 5/16 in.
(42) concrete steel wire (1471) (2.25, 4.5 and 7mm)
Soviet Union 3000-9000 Normal Vr-II 227,00&241,00 5132 and 3116in.
(20-60) concrete (1569-1667) (4 and 5 mm)
Round deformed
4620-5100 Lightweight V-II 213,000-241,000 318 and 9/16in.
(30-W concrete (1471-1667) (9, 12 and ISmm)
7-wire strand
United States >50@6 Normal ASTM A416 240,000 and 318, l/2 and 7/16in.
(35) concrete 270,000 (9.5, 12.7 and 11 mm)
(1657 and 1863) 7-wire strand

Table 3 gives concrete and prestressing steel data. The concrete stress at service loads taken
to be O.Sf, where f, is the concrete strength at certain age. Figures 6 and 7 are used for the
stress-strain of concrete and prestressing steel.

(D) Checking for shear

The shear for untracked conditions as follows:
V,, = 0.67bh Jfm
where: b = width of section; h = overall depth of section in plane of bending; f, = maximum
principal tensile stress; and f, = compressive stress at the centroid of axis due to prestress.
The shear cracked conditions

&=(l -0.55.f$bd+!$

BS 8110:PortI:1985
Sectiontwo

. , I

mo35
2.4 x IO& Strain

Fig. 6. Stress-strain relation of concrete tested in compression at constant rate of strain.

1036 Y. F. AL-OBAID

195 k N/mm4 for 8tmnd to w%on thrw of

BSS898: 1980
~k~~~~~~l~.
stretch~ 0~~
ban to 854488
189 k N&m’ for roLled and stretched
bars to 854488

0.005 Stroln
NOTE. f, i5 In N/mm

Fig. 7. Load-strain curve for 12.5 mm diameter seven-wire strands.

where: Ep = 0.644 fp. = characteristic strength of prestressing; V, = shear resistance of concrete;

b = width of section; d = effective depth of tension reinforcement; iI&,= moment necessary to
produce zero stress; V = shear force due to ultimate loads; and M = binding moment due to
ultimate loads.

COMPUTER PROGRAM YAQ

A full description of computer program YAQ is given in the Appendix written in Basic for
the BBC microcomputer. Eleven different sections have been analysed with relevant quantities
given in Table 4 and they are summarized in Table 5. Table 6 shows stress resultants for various
heights and prestressing losses. In Table 7 ultimate loads and force against cracking is calculated
for all the eleven sections chosen. The cracking moment divided by the design moment or the
ultimate load over the design load will give safety factors. Using the standard sections of the already
existing poles, the factor safety for each case was not less than 2.5.

Table 4. Comparison between different types of poles for a given class

Prestressed
Particulars FRY Partialty
&se section 25Ocmx 1OOcm 25Ocmx 1OOcm
Top section 15ocm x 1OOcm 15ocm x 1OOcm
Concrete grade ~N/~z 50 N/mm2
Q~Y per pole 0.180mz O.lSOm*
Steep required per
pole (excluding strirrups)
H.T. wires 15.95 kg 9.6 kg
MS. bars 5.2 kg 4.7 kg
Tappcred solid section, nominal height 12. m.

Table 5. Design for range of ultimate moments

Top section
Area /I & Number prestressing
Sr. No. cm2 cm cm wires (4 mm dia.)
: 110
69 18.9
14.4 4.6
6.3 11
7

3 144 20.8 7.0 14

4 175 23.0 :; 17

: 229
204 26.2
24.1 8:s 22
20

: 277
2.55 27.8
28.8 9.6
9.3 25
27
9 30.0 10.0 29
10 z! ’ 31.0 10.3 31
11 342 32.0 10.7 33
 Prestressed concrete poles 1037

Table 6. Resultant stresses in prestressed pole

Prestress Final
Height from Number of Number of after losses stresses
ground m debonded wire N/mm2 N/n&
0 0 16 0.52 + 10.4
-5.0
2 4 12 0.48 + 13.3
-3.7
4 8 8 0.34 + 10.2
-3.4
7 12 4 0.19 +6.6
-2.8
8 12 4 0.21 +3.9
-0.3
10 12 4 0.24 +2.4

Table 7. Design for range of ultimate

Prestressing Force
Ultimate
Moment Mu h’ h b against against
Sr. No. kNm cm’ cm cm kN kN
1 7.5 6750 18.9 6.3 83 83
2 15.0 13500 23.8 8.0 123 132
3 22.5 20250 27.2 9.1 164 172
4 30.0 27000 30.0 10.0 189 210
5 37.5 33750 32.3 10.8 217 244
6 45.0 40500 34.4 11.5 241 275
7 52.5 47250 36.2 12.1 266 305
8 60.0 54000 37.8 12.6 288 332
9 67.5 60750 39.3 13.1 311 360
10 75.0 67500 40.6 13.5 332 385
11 82.5 74250 42.0 14.0 352 410

CONCLUSIONS
A computer program YAQ can handle all types of prestressed concrete poles for street lighting.
The program has the flexibility to include other subroutines for additional calculations. The total
time taken for each pole to be analysed is between 45 and 55 s.

REFERENCES
[l] Prestressed concrete poles prove practical. Electric World 174, (December 1970).
[2] Detailed static calculation of prestressed concrete poles. Betoneinzelung (June 1974).
[3] BS 1308, Specification for concrete street lighting columns (1970).
[4] BS 5649, Special requirements for reinforced and prestressed concrete poles (1985).
[5] PC1 committee on prestressed concrete poles guide specification for prestressed concrete poles. J. PC1 27 (May/June
1982).
[6] NZS 1054, Concrete poles for electrical transmission. Standards Association of New Zealand (1966).
[7] CSA Standard A-14M, Concrete poles. Canadian Standard Association (1978).
[8] DIN 4228, Prestressed concrete mast regulation for design and manufacture of German Norms (1964).
[9] EIA-RS-222-C, Electric Industries Association (1978).
[IO] V. Pesta, Manufacture of spun poles for prestressed concrete. Czechoslouu&iu Heavy Industries, No. 8 (1969).
[ 1l] G. Z. Swaminathan, Prestressed concrete poles, state-of-the-art. Int. Seminar Prestressed Concrete Poles, Pipes and
Pressure Vessels, Madras, India (1972).
[12] Ku Minato, Prestressed concrete spun NC-poles and NCS-PC piles. Nippon Concrete Industries Co. Ltd., Tokyo,
Japan (1972).
[13] E. E. C. European Community Standard EN4O/BS5649(i) (1981).
1038 Y. F. ALOBAID

APPENDIX

‘Tl
Siart

Computer program YAQ

10 ONERROR CDT0 4050
20 NODE7
30 tJ=O: t2=27: t3=31
40 s=SO: b=ZO:c=5:q-9.807
SO Kwind=O. 615: step%=2
60 DINcel~col(a),cherrcdeed~~),chlrocuind(r)
70 DXMdelrire(e)rweight~a~
SO DIEfderi~nloadl~r~rdesig~lord2~a~~de~ignload~~~~~de8ignload4~~~
90 DIMnomentl~e~~m~ment2ia~~morn+nt3Oraoent4~~~
100 DIkhuide(a)
110 DItlovrrturn~a)
I20 DIM~ecm~dulur~e)~depth(a~~prpr(s)
130 DItlareo~r), initiaIprrs(+)
140 DIHNoswicefa>
150 VDU6: VDU3
 Prestressed concrete poles 1039

160 PRINT ““”

170 VDU23, 1, Oi 0; 0; 0;
lB0 PROCtitle
190 PRINT’:PRINTTAB(~~)I’FINAL YEAR PROJECT’
200 PROCcontinue
210 CLB: PRINT: PROCtitlc
220 PRINT’:PRINT”The analysis and design of prestresred concrete poles for
street lighting’
230 PRINT:PRINT’the progres is accordance with ES 1308 and CPllO’
240 PRINT:PRINT’the basic inputs are specified appropriate date of desin for
prestressed concrete4
250 PRINT:PRINT’the progres simulates the appropriate design checking’
260
270 REM main program(menu)
280 PROCcontinue
290 VDU6: VDU3
300 VDU23, 1, 1 i Oi Oi Oi
310 CLS: PRINT”: PROCtitle
320 PRINT: PRINT ‘PRESS A NUMBER TO SELECT AN OPERATION’
330 PRINT:PRINT’l CREATE A NEW DATA FILE ’
340 PRINT:PRINT’2 STORE A DATA FILE’
350 PRINT:PRINT’3 LOAD ASTORED DATA FILE’
360 PRINT:PRINT’4 EDIT A DATA FILE’
370 PRINT:PRINT’S PRINT A DATA FILE’
380 PRINT: PRINT’6 QUIT PROGRAM’: PRINT
390 REPEAT: ch$=get%: UNTIL INSTR( ‘123456’, chS)
400 IF chS=’ 1’ PROCcreate: 6OTO 310
410 IF ch’6=‘2’ PROCstore:GOTO 310
420 IF chB=‘3’ PROCloaddata:COTO 310
430 IF CH+‘4 PROCedit:COTO 310
440 IF chS=’ 5’. PROCprint: COTO, 310
450 JF CH*=‘6’ PROCendprogram
460 GOT0 310
470 DEF PROCfile
480 PRINTTAB(7);CHRSl32i cHRLl571 CHRLl411 ‘PRESTRESSED CUNCRETE’J CHR1156
490 PRINTTAB(7)i CHRS1321 CHRS157; CHR*141; ‘PRESTRESBED CONCRETE’; CHRS156
500 ENDPROD
510
520 REM Main Procedures
530 DEF PROCcreate
540 PROCloading
550 PROCmateria.1
560 PROCtype
570 PROCcalculation
580 ENDPROC
590 DEFtype
600 CLS; PRINT”: PROCtype-head: PRINT
610 PRINT’:PRINTTAB(7)j’PLEASE ENTER CHOICE’:PRINT’
620 PRINTTAB(l CIRCULAR ’

DESIGN DATA FOR

PREBTRESSED CONCRETE POLES

DETAIL GF POLE:

SQUARE

TAPPERED SOLID BECTION

initial dimension = 250 mm

 Y. F. ALOBAID

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE POLES

FOR LONDON STREET LIGHTING

POLES AND MATERIAL SPECIFICATION

Nominal height h i2 metres

Concrete and Prestressing data:

28 days cube stregth fcu 50 N/mm"2

Modulus of Elasticity EC 34 KN/mm”2
Modulus of Rupture 42 KN/mmh2
Modulus of Elesticity Es 200 KN/mm”l
Strenght of wire fpu 1750 N/mmh2
Total losses of prstress 25 percent

CHARACTERISTIC LOADS

Nominal Dead Wind

height load load
metre KN KN

0 0. 2 0. 0
2 4. 5 0. 4
3 5. 8 0. 9
b 13. 1 1.3
8 17.4 1.8
10 21. 8 2. 2
I2 2b. r. 2. 6

DESIGN LOADS

Nominal Design Collumn

height Load &eight
metre KN KB
0 0. 14 1.47
2 4. 64 43.85
4 9. 14 06.23
b 13.64 128.61
8 i6.14 170.99
10 22.64 213.37
I2 27.14 255.75

BEWDING MOMENT (ULtimete)

Nominal Bending Bqnding
height (max) (min)
metre KNM KNM
0 0.0 0. 00
2 13.74 9.27
4 54.13 36.55
6 121.15 81.82
a 214.82 145.10
10 335.14 226.39
i2 482.09 325.67

BENDING MOMENT <ServireabiIityf

Nominal. Bending Bending

height (mea) (min)
metre6 KNM HNhl

0 0.00 0.00
2 10.80 9. 82
4 42.53 38-M
99.19 S&.54
: $68.79 153.45
10 2b3.32 239.38
12 378.79 344.35
(Received 17 January 1989)