THE COMPRESSIBILITY OF AN AIR/WATER MIXTURE

AND A THEORETICAL RELATION BETWEEN THE AIR

AND WATER PRESSURES
by
1~. E. SCHUUR~IA~*

sYxoPsIs
Until now the compressibility of a water/air
mixture has been calculated with the aid of Boyle’s
law and Henry’s law of solubility ; it has been
assumed that the air and water pressures of the
mixture were the same. The present treatment
refers only to degrees of saturation in excess of
85% where the air is assumed to be present in the
form of bubbles.
It is necessary to take into ac-
count the surface tension between air and water in
the calculation of the compressibility of the mixture.
Also using the surface tension and the above
laws it is possible to obtain a relation between air
and water pressures. Formulae are given by which
it is possible to predict the water pressure of partly
saturated clay samples in the triaxial cell under
different stress conditions.
Jusqu’P maintenant la compressibilite d’un
melange air et eau avait et6 calculee en utilisant la
loi de Boyle et la loi de Henry regissant la solubilite.
On prenait comme hypothese que la pression de
l’air etait Bgale a la pression d’eau dans le melange.
L’essai present rend compte seulement du degre de
saturation plus que 85 o/0; il est assume quele melange
consiste non pas de deux phases bien distinctes,
mais d’une serie de bulles d’air distribuees dans le
liquide. On doit tenir compte des forces de tension
de surface pour calculer la compressibilite du
melange.
Ainsi tenant compte des forces de tension de
surface et des lois precedemment mentionees, on
peut etablir une relation entre la pression de l’air
et la pression de l’eau. L’article donne les formules
qui permettent de p&dire la pression interstitielle
d’echantillons d’argiles partiellement saturees dans
un essai triaxial.

INTRODUCTION
The ratio between the compressibilities of the soil skeletons in a clay sample on the one
hand and of the liquid and gas phase on the other determines the extent of the effective
stress and the water pressure compared with all round pressure. In this Paper the behaviour
of the combined air and water pressures is described, taking into account various factors
which have up to now been disregarded.
Koning (1963) calculated the compressibility of a water/air mixture using Boyle’s law.
He only partly accounted for the influence of the surface tension between air and water, and
for practical purposes, where small pressure changes occur, his formula is sufficient.
Bishop and Eldin (1950) and Skempton and Bishop (1954b) based their approximate
calculation of the compressibility of the water/air mixture on Boyle’s law and Henry’s law of
solubility. The surface tension and therefore the difference between the air and water ten-
sion were disregarded by them. Since clay samples in triasial tests are subjected to both low
and high all round pressures, it is necessary to determine the behaviour of the water/air
mixture under strongly changing pressures, Boyle’s law, Henry’s law of solubility and the
surface tension between air and water greatly influence the compressibility. A first attempt
to take into account the influence of all these factors on the compressibility of the air/water
mixture is made by Schuurman (1964). In this Paper the Author gives an enlargement of his
paper of 1964 and some corrections to it. The given theory is only right in relation to degree
of saturation in excess of 85% where the air is assumed to be present in the form of bubbles.

* Graduate engineer, Technological University of Delft, Holland.

I 269
270 IR. E. SCHUUHbfAN

(1) DEFINITION OF THE COMPRESSIBILITY OF THE WATER/AIR MIXTURE

The general definition for the volume compressibility C is :

c = __‘~ ill
Vdu ’ * ’ ’ ’ ’ * ’ ’
in which V is the instantaneous volume, which is dependent on the pressure u.
For the water/air mixture V = V,+ V,,
where V, = volume of free air
VW = volume of water.
If the water pressure uu, changes, V, varies (see section 2) and I’, remains constant (see
section 3(b)) and becomes therefore :
d(V,+ V,) dV,
duw =du,
Thus equation 1 converts the compressibility of an air/water mixture into :

C,==-I.dV,
VW+ V, du,
. . . . . . . .(2)
Bishop (1950) and Skempton (1954b) gave the definition :

CT,=-- l.f!!L . . . . . . . (24

Vao + V, dq,,
where Vao is the volume of free air at atmospheric pressure (u,,, = 1 kgf/sq. cm absolute).
For great pressures and therefore for great volume changes (d V,) the definition of C, according
to equation 2 is preferred.

(2) FUSDAMENThL LAWS

In order to calculate C, with changing pressures it is necessary to calculate the volume
changes in the water/air mixture and to determine the relation between air and water pressure.
Here we use the following fundamental laws (a) Boyle-Gay-Lussac’s law, (b) Henry’s law of
solubility, (c) the difference between air and water pressure.
(a) For constant temperature, Boyle-Gay-Lussac’s law changes to Boyle’s ZUW,which states
that the product of pressure and volume of air is constant.
(b) Henry’s law states that at a constant temperature, the weight of gas, which dissolves in a
given volume of liquid, is directly proportional to the gas pressure. Let V, be the volume
occupied by the dissolved gas if extracted from the liquid and compressed at a gas pressure
acting on the fluid.
According to Boyle’s and Henry’s laws this volume I’, will be constant and thus independent
from the pressure. V, is only dependent on the volume of water and can be calculated by
multiplying the relative liquid volume VW by the coefficient of solubility, H.l This gives :
VS = HVW
At 20X, H is equal to 0.02.
(c) The third point to consider is the relation between the water and air phases which are
present in the pores of clay. According to Sparks (1963) the free air will form bubbles in the
porewater at a degree of saturation of about 85%. The bubbles are either of the same size as
the pores or smaller. As a result of the surface tension Q (=74 x 10m6 kgf/cm) the air $~essu~e
u, and the water fiyessuye u, in the sample are not the same. The difference between the
pressures can be computed by considering the equilibrium of a half bubble with radius r.

1 It is assumed in many references that the Henry’s coefficient is a constant. This seems to be rightyat
small air and water pressures. With increasing air pressure, H decreases (Perry, 1950). The amount-of
diminution seems to be small, but is unknown.
 THE COMPRESSIBILITY OF AN AIR/WATER MIXTURE 271
From Fig. 1 it follows that:
n-h, = n7%, - 2nrq
which results in :

%I = 24,- (2qjr)
. * . . (3)
Although q is small,2 the difference between
air and water pressure cannot be disregarded,
since Y is also small owing to the small
dimensions of the pores. This applies even
more for the higher values of zcW, since
according to Boyle’s and Henry’s laws Y
decreases with the increase of u,.

Fig. 1. The equilibrium of an air bubble

(3) SIMPLIFICATIONS

The calculation of C, is based on a number of simplifications, made possible partly by the

circumstances of the test ((a) and (b) below) and which are partly the consequences of the
physical laws ((c) to (f) inclusive).
(a) Considering tests in which the temperature is constant (for example 2O”C), the surface
tension q is dependent on the temperature, 2 during the test therefore q is constant
as well.
(b) To simplify we consider an undrained test. Then, in spite of the pressure changes the
volume of water V, remains constant and no free or dissolved air escapes from the
water/air mixture (section 7). Because H is constant,l V3 is also constant during
the test.
(c) The compressibility of the water, in which no air bubbles are present, is equal to
5 x 10e5 sq. cm/kgf. This compressibility can be disregarded in comparison with
the compressibility of the air/water mixture.
(d) According to Dalton’s division law, the saturated water vapour pressure in the volume
of free air does not follow Boyle’s law. The compressibility of the air bubbles is
not influenced directly by the saturated water vapour pressure. There is only
an influence on uW, which can be reproduced by introducing the water vapour
pressure ud in equation 3:
% = u,+zL,-(2q/r) . . . . . . . . (3a)

a Accordingto Bosworth (1950) the surface tension depends on the air pressure. If pw is the density of
water, pa the density of air at a pressure of u,,,, the surface tension may be represented at any temperature
by the equation

4 = t(p,-$q
where c = constant.
AS q=74 x lo-” kgf/cm, p,=O.OOl kgf/ cu. cm and p,=1.293 x 1O-s kgf/cu. cm it follows that we can
neglect the diminution of surface tension with increasing air pressure.
272 IR. E. SCHUURMAN

According to Beek (1963) the relation between uud,U, and Y should be expressed as
follows:

where udO is the saturated water vapour pressure at 20°C at zc, = ~4,~= 1 kgf/sq.
cm and r = co
V mw = molecular volume of water z 18x 10e3 cu. m/k mol.
Vma = molecular volume of air at 20°C and
uu, = 1 kgf/sq. cm z 24.2 cu. m/k mol.
R = gas constant = 8.31 x lo3 J/k mol. (“K)
T = absolute temperature (OK).
The pressure changes are isothermic.
From equation (4) it follows that the influence of ud on M, becomes smaller as
u, increases, when Y decreases less quickly than u, increases. This case is demon-
strated in section 4.
Because udO is only 0.0238 kgfjsq. cm, we disregard the influence of uudon u,.
(e) According to Beek (1963) the time (t) necessary to dissolve the air for unit step
pressure change, is given by:

t=; . . . . . . . . . * (5)

where D is the diffusion coefficient (sq. cm/s). At 2O”C, D is equal to 10m5 sq. cm/s.
If u,~-u,~ =0*2 kgf/sq. cm, t will be 0.1 second according to equation (5). With
increasing pressure, Y will decrease (section 4), and t will become smaller and smal-
ler. The time necessary to dissolve air when the pressure is changed can therefore
be disregarded. The water is always saturated with dissolved air.
(f) On the basis of Henry’s solubility law, Hilf (1956) assumes that all air bubbles in the
water/air mixture have the same radius. On the contrary, Beek (1963) suggests
that there is a tendency to form one large air bubble (coalescence). Because
of the small dimensions of the pores in clay and the surface activities of the clay
particles, the air bubbles, however, will not be able to form one large bubble, but
they may be considered to be almost the same size.
With the aid of the simplifications mentioned above, it is possible to calculate the relation
between the air and water pressures and the compressibility of an air/water mixture.

(4) RELATION BETWEEN AIR AND \VATER PRESSURES

If Va is the volume of free air and Vs the volume of dissolved air in the water/air mixture,
then it follows from Boyle’s and Henry’s laws that:
(V,+ VS)?& = (P&+ vS)z&0 . . . . . . . (6)
In order to determine the C, in accordance with equation (1) it is necessary to know the rela-
tion between the volume of free air Vg and the water pressure u,. Equation (6) gives the
relation between Via and u,. With the aid of equation (3), uu, can be expressed in terms of
U, ; therefore the radius of the air bubbles must be taken into account. Assuming the number
of air bubbles in the water/air mixture to be N, then :
vao = lV$m$ and V, = N&v3
This results in :
(I’o,‘Y)= [V,JVJ1’3
 THE COMPRESSIBILITY OF AN AIR/WATER MIXTURE 273
Equation (3) becomes :
21, = %-29/~ = II* - (29l~o)(Ko/w’3
. . . . . (7)
%Q = 2480 - 29lro >
Elimination of U, from equations (6) and (7) gives:

v,+vs % %o + (%lro)
v,, + v, = -g = z~,+(2q/r,)(v,o/v,)1’3 . . . * . (*)
Solving for u, gives:

%T = $!g[uvo+3p[~]1’3 . . . . . (9)
Koning (1963) found in a different way, disregarding V,, the same relation between U, and V,.
V, and u, are the only variables in equation (9) because uwO, Y,, and V, are the initial values
and q and V, are constants according to section 3(a) and (b).

(5) COMPRESSIBILITS’ OF A WATER/AIR MIXTURE

According to the definition in section 1 of the compressibility of an air/water mixture, it is

necessary for the computation of C, to determine dV,/du, first. With the aid of equation
(9) this becomes :

[1
&_ Yrao+ Kb$ 2q 1 v,, 1’3
av, - - (v,+v,y +3r, F, 7
which inserted in equation (2) gives :
K, + W~a, --- 2q
v/a0 U3 - 1 1
c, =
F&Q 1 (v’a+vIs)2
-
37, v, [ I/‘, 11
. . . . (10)

Because V, cannot be eliminated from equations (9) and (10) it is not possible to express C,
explicitly in terms of u,. With the aid of equations (9) and (10) however C, can be calculated
numerically for different values of zd,.
It is interesting to compare the equation derived for C, with the equations given in the
literature.
Koning (1963)did not take into account Henry’s solubility law (thus V, = 0) and consi-
dered only small changes of u,. The influence of the surface tension could therefore be dis-
regarded, so q=O. Equation (10) then becomes :

and modified with the aid of Boyle’s law :

K. x0
c, = --yj- . . . . . . . . (104
K%,+ L’vv %
The equation given by Koning (1963), in his own notation, is :
1 1 1_!++_L; .
K,=K,o ( > a
. . . . . (lob)
where K, = modulus of compressibility of the air/water mixture
K wg = modulus of compressibility of the air free water
I/’ = v*,+v,
K, = u, = modulus of compressibility of an air bubble.
274 In. E. SCHUURMAN

If l/K,, = 0 and l/K, = C, then equation (lob) becomes, with the aid of Boyle’s law, equation
(lOa).
Bishop (1950) and Skempton and Bishop (195413)defined C, accordingly (equation 2a).
They disregarded the difference between uu,and u, and therefore assumed q to be zero. With
these assumptions equation (10) becomes :

which by equation (8) gives :

In the notation of Bishop and Skempton equation (10~) becomes:

C, = (1 -S,+S,H)(~,/~2) . . . . . . . (10d)
where S, = initial degree of saturation of the clay sample,
PO= %I0
P = ue.
If so is the initial porosity,
the volume of free air at PO, V,, = noVo(l -So)
the volume of water, V, = n,V,S,
the volume of dissolved air, V, = n,V,S,H
so that V,,+ V, = n,V,(l -S,+S,H)
and V,, + VW = n,T’,

(6) GRAPHS

(a) The relation between air and water pressures

With the aid of equations (6) and (7) the relation between the air and the water pressures
for a certain mixture can be determined. In Fig. 2 this relation is given by the line ABC with
the increase of u, for a water mixture of which
Vao = 10 cu. cm, V’w = 90 cu. cm, so V, = 1.8 cu. cm,

*a0
= 1 kgf/sq. cm and 2q/r, = O-3 kgf/sq. cm, so ztwo= O-7 kgf/sq. cm.
It follows from equation (6) that if a, increases, V, decreases. If V’8 = 0, then the air
bubble disappears and a difference between air and water pressure no longer exists. Equation
(6) gives the maximum air pressure zc,,._ where all free air is dissolved :

u%nax = 24,(v*,+v,)/vs . . . . . . . (11)

From the last term of equation (9) it is concluded that with a maximum air pressure and thus
with Va equal to 0, u, becomes equal to - co. In Fig. 2 point C gives u, = - co.
This cannot be possible however, because u, increases during the test. Section BC of the
curve represents an unstable situation. From Fig. 2 it appears that u, does not exceed a
critical value, uwcrft= 4.8 kgf/sq. cm.
It is to be expected that with this uwcrit,a critical bubble size Y=rcrit has arisen, which is
no longer stable. The bubble collapses.
In section 3(j) it is assumed for simplicity that all air bubbles are more or less of the same
size. At uwcrit,however, slight differences in the size of the bubbles can result because all air
 THE COMPRESSIBILITY OF AN AIR/WATER MIXTURE 27s

kgf uw
cm2
E

_C’
3 ‘\,
,
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
i Unstable
I branch
I
I
I:
I
I
I
I
I
I
:
:
I , Ua ~
2 3 4 5 6 : 7 kgf/cm2
i-Uab 1
J:
C -U a,,,= 6,55

Fig. 2. The relation between air and water pressure

bubbles do not collapse at the same time.3 Therefore in reality the abrupt behaviour shown
by section BC in Fig. 2 will not take place and it is to be expected that the instabilities will
be spread out over a zone B’C’.
An analogous situation is encountered with crystals. The occurrence of critical sizes is
observed in cases of solution and sublimation, Bakker (1963).

(b) C, accord&g to Koning (1963)

Figure 3 shows schematically a clay sample. The volume of the grain, the water volume
and the volume of free air are drawn separately. To the right of Fig. 3 the relation between
V, (equation (6)), C, (equation (lOa)) and u, ( =uw) is given. Only Boyle’s law is supposed to
determine Viaand C,, whereas C, is defined with regard to the initial volume (equation (Za)).
Koning uses his formula for slight pressure changes with regard to the initial pressure
situation. Therefore it is possible to assume 4 and H to be equal to zero.

3 It is possible that the reduction of H and q with increasing air pressures has an effect in relation to the
behaviour of air bubbles, when collapsing, and also in relation to the unstable branches in the relation of air
and water pressures (Fig. 2) and in the compressibility of the water/air mixture (Fig. 5). Moreover, it is
possible that there will be coalescence (section 3(f)) when air bubbles come to the critical state. Therefore
there will be a retarding influence on the collapse of bubbles ; it is even possible that coalescence will prevent
the collapse of bubbles. On the other hand it follows from test results that the formula for C, (equation
(10)) satisfies more than the formula known up till now.
In order to study the physical behaviour of air bubbles in clay more tests should be done in the future.
276 IR. E. SCHUURMAN

0 1 2 3 4
absohte
water
Acw

I
particles

-
1 2 3 4 5 kgf/cm 2

Fig. 3. V, and C, at changing u, = u, (after Koning)

Uw only

---------
j kgf/cm*
absolute

Uw only
particles I
I1 I

1 2 3 4 5 kgf/cm2

Fig. 4. V, and C, at changing u, = u, (after Bishop and Skempton)

 THE COMPRESSIBILITY OF AN AIR/WATER MIXTURE 277

_. 2.

Va0

lamar

1 kgf/cmz
absolute

Dissolved
uw
I crlbc j
Unsti branch

coUap%
/of bubbles
I:

/ /
Uw Ua i
5I kgf/cm*

Unst

Fig. 5. V, and C, at changing u,( # u,)

(c) C, according to Bishop (1950) and Skempto~zawd Bishop (19543)

In Fig. 4 the clay sample is again shown schematically, and the dissolved air is shown to
represent a volume V, of air extracted from the water. In order to emphasize the effect of
the solubility of air in water, it has been drawn to a scale ten times larger than the actual
(it was taken to 0.2 instead of O-02). In Fig. 4 on the right the relation between V, (equa-
tion (6)), C, (equation (10~)) and u, ( = u,) is given. Since the dissolving of air into water is
taken into account, C, becomes zero for u, larger than uamaX.
Here C, has also been defined with regard to the initial volume (equation (2a)). This means
that equation (10~) can only be used with small changes of pressure with regard to the initial
pressure situation. The surface tension is disregarded.
275 IR. E. SCHUURMAN

(d) C, calculated with the aid of Boyle’s and Henry’s laws and the laws of surface tensiolt between
air and water.
The relation between I/, (equations (6) and (9)), C, (equation (10)) and u, is given i;nFz;;.
Figures 5 and 2 are similar because in both the surface tension is accounted for.
the shaded areas correspond to (u,-G~) (in Fig. 5 horizontal, in Fig. 2 vertical). Therefor;
V, and C, also have an unstable branch (dashed line) which is unrealistic.
Since C, (equation (10)) is defined with regard to the instantaneous volume, it is possible
to use the C,, which has been found, with great pressure changes, also in triaxial tests.

i
:I
I
,
Unstable
branch
I

:r ,’

Fig. 6. The relation between

I
I u, and u, in a clay sample
under changing all round
: pressure as predicted from
theory
I :4.2 “a
&-4 i kgf/cm*
I
4u
’ amu

Fig. 7. The compressibility of

an air/water mixture in a
clay sample under changing
all round pressure as pre-
dicted from theory
aC' “as
“w.
 THE COMPRESSIBILITY OF AN AIR/WATER MIXTURE 279

___________
....__
___
.._.._
_.____
.. ...._.___.__
~__ ...__
4x-ii-----
w A
!Y.!.
,/ i
cm2
/

; 0;
1
L kgf/cm2

0.72(

Fig. 8. Measured water pressure in a clay sample, surrounded with mercury, at changing all
round pressure

(7) TEST VERIFICATIOK

A remoulded sample which has been loaded with all round pressure in the triaxial cell,
had an initial volume of V, = 90.5 cu. cm. Here VW= 46.09 cu. cm, I’, = 0.92 cu. cm and V, =
3 cu. cm, the rest was the grain volume, so S, = 0.94. According to Henry’s law, u,,, is assumed
to be the atmospheric pressure ( = 1 kgf/sq. cm) and u,,,-u,,,=O28 kgf/sq. cm, so (2q/r,) =
028 kgf/sq. cm, which means that the average radius for the air bubbles is r,=5 x 10e4 cm.
Because the degree of saturation is above SS”h, the air is in the form of bubbles, so that the air
pressure cannot be measured but must be predicted.
With the aid of equations (6) and (7) the relation between the air and water pressure
can be predicted, see Fig. 6. With the aid of equations (9) and (10) the relation between
C,, u, and zd, can be predicted, see Fig. 7. Figure 8 plots the measured water pressure in a
sample, surrounded with mercury, with increasing all round pressure, with dissolved and free
air under undrained conditions (section 3) (Bishop and Henkel, 1962). It appears that for
values of u, above 2.8 kgf/sq. cm the increase of the water pressure is equal to the increase of
the all round pressure.
This means that C, approaches zero for uu,>2.8 kgf/sq. cm. There is therefore a distinct
concurrence between the predicted and the measured water pressure, wherby C, can be
assumed to be zero.
280 IR. E. SCHUURMAN

(8) INFERENCES
Skempton (1954a) showed that C, has an important influence on the water pressure
coefficients A and B, and calculated the values of the A- and B-coefficients using the elasticity
theory. The B-coefficient is the gradient of the curve of Fig. 8 and is given by:
1
B = l+n(C,,C,) . . . . . . . . (12)

where fi = porosity of the sample and Ck = the compressibility of the soil skeleton.
If C, is equal to 0, then it follows from equation (2) that B is equal to 1, which is affirmed
by Fig. 8, because the slope of the curve beyond a certain point approaches an angle of 45”.
Because of the analysis of the factors which determine C,, the new formula for C, (equation
(10)) and the relation between u, and uW,it is possible to explain the extent of the A- and B-
coefficients of clay samples, tested in the triaxial cell (Skempton, 1954a).
If the other quantities C, and 1z,which also form a part of the A- and B-coefficients , are
known then with the aid of the new formula for C,, the A- and B-coefficients for various
pressure situations can be predicted.

CONCLUSIONS
As long as free air is present in the air/water mixture, the compressibility and the solubility
of the air in the bubbles determine the compressibility, C,, of the mixture. Therefore, C,
is dependent on the pressure in the water of the mixture. In equation (lo), C, is expressed as a
function of the variable air volume Va, whereas the relation between water pressure u, and air
volume V, is given by equation (9). Equation (7) gives the relation between the air and the
water pressure with the changing free air volume Va. Because the air is dissolved into the
water when the pressure increases, there is a certain air pressure uBmaX,expressed by equation
(ll), at which all free air has disappeared. Figure 1 gives ~6~~~~~ and ~t,,*~, which belong
together. For higher water pressure, C, = 0. The dissolved air in the water has no influence
on C,, if zbw>uwcrft.
For increasing u, and uuw,the radius of the air bubbles in the water approaches a critical
value, at which the air bubbles collapse. The water pressure at which this occurs is uWcrit(Fig.
1). In view of the small dimensions of the pores, Y can be assumed to be the same in the whole
sample and therefore u,- ti, is the same everywhere in the sample. The small differences
in the size of bubbles may only play a role when the bubbles collapse.
With the aid of theoretical formulae it is possible to find the water pressure uwcritat which
the B-coefficient of Skempton and Bishop (1954b) becomes equal to 1. It would be possible
to predict the water pressure coefficients A and B of Skempton (1954a) for various pressure
situations by the equation giving C, and the relation between u, and uu,.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was conducted at the Soil Mechanics Laboratory of the Technological Univer-
sity, Delft, the Netherlands.
Grateful acknowledgement is made to Prof. dr. ir. G. de Josselin de Jong, Professor of
soil mechanics, for his comments and advice.

REFERENCES
BAKKER, A. P., 1963. Algemene beschouwing over kristallisatie.
C. De Ingenieur jrg. 75 : 46 : 73-79.
BEEK, W. J., 1963. Physische Transportverschijnselen. Collegedictaat (in Dutch).
BISHOP, A. W. and D. J. HENKEL, 1962. The measurement of soil properties in the triaxial test, 2nd ed,
Edward Arnold, London, p 189.
 THE COMPRESSIBILITY OF AN AIR/WATER MIXTURE 281
BISHOP,A. W. and A. K. G. ELDIN, 1950. Undrained triaxial tests and saturated sands and their signifi-
cance in the general theory of shear strength. GCotechnique, 2 : 13-32.
BOSWORTH, R. C. L., 1950. Physics in chemical industry. Macmillan, London, 413-431.
HILP, J. W., 1956. An investigation of pore-water pressure in compacted cohesive soils. Bureau ofReclama-
tion, Techn Mem. 654, partly reproduced in Res. Conf Shear Strength Cohesive Soils, 1961.
KONING, H. L., 1963. Some observations on the modulus of compressibility of water. Conf Settlement and
Compressibility of Soils, Wiesbaden.
PERRY, J. H., 1950. Chemical e@neers handbook. McGraw-Hill, 3rd ed., pp. 317, 318 and 532.
SCHUURMAN,E. 1964. De compressibiliteit van een water-lucht-mengsel en de relatie tussen de Iucht-
en de waterspanning. LGM-Mededelingen, 9 : 1 : l-16.
SKEMPTON, A. W., 1954a. The pore-pressure coefficients A and B. Gbotechnique, 4 : 143-147.
SKEMPTON,A. W. and A. W. BISHOP, 1954b. Building materials, their elasticity and inelasticity. SoiZs
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