Journal of the

Nigerian Society
of Physical
J. Nig. Soc. Phys. Sci. 3 (2021) 82–88
Sciences

Comments on “The Solution of a Mathematical Model for

Dengue Fever Transmission Using Differential Transformation
Method: J. Nig. Soc. Phys. Sci. 1 (2019) 82-87”
Gurpreet Singh Tutejaa,∗, Tapshi Lalb
a Zakir Husain Delhi College, University of Delhi
b Satyawati College, University of Delhi

Abstract
The mathematical model for dengue fever transmission studied by [1], has been re-investigated. The differential transformation method
(DTM) is used to compute the semi-analytical solutions of the non-linear differential equations of the compartment (SIR) model of dengue
fever. This epidemiology problem is well-posed. The effect of treatment as a control measure is studied through the growth equations
of exposed and infected humans. The inadvertent errors in the recurrence relations (DTM) of equations for dengue disease transmission
including initial conditions have been removed. Furthermore, the semi-analytic solutions of the model are obtained and verified with the
built-in function AsymptoticDSolveValue of Wolfram Mathematica. It has been found that results obtained from the DTM are valid only for
small-time t (t < 1.5), as t becomes large, the human population (exposed and recovered) and infected vector population become negative.

DOI:10.46481/jnsps.2021.170

Keywords: SIR model, Differential Transformation Method (DTM), Dengue Fever, Treatment

Article History :
Received: 01 March 2021
Received in revised form: 2 April 2021
Accepted for publication: 01 April 2021
Published: 18 May 2021

©2021 Journal of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences. All rights reserved.
Communicated by: B. J. Falaye

1. Introduction
Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that is mostly
found in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. The
disease is spread by Aedes mosquito due to day-biting [2].
Dengue fever is the fastest-spreading vector-borne viral dis-
ease affecting 40 per cent of the world’s population, and now
endemic in over 100 countries. Over the last two decades,
the number of dengue cases registered to WHO has increased
from 505,430 cases in 2000 to over 2.4 million in 2010, and
∗ Corresponding author tel. no:
Email addresses: gstuteja@gmail.com (Gurpreet Singh Tuteja ),
tapshisingh@ymail.com (Tapshi Lal)
82
4.2 million in 2019. Between 2000 and 2015, the number of
registered deaths increased from 960 to 4032 [3]. A second
potential vector, Aedes Albopictus, resides in temperate re-
gions (North America and Europe), where it may give rise to
occasional dengue outbreaks [4, 5].
The spread of infectious diseases is studied through vari-
ous epidemiological models, including observational studies,
interventional studies apart from mathematical modelling us-
ing the compartment model [6]. The pioneering work using
the SIR model for contagious diseases is done by [7, 8, 9]. In
the compartment model, the population is primarily divided
into three distinct mutually exclusive compartments: suscep-
tible S(t ), infected/infectious I (t ) and recovered R(t ) at any
 Tuteja & Lal / J. Nig. Soc. Phys. Sci. 3 (2021) 82–88 83

time t , based on the epidemiological status of the population where η A < η B this accounts for the relative infectiousness of
[10]. humans with latent dengue E h compared to humans in the
For the first time, the DTM was used for solving electrical cir- I h class [1].
cuit problems [11]. The application of DTM in finding so- The model equations for dengue disease transmission includ-
lutions for the set of non-linear ordinary differential equa- ing treatment as a control measure are:
tions obtained using the SIR model for various epidemiologi-
cal diseases including Typhoid [12, 13], Malaria [14] and sea- d Sh
= Λh − µh S h − λDV S h , (3)
sonal diseases [15] has been studied. In this SIR model for dt
dengue disease, we consider two separate but dependent sets d Eh
= λDV S h − (γh + µh )E h , (4)
of non-linear ordinary differential equations related to hu- dt
man and vector population [16, 17]. The purpose of this pa- d Ih
= γh E h − (τh + µh + δDh )I h , (5)
per is to find semi-analytical solutions to the dengue fever dt
(SIR) model including the effect of treatment as a measure d Rh
= τh I h − µh R h , (6)
of control. The semi-analytic solutions are obtained by using dt
the differential transform method (DTM) and are confirmed d Sv
= Λv − µv S v − λD H S v , (7)
by using a built-in function: AsymptoticDSolveValue of dt
Wolfram Mathematica and are discussed graphically also. d Ev
= λD H S v − (γv + µv )E v , (8)
The paper is organized in the following sections: In section dt
2, the SIR model for dengue fever with model parameters in- d Iv
= γv E v − (µv + δD v )I v , (9)
cluding treatment is briefly described. The existence, unique- dt
ness and positivity of the solution to the epidemiology prob-
where Λh ,Λv are the recruitment rates and µh , µv are natu-
lem are discussed in Section 3. Section 4 presents a theoret-
ral death rates of susceptible human and vector population,
ical concept and implementation of DTM. In Section 5, nu-
respectively. βvh and βhv are the effective contact rate for
merical solutions are obtained with a graphical discussion.
dengue from vectors to humans and humans to vectors, re-
Finally, concluding remarks in section 6.
spectively. The treatment rate for infected humans is τh . γh
and γv are the progression rate of the human and vector pop-
2. Formulation of the Problem ulation from the latent class (exposed) to the active dengue
class, respectively. The disease induced deaths in human and
Two sets of populations consisting of human and vector
vector are denoted by δDh and δD v . η v , η A , η B are the modi-
are considered in Figure 1. The population is divided into
fication parameters of E v , E h and I h , respectively.
some mutually exclusive compartments as given below. The
total human population is divided into the following mutu-
ally exclusive epidemiological classes: susceptible humans 3. Existence, Uniqueness and Positivity of Solution
S h (t ), humans with dengue in latent stage E h (t ), humans in-
fected with dengue I h (t ), humans treated for dengue R h (t ) We will use the Lipchitz condition to verify the existence
(recovered), while the vector population is divided into three and uniqueness of solution [18] for the model equations (3)-
classes: susceptible vectors S v (t ), vectors with dengue in la- (9):
tent stage E v (t ), vectors with dengue I v (t ). The class of treated
vectors (R v (t )) is not taken into consideration. Let Nh (t ) and E 1 = Λh − µh S h − λDV S h ,
N v (t ) denote the total number of humans and vectors at time E 2 = λDV S h − (γh + µh )E h ,
t , respectively. Hence, we have that, Nh (t ) = S h (t ) + E h (t ) + E 3 = γh E h − (τh + µh + δDh )I h ,
I h (t ) + R h (t ) and N v (t ) = S v (t ) + E v (t ) + I v (t ), where Nh (t ) >
E 4 = τh I h − µh R h ,
0, N v (t ) > 0, S h (t ) > 0, S v (t ) > 0, E h (t ) ≥ 0, I h (t ) ≥ 0, R h (t ) ≥
0, E v (t ) ≥ 0, I v (t ) ≥ 0. E 5 = Λv − µv S v − λD H S v ,
The susceptible humans are recruited at a rate Λh , while the E 6 = λD H S v − (γv + µv )E v ,
susceptible vectors are recruited at a rate Λv . The susceptible E 7 = γv E v − (µv + δD v )I v .
humans’ contract to dengue at a rate:
βvh (η v E v + I v ) Let B denote the region, |t −t 0 | ≤ δ, ||x−x 0 || ≤ α, where x =
λDV = , (1) (x 1 , x 2 , . . . x n ), x 0 = (x 10 , x 20 , . . . x n0 ) also suppose that a(t , x)
Nh
satisfies the Lipschitz condition:
where η v < 1, this accounts for the relative infectiousness of
vectors with latent dengue E v compared to vectors in the I v ||a(t , x 1 ) − a(t , x 2 )|| ≤ k||x 1 − x 2 ||
class. Susceptible vectors acquire dengue infection from in-
whenever the pairs (t , x 1 ), (t , x 2 ) belong to B where k is a posi-
fected humans (infected blood is passed to a vector through
tive constant, then there is a positive constant δ ≥ 0, such that
a bite) at a rate:
there exists a unique and continuous vector solution x(t ) of
βhv (η A E h + η B I h )
λD H = , (2)
Nh
83
 Tuteja & Lal / J. Nig. Soc. Phys. Sci. 3 (2021) 82–88 84

Figure 1: Dengue Fever Model

the system in the interval |t − t 0 | < δ. The condition is sat- These partial derivatives exist, are continuous and bounded,
∂a
isfied by the requirement that ∂x i ,i , j = 1, 2, 3, ..n, be continu- similarly for E 5 , E 6 , E 7 . Hence the model has a unique solu-
j
ous and bounded in B. Considering the model equation (3)- tion. The positivity of the solution is presented in the follow-
(9), we are interested in the region 0 ≤ α ≤ R [13]. ing theorems:
Let B denote the region 0 ≤ α ≤ R, then equations (3) – (9) will
∂a Positivity of the Solution: We show that the model equa-
have a unique solution if ∂x i ,i , j = 1, 2, 3, ..7 are continuous
j
tions (3)–(9) are biologically and epidemiologically meaning-
and bounded in B.
ful and well-posed as the solutions of all the stated variables
For E 1 :
are non-negative [16].
¯ ∂E 1 ¯
¯ = | − (µh + λDV )| < ∞, ¯ ∂E 1 ¯ = 0 < ∞, ¯ ∂E 1 ¯ = 0 < ∞,
If S h (0) > 0, E h (0) ≥ 0, I h (0) ≥ 0, R h (0) ≥ 0, S v (0) > 0, E v (0) ≥
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
0 and I v (0) ≥ 0, then the solution region S h (t ), E h (t ), I h (t ),
¯
¯ ∂S ¯ ¯ ∂E ¯ ¯ ∂I ¯
¯ h¯ ¯ h ¯ ¯h ¯ R h (t ), S v (t ), E v (t ) and I v (t ) of the system of equations (3)–(9)
¯ ∂E 1 ¯ ¯ ∂E 1 ¯ ¯ ∂E 1 ¯ ¯ ∂E 1 ¯
¯ ¯
¯ ∂R ¯ = 0 < ∞, ¯ ∂S ¯ = 0 < ∞, ¯ ∂E ¯ = 0 < ∞, ¯ ∂I ¯ = 0 < ∞. is always non-negative.
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
h v v v
We consider each differential equation separately and show
For E 2 : that its solution is positive.
¯ ∂E 2 ¯
¯ = |λDV | < ∞, ¯ ∂E 2 ¯ = | − (γh + µh )| < ∞, ¯ ∂E 2 ¯ = 0 < ∞,
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Theorem 1: Positivity of susceptible human population: Con-
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯
¯ ∂S ¯ ¯ ∂E ¯ ¯ ∂I ¯
¯ h¯ ¯ h ¯ h¯ sider the differential equation (3):
¯ ∂E 2 ¯
¯ = 0 < ∞, ¯ ∂E 2 ¯ = 0 < ∞, ¯ ∂E 2 ¯ = 0 < ∞, ¯ ∂E 2 ¯ = 0 < ∞.
¯ ¯ ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ d Sh
¯ ∂R ¯
h
¯ ∂S ¯
v
¯ ∂E ¯
v
¯ ∂I ¯
v = Λh − (µh + λDV )S h (t ) ≥ −(µh + λDV )S h (t ),
dt
For E 3 : Λh > 0 being recruitment rate of humans, we can write as:
¯ ∂E 3 ¯
¯ = 0 < ∞, ¯ ∂E 3 ¯ = |γh | < ∞,
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ ¯ d Sh
¯
¯ ∂S ¯ ¯ ∂E ¯ = −(µh + λDV )d t
¯ h¯ h Sh
¯ ∂E 3 ¯ Rt
¯ ∂I ¯ = | − (τh + µh + δDh )| < ∞,
¯ ¯ On integrating, the solution is S h = S h0 e − 0 (µh +λDV )d t . It is
h clear from the solution that S h (t ) is positive since S h0 = S h (0) >
¯ ∂E 3 ¯
¯ = 0 < ∞, ¯ ∂E 3 ¯ = 0 < ∞, ¯ ∂E 3 ¯ = 0 < ∞, ¯ ∂E 3 ¯ = 0 < ∞.
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
0 and the exponential function is always positive.
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯
¯ ∂R ¯ ¯ ∂S ¯ ¯ ∂E ¯ ¯ ∂I ¯
h v v v Theorem 2: Positivity of latent human population: Con-
sider the differential equation (4):
For E 4 :
¯ ∂E 4 ¯ d Eh
¯ = 0 < ∞, ¯ ∂E 4 ¯ = 0 < ∞, ¯ ∂E 4 ¯ = |τh | < ∞,
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ = λD H S h (t ) − (γh + µh )E h (t ) ≥ −(γh + µh )E h (t ),
dt
¯
¯ ∂S ¯ ¯ ∂E ¯ ¯ ∂I ¯
¯ h¯ h h
S h (t ) is positive in time t and λD H > 0 being humans’ contract
¯ ∂E 4 ¯ ¯ ∂E 4 ¯
¯ = 0 < ∞, ¯ ∂E 4 ¯ = 0 < ∞,
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ = | − µh | < ∞, ¯
¯ ¯
¯
¯ ∂R ¯ ¯ ∂S ¯ ¯ ∂E ¯ rate to dengue, we can write as:
v v
¯ h¯
¯ ∂E 4 ¯ d Eh
¯ ∂I ¯ = 0 < ∞.
¯ ¯ = −(γh + µh )d t .
v Eh
84
 Tuteja & Lal / J. Nig. Soc. Phys. Sci. 3 (2021) 82–88 85
Rt
On integrating, the solution is E h = E h0 e − 0 (γh +µh )d t . It is Theorem 7: Positivityof infected vector population: Con-
clear from the solution that E h (t ) is positive since E h0 = E h (0) ≥ sider the differential equation (9):
0 and the exponential function is always positive.
d Iv
Theorem 3: Positivity of infected human population: Con- = γv E v (t ) − (µv + δD v )I v (t ) ≥ −(µv + δD v )I v (t ),
sider the differential equation (5): dt
γv > 0 being the progression rate of vectors from latent class
d Ih to active dengue class and E v (t ) ≥ 0, we can write as:
= γh E h (t ) − (τh + µh + δDh )I h (t ) ≥ −(τh + µh + δDh )I h (t ),
dt
γh being the progression rate of humans from latent class to d Iv
= −(µv + δD v )d t .
active dengue class and E h (t ) ≥ 0, we can write as: Iv
Rt
d Ih On integrating, the solution is I v = I v0 e − 0 (µv +δD v )d t . So, it is
= −(τh + µh + δDh )d t .
Ih clear from the solution that I v (t ) is positive since I v0 = I v (0) ≥
Rt 0 and exponential function being positive always.
On integrating, the solution is I h = I h0 e − 0 (τh +µh +δDh )d t . So, Hence, the stated problem is epidemiologically meaningful,
it is clear from the solution that I h (t ) is positive since I h0 = well-posed and has a unique solution.
I h (0) ≥ 0 and exponential function is always positive.
Theorem 4: Positivity of recovered human population: Con-
sider the differential equation (6): 4. Differential Transform Method (DTM)

d Rh The differential transformation of the k t h derivative of f (x)

= τh I h (t ) − µh R h (t ) ≥ −µh R h (t ), is defined as:
dt
τh > 0 being the treatment rate for infected humans and I h (t )
" #
1 d k f (x)
is positive in time t , we can write as: F (k) = . (10)
k! d xk x0
d Rh
= −µh d t . We obtain,
Rh
Rt
On integrating, the solution is R h = R h0 e − 0 µh d t . It is clear ∞
F (k)(x − x 0 )k ,
X
from the solution that R h (t ) is positive since R h0 = R h (0) ≥ 0 f (x) = (11)
k=0
and the exponential function is always positive.
Theorem 5: Positivity of susceptible vector population: Con- is called the inverse differential transformation of F(k). In real
sider the differential equation (7): applications, the function f(x) can be expressed as a finite se-
ries and equation (11) can be expressed as:
d Sv
= Λv − (µv + λD H )S v (t ) ≥ −(µv + λD H )S v (t ), n
dt F (k)(x − x 0 )k .
X
f (x) = (12)
Λv > 0 being recruitment rate of vectors, we can write as: k=0

So, we have
d Sv
= −(µv + λD H )d t . " #
Sv n
X 1 d k f (x)
k
f (x) = (x − x 0 ) . (13)
d xk
Rt
On integrating, the solution is S v = S v0 e − 0 (µv +λD H )d t . It is k=0 k!
x 0
clear from the solution that S v (t ) is positive since S v0 = S v (0) >
From equations (10) and (11), the following properties are ob-
0 and the exponential function is always positive.
tained:
Theorem 6: Positivity of latent vector population: Consider
the differential equation (8): 1. If z(x) = f (x) ± g (x), then Z (k) = F (k) ±G(k).
2. If z(x) = αF (x), then Z (k) = αF (k).
d Ev
= λD H S v (t ) − (γv + µv )E v (t ) ≥ −(γv + µv )E v (t ), 3. If z(x) = f 0 (x), then Z (k) = (k + 1)F (k + 1).
dt
4. If z(x) = f 00 (x), then Z (k) = (k + 1)(k + 2)F (k + 2).
S v (t ) is positive in time t and λD H > 0 being vectors’ contract
5. If z(x) = f (l ) (x), then Z (k) = (k +1)(k +2)...(k +l )F (k +l ).
rate to dengue due to infected humans, we can write as:
If z(x) = u(x)v(x), then Z (k) = kl=0 F (l )G(k − l ).
P
6.
d Ev 7. If z(x) = αx l , then
n Z (k) = αδ(k − l ), where Kronecker
= −(γv + µv )d t .
Ev delta, δ(k − l ) = 1,k=l
0,k ,l
Rt
On integrating, the solution is E v = E v0 e − 0 (γv +µv )d t . It is clear Using the fundamental operations of differential transforma-
from the solution that E v (t ) is positive since E v0 = E v (0) ≥ 0 tion method, let S h (k),E h (k), I h (k), R h (k), S v (k), E v (k) and
and the exponential function is always positive. I v (k) denote the differential transformations of S h (t ), E h (t ),

85
 Tuteja & Lal / J. Nig. Soc. Phys. Sci. 3 (2021) 82–88 86

I h (t ), R h (t ), S v (t ),E v (t ) and I v (t ) respectively, the recurrence 5.1. Low Dengue Treatment(τh = 0.25)
relation to each equation of the system (3)–(9) is:

1 © 4
S h (k + 1) = Λh δ(k) − µh S h (k) S h (k)t k = 3503 + 361.8919131767338t
X
k +1 s h (t ) =
) k=0
βvh η v X
k βvh Xk
− S h (m)E v (k − m) − S h (m)I v (k − m) + 8.365058543813413t 2 − 686.2825200034454t 3
Nh m=0 Nh m=0
(14) + 197.4722799192922t 4 ,
4
E h (k)t k = 490 − 102.83504317673376t
X
e h (t ) =
k=0
(
1 βvh η v X
k
E h (k + 1) = S h (m)E v (k − m) + 5.722527622691168t 2 + 685.5659739627513t 3
k +1 Nh m=0
) − 253.23941572498939t 4 ,
βvh X
k
+ S h (m)I v (k − m) − (γh + µh )E h (k) (15) 4
Nh m=0 I h (k)t k = 390 − 88.3639t + 11.342391324645417t 2
X
i h (t ) =
k=0
− 1.7816527943897462t 3 + 56.05381198239061t 4 ,
1
I h (k + 1) = {γh E h (k) − (τh + µh + δDh )I h (k)} (16)
k +1
1 4
R h (k + 1) = {τh I h (k) − µh R h (k)} (17)
R h (k)t k = 87 + 95.72433t − 12.02235428765t 2
X
k +1 r h (t ) =
k=0
+ 1.026991360724097t 3 − 0.11659352306745382t 4 ,
1 ©
S v (k + 1) = Λv δ(k) − µv S v (k) 4
k +1 s v (t ) =
X
S v (k)t k = 390 + 999794.7744966443t
βhv η A X
k
k=0
− S v (m)E h (k − m)
Nh m=0 − 263054.4930350626t 2 + 48072.332846142934t 3
)
βhv η B X
k − 6858.820737023293t 4 ,
− S v (m)I h (k − m) (18)
Nh m=0 4
E v (k)t k = 100 − 42.774496644295304t
X
e v (t ) =
k=0
+ 13117.134652512259t 2 − 6547.277795576331t 3
(
1 βhv η A X
k
E v (k + 1) = S v (m)E h (k − m)
k +1 Nh m=0 + 1717.2934391692909t 4 ,
)
βhv η B Xk 4
I v (k)t k = 130 − 62.t + 14.85838255033557t 2
X
+ S v (m)I h (k − m) − (γv + µv )E v (k) i v (t ) =
Nh m=0 k=0
(19) + 128.69494943339998t 3 − 65.19145214599749t 4
1 ©
γv E v (k) − (µv + δD v )I v (k)
ª
I v (k + 1) = (20) These solutions are the same as obtained from the in-built
k +1
function AsymptoticDSolveValue of Wolfram Mathematica
The recurrence relations (14), (15), (18) and (19) are the rec- 13. Following is the program:
tified forms of (8), (9), (12) and (13) of the study [1]. The
semi-analytical solutions and numerical solutions have sig- As ympt ot i cDSol veV al ue[
nificantly changed due to these corrections.
{S h0 [t ] − Λh + µh S h [t ] + (βvh η v /Nh )S h [t ]
E v [t ] + (βvh /Nh )S h [t ]I v [t ] == 0,
5. Numerical and Graphical Simulation of the Model Equa-
tions E h0 [t ] − (βvh η v /Nh )S h [t ]
E v [t ] − (βvh /Nh )S h [t ]I v [t ] + (γh + µh )E h [t ] == 0,
With the initial conditions S h (0) = 3503, E h (0) = 490, I h (0) = I h0 [t ] − γh E h [t ] + (τh + µh + δDh )I h [t ] == 0,
390, R h (0) = 87, S v (0) = 390,E v (0) = 100, I v (0) = 130, we com-
pute the semi-analytical solutions for k = 4 using following R h0 [t ] − τh I h [t ] + µh R h [t ] == 0,
0
values of the parameters: Nh = 4470, N v = 620, Λh = 500, S v [t ] − Λv + µv S v [t ] + (βhv η A /Nh )S v [t ]
Λv = 1, 000, 000, µh = 0.02041, µv = 0.5, βvh = 0.5, βhv = 0.4, E h [t ] + (βhv η B /Nh )S v [t ]I h [t ] == 0,
γh = 0.3254, γv = 0.03, δDh = 0.365, δD v = 0, η v = 0.4, η A = 0
E v [t ] − (βhv η A /Nh )S v [t ]E h [t ] − (βhv η B /Nh )
0.2, η B = 0.5 [5].
S v [t ]I h [t ] + (γv + µv )E v [t ] == 0,
I v0 [t ] − γv E v [t ] + (µv + δD v )
86
 Tuteja & Lal / J. Nig. Soc. Phys. Sci. 3 (2021) 82–88 87

I v [t ] == 0, S h [0] == Sh[0], E h [0] == E h [0],

I h [0] == I h[0], R h [0] == Rh[0], S v [0] == Sv[0], E v [0] == E v[0],
I v [0] == I v[0]},
{S h [t ], E h [t ], I h [t ], R h [t ], S v [t ], E v [t ], I v [t ]}, {t , 0, 4}]

5.2. Moderate Dengue Treatment(τh = 0.50)

4
S h (k)t k = 3503 + 361.8919131767338t
X
s h (t ) =
k=0
+ 8.365058543813413t 2 − 686.2380770354108t 3 Figure 2: Susceptible, Exposed, Infected Human (τ = 0.5)

+ 254.42405449756384t 4
4
4
I h (k)t k = 390 − 283.3639t + 144.1358413246454t 2
X
e h (t ) =
X k
E h (k)t = 490 − 102.83504317673376t i h (t ) =
k=0
k=0
+ 5.722527622691168t 2 + 685.5215309947168t 3 − 53.93038836999731t 3 + 71.07183667576527t 4 ,
4
− 310.1875748678114t 4 , R h (k)t k = 87 + 290.72433t − 109.22830428765t 2
X
r h (t ) =
k=0

4
+ 36.777076894665t 3 − 10.299602854229525t 4 ,
I h (k)t k = 390 − 185.8639t + 65.5516163246454t 2
X
i h (t ) = 4
S v (k)t k = 390 + 999794.7744966443t
X
k=0 s v (t ) =
k=0
− 18.725982040526862t 3 + 59.912219486045935t 4 ,
4
− 263053.6423639217t 2 + 50978.94257164284t 3
R h (k)t k = 87 + 193.22433t − 48.43782928765t 2
X
r h (t ) = − 9299.822488317648t 4 ,
k=0
+ 11.25480808602788t 3 − 2.3981754133248154t 4 ,
4
4
E v (k)t k = 100 − 42.774496644295304t
X
s v (t ) =
X
S v (k)t k = 390 + 999794.7744966443t e v (t ) =
k=0
k=0
2
− 263053.6423639217t + 49525.708598154626t 3 + 13115.43331023038t 2 − 9453.870507653413t 3

− 7943.074169380729t 4 , + 4180.0925091263725t 4 ,
4
4
I v (k)t k = 130 − 62.t + 14.85838255033557t 2
X
e v (t ) =
X k
E v (k)t = 100 − 42.774496644295304t i v (t ) =
k=0
k=0
+ 13116.28398137132t 2 − 8000.645040876618t 3 + 128.6779360105812t 3 − 86.98877080872326t 4 .

+ 2812.4460625275524t 4 , The graph of susceptible, exposed, infected human pop-

4 ulation with moderate treatment and exposed, infected vec-
I v (k)t k = 130 − 62.t + 14.85838255033557t 2
X
i v (t ) = tors is plotted against time t Figures 2 and 3. It is found that
k=0
the susceptible and infected human population grows with
+ 128.6864427219906t 3 − 76.09064314682345t 4 time t while the exposed human population becomes nega-
tive after t = 2.25, being population graph, it can’t be negative
5.3. High Dengue Treatment(τh = 0.75) (limitation of DTM). Similarly, the graph of the infected vec-
tors becomes negative.
The effect of the treatment as a control measure can be stud-
4
s h (t ) =
X
S h (k)t k = 3503 + 361.8919131767338t ied from Figures 4 and 5, where the effect of better treatment
k=0 on infected population is found positive initially, the recov-
+ 8.365058543813413t 2 − 686.1936340673763t 3 ered population also increases initially and then consequently
decreases (after t = 1.70, for high treatment rate) due to fast
+ 311.3702737048312t 4 , growth of infected population.
4
E h (k)t k = 490 − 102.83504317673376t
X
e h (t ) =
k=0 6. Conclusions
+ 5.722527622691168t 2 + 685.4770880266824t 3
The compartmental model for dengue fever with treat-
− 367.13017863962915t 4 , ment control measure [1] has been re-investigated and the
87
 Tuteja & Lal / J. Nig. Soc. Phys. Sci. 3 (2021) 82–88
Figure 3: Exposed and Infected Vectors
Figure 4: Infected Human with different Treatment (τ)
Figure 5: Recovered Human with different Treatment (τ)
inadvertent errors have been removed from the recurrence
relations of the model equations due to DTM. The existence,
uniqueness and positivity of the solutions have been estab-
lished. The semi-analytical solutions of the model equations
are re-computed using the DTM and built-in function Asymp-
toticDSolveValue of Wolfram Mathematica and are found to
be the same. It has been found that results obtained from
the DTM are valid only for a small interval of time t (t < 1.5),
as t becomes large, the exposed, recovered human popula-
tion and infected vector population becomes negative. For
smaller t, the better the treatment is, recovery will be faster
88
88
Figure 5.
Acknowledgments
We thank the anonymous referees for the positive enlight-
ening comments and suggestions, which have greatly helped
us in making improvements to this paper.
References
[1] F. Y. Eguda, A. James & S. Babuba, “The Solution of a Mathematical
Model for Dengue Fever Transmission Using Differential Transforma-
tion Method”, Journal of Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences 1 (2019)
82.
[2] Dengue. Retrieved from World Health Organization:
https://www.who.int/immunization/diseases/dengue/en/(2021)
[3] Dengue-and-Severe-Dengue. Retrieved from World Health Organiza-
tion:
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-
severe-dengue (2021).
[4] A. Mathieu, N Hens, C Marais & B P Beutels, “Dynamic Epidemiological
Models for Dengue” PLOSONE 7 (2012) 1.
[5] Messina, J. P., Brady, O. J., Golding, N., Kraemer .et.al. The current and
future global distribution and the population at risk of dengue. Nature
Microbiology 4 (2019), 1508–1515.
[6] V Capasso & G Serio, “A generalization of the Kermack-McKendrick de-
terministic epidemic model”, Mathematical Biosciences 42 (1978) 43.
[7] W. O. Kermack & MA. G. McKendrick, “Contribution to the Mathemati-
cal Theory of Epidemics” (Part 1). Proceedings of Royal Society London
138A (1932) 55.
[8] W. O. Kermack & MA. G. McKendrick, “Contribution to the Mathemati-
cal Theory of Epidemics (Part II)”, Proceedings of Royal Society London
141 (1932) 94.
[9] W. O. Kermack & MA. G. McKendrick, “A contribution to the mathemat-
ical theory of epidemics”, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A:
Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Science 115 (1927), 700.
[10] H Hethcote, “The Mathematics of Infectious Diseases”, SIAM Review,
42 (2000) 599.
[11] J K Zhou, “Differential Transformation and Its Applications for Electri-
cal Circuits”, Huazhong University Press, China 1986.
[12] P Olumuyiwa et. al. “Direct and Indirect Transmission Dynamics of Ty-
phoid Fever Model by Differential Transform Method”, ATBU Journal of
Science, Technology and Education, 6 (2018) 167.
[13] P. Olumuyiwa & M O. Ibrahim, “Application of Differential Transform
Method in Solving a Typhoid Fever Model”, International Journal Of
Mathematical Analysis And Optimization: Theory And Applications 1
(2017) 250.
[14] A. Abioye, M. O. Ibrahim, O. Peter, A. Sylvanus & F. Abiodun, “Differen-
tial Transform Method for Solving Mathematical Model of SEIR and SEI
Spread of Malaria”, International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied
Research 40 (2018) 197.
[15] J. A. Abraham, G. P. Gilberto & Benito M. Chen-Charpentier, “Dynami-
cal analysis of the transmission of seasonal diseases using the differen-
tial transformation method”, Mathematical and Computer Modelling
50 (2009), 765.
[16] M. Derouich & A. Boutayeb, “Dengue fever: Mathematical modelling
and computer simulation”, Applied Mathematics and Computation 177
(2006) 528.
[17] Z. N. Meksianis, N Anggriani & A. K. Supriatna, “Application of differ-
ential transformation method for solving dengue transmission mathe-
matical model”, AIP Conference Proceedings 2018.
[18] N. R. Derrick & S. L. Grossman, “Differential Equation with applica-
tions", Addison Wesley Publishing Company Inc., Philippines 1976.