| | | | | | " eee ered Se fe es aie Gere . ” ” ” 1 3 Floods, Earthquakes and Volcanoes as Hazards Introduction Human beings live all ver che word even in hazaadous areas, since the poslve aspects may outweigh the potential hazards. Exteeme events. ‘which occ in uninhabied areas ofthe word ate not hazards. Each ‘tural event ean have several impacts om human fe and propety. Same ents take lives and destroy property dil pemary effect) while hers have indice tices secondary elle, Teriary effects ar long ? term efets which may be permanent. ( Pbooding has many negative impacts on human life snd propery Flood, a | Water ca exp none ther death and nc dang 1 propery ‘Thi she mose common hazarkesperiencedglobaly sndghrouphoot (she Carhhesn Eanlhquakes a che most sudden in Ons, striking with lice warting ‘The violent seismic waves immediately destroy blldings andl persons tyrburying them under the rable. They may trigger landslides and damage dams. hunamie may be eeated by undersea carhquakes ‘ood coastal sresy ‘s * Vlkanoes ae ethaps the most dramatic exzeme tural event. Hot lve spewing out of the vent shan ase gploding int he sy hopes of {ses sped down slopes, are very sflcaclaroccseencs. TH impact an be devastating obliterating large areas with people and buldngs bred under tons of ht asvlava. Some vaani enptons are not ‘plosive but can sll have «negative unpact on the human envionment, “This module wil lod atthe impact ofthese ee eyes of hazards on ‘numan fe and propery. Module 14 Response to Hazards wil examine ‘ur response to these eens, in prefiction, mitigation and preparedness Statepes. Responses vil be examined individual, collective sad government lvls in that module Content f= Hezard impacts & Consequences of Hooding Factor influencing esrthquae impact. Nature of vleanc bazar [Cate suds included) Hazard Impacts "Hszrd is aie from the intescton of nator events snd lable Population’ (Motue 11 = Natural vets, Hacads a Distt Ftoding) The apie, speed, extent sod duration of the even ll Renae pat, bu characteris ofthe hn ernment Ah aso play abig prea te realization of he haar, the dsr the Sustophe Generally the impact of ny hazard is dependent onthe number of people land spe of human activity inthe flected sre. Popoatonsin LDCs “f1 Geography Unit Table 131 Hanrahan eter yeaa oe peated and ill equipped to respond to hazard impact, ‘Many lives ar lost andi is often ifiul for communities to fet to brevious living standards, In MDCs, there are ester propery losses ‘han Loss of fe 5 higher Sets of chology and reouress ‘ope to prepare, evacuate or recover from the effects of azar For ram, foding ofthe Mississippi river inthe USA has s diferent level of impact from foding in the Ganges delta where the population is larger and more valet, leof an event wil died inluonce is imac: the grater event, che rete the hazardous ees Is fequeney wll slso fect how affects people, Generally people ae b ‘hey have expeienoo! an even, Planned land use Zoning ‘ay lessen the impact Table 13.1 shows some other cheaters of the hazard events addressed in thi module, Flood Wane Modes Vea Davee Ow oc) Tne Consequences pf Flooding Flooding impacts: People re washed away and drow. Animal, as and buildings are washed avy Proper and crops ate destroyed by inundation. ‘The laod waters often lave dep layer of mud on foded surfces destroying buns and their contents ood water can contaminate drinking water supple and cause Destrcion of underground ulti Case study of flooding in Guyana In jn 2005, Guyana experince is wos nar! dle’ that month, the county eeied 268mm of fll when he aerage ‘tou of ln January was 178m none nigh thee was 171. Gh frat This wan nado to the stating fal of Ine December 2004 "The ovement dele eases nd wats 7 | | Each natura harard can have primary, secondary and tery effects | Sepending onthe characterisuc ofthe population snd the lel of Drimary eft are ep ced diy by the evento exlie, Sod ters may sep awe ns oaths may case to collapse Secon effects are those in w8 afermah of the eves, for example, famine, disease or Bre afer the events over © Tenay ees are long cermipermanent changes for example, relocation of elements allow more‘covered the low-lying coastal areas of West DemararvEsoquib Islands, DDemarara/Mafaia and Mahalca West Berbice, This nator costal strip {s very densely settled, containing che capital and supprting the main agicpltaral lands. OF a vt ppulation of 750,000, 70 gr ent ive in this dbaseal area, Ie as estmdéed cht this event deo aeted about 200,000 persons wit food waters rising to I-2m in allected sens, [Ninety ewe thousand persons had their ames lcd houses and their contents were mud covered asthe waters tesded, 5,600 persons were (evacuated to-43 shcters and 32,000 were without access asetance. ‘Wace over-toppd the large reservoirs at East Derserara looing the surrounding villages, Secondary elle incded food and water shortage. ‘Thi five person ded, 2 fom an oubeakoflepeospieni, ‘The mean gradient ofthe major river is about 0.20 and in many seas river flow is sluggish. An extensive drainage network of cals, anseevancls [dams Klers and ice gate ee defenses} cove the spicular area, Bue these had been poorly maintained and in some teas they were noe funedoning. The sing fond waters could noe be released quickly gnovgh because of inadenjate pumping facilites al blocked drains, Guyana is one ofthe poorest une nthe region ‘wich & GDP pereapitaofabout USS 1200 peryea: Many year of eforeseation inthe upper reaches of the sver basins and urbanization fn some ares have added to the vulnerability ofthese areas. Guyana eapeienced the highest alafall since record hezping began in 1888 end the degreased havoc smong a vlnenbl population ‘Activity 131 1 | protosraph of aren afte by flooding Study Figure 131, whichis a photograph depicting ome conquances of Saver lading in Gonaives, Hat use bythe topical storm Jeane oh, 2004, and answer he questions blow, Figure 1B Some conseuinces of foo « 1 dent hee type of psc! damage eldent in gue 131 above. 2 Outline the main enviromental isk essaceted wth severe flooding Module 3 Floods Egrhquakes and Volcanoes Hazard Feedback 1 The photograph shows physical gamage te: 5 vehices-some of whieh have een onrtuned 'houres one as bean completely demished residual mud lefty the Nloodwaterhas cused damage othe area around the houses. There wl ao be substantia damage side the 2. Themain ernment sk with severe lading ithe spread ofwatenbome dese Food waters ae easly contaminates Tye eis dod eimals and ‘ofganic matter whi lat along Inthe water Alter the water recedes al items are covered ‘with fad and sit The mud its (an cary Bacteria onda eres Can celease gyal ust into thea ig= veep une : Primary and Secondary Effects of Earthquakes | “The semi waves omen cus emo he pelle yay have any nn alone {or fe seconds typeset rest hase. inthebuie | “CovHOUEnE OF a dense populated buildings. i arte imp may neh elloing pay ct i © people my be killed by collapsed buildings \ © destruction of ads and bridges © liquefaction of lil material Preroariy © lends ce "uptued underground galley ppes e & | caper i am = | Scena = = » W dacs ® » © luton of wate and sovage pos sya | lef ote wace I ‘These secondary ffeisGn cnse este os fin sng aad . tate itt egos in cel enc nn a i) * cl stevatin Sesos ean ah hom ons Tartiory Erte J ramjet may ince nzmanen evacuation ol he snd Sa il ch Earthquake impactn Poa, Cost ie, nary 2008 Ths made 6.2 cage th ts epicter Fot Cone Rica . . vat nl terse dy ou hae ieee eked ee ij ¥ Population cannons the husrd ing se ade | (itt ewig wane ene a Coats Rica ea LDC of 4.5m peopl, with & GDP per capt of es than 'USSS,000 per year. Ic lies on very natow veleanicIowmiannoas gap, of the subueton zone between the Cocos and Caries lace Thane I a very active tectonic zone a » ®Module 13 Flods, Earthquakes and Volcanoes a Hazards Bt a * ” % ie Haiti nc ofthe lags eathqukes in he western hemisphere cece ‘Mii, the poowst sountey inthe western hemisphere, on anny a 20d, The magnude 7 cadhqukeoccred slong Ensaio K tt ‘Miotain Garden ely tke lp aul which extends hrovgh he ‘ominan Repub Hai and Jae Inthe, he Caibean uri sliding tothe east while «smal Gonvave pact one ofthe [ge number ef plates between the Carbean ond Nort Ameria Fie is moving westward Thad selene inte own of Leg {amy oe 2 atta ome with apie ts “The primary eficts wer devastating Buligs collapse ling ‘Eumatl 00,000 persons Iwas enimated thai the cients about So percent of Ge balcings lap, Homes, hospital schools and che Predctal palace wore mage or destojed. Many ofthe bulings ‘oe pooty Const si ot dsgned to withstand earths, Secondary elect#inchuded widespread homelessness. Infasructrey, ‘ auch as Yas were damaged and many ould nt get to borpitals or Zour wentmcnt in howls and sibuequendy did. Slow dscbusion of . fool sod other resources resulted in freging and sporadic outhreaks of volence. eck “ “ Activity 2 1 carina gt npaet ‘phys manmade oonngs xp dnd ge eam a eo P= Sime Seracipedetond, ‘fecal perad fre Me Stettler a: crbaale 1) The impact of earthquakes onthe physical environment incdes changes {ethelancicape, el athe octrTenceof gales nd eveanche. For eampl In oss, Costa Ria, many landslides were rigered by the cwthquate of 2008, “Te mar-nade environments sometimes als called the ult pvtonvent that const Dldngs, roads and bridges which Pumas ‘Dns. thes are often severly darnaged by eathstes Buigs tay be completely demaished whe bridges nd roads ar impassably {scented ond broken This also ocd n Costa Rca 2009 earthquake in the steep tera “Tha human ervicnment andl aspects. socal and cura if are fected by earthquakes Az people mourn ssf ean possesion’ hee is ret soo ruption and los of cormmurity. mn Poas, person's Tend in areultra was impacted as well slack of water nd food, A Thee pt cred ater ancora wn 2 har se is Ir the sal window of opportunity to resee parsons and also control the potential for secondary haar ne fist 24h is possible orescue orsons buried under bugs. Aer 28 rs without water, soa Cally Homes persons exposed tothe elrants wl bepnto sur the effects STthst exposure Aeady traumatized ad In shock those person wie ‘Sen more vulnerable to prolonged psychological eet. Therefore is “ry important to get aid inthe fist 24h to rescue possible survivors and abige the station of affected communities | |1B Ceogrophy Unie Lalor = oe rund flor ef volcanic mateol - (ksh mey wide wale) ‘Activity 13.3 1 casemisins, abs and yoda ows are erets ‘Siodted wihvoleanie upton. Researde Descrbe the fects of hase events on ypeensonment cs Volcanic Hazards “The eruption ofa volcano can be one of the most dramatic hazard events tlthough not te most conamion or nesessany the moe deste Generally tg hazardous condone pigduced by parece wlRano ate ‘Speen th pect lene and ie hartge i end ‘jestod. These were examined in Module 12~ Plate Tectonics, The most Inardous enone end to be howe of viscous lavas accompanied by ass asin the Cartes \oleanic hazards include lava lows, ash and volcanic tephra, pyroclastic flows, gases and ac an and lars. The impact ofthese hazards incodee = = ain y ncn, ipytaton or basing ‘exructn of dings 2 damage tvs + destin of al fos of ransoraton damage om owe ‘Amerigo ca ay the cote andro aft Usa anh empl ebtesting he prem ys nd amen fnvvonment Mat ae wlcanow ar ont by cmopaphy and {Sasutn ord but even peviouly extn oran anos can Son ude acuve secant » » Volcanic activity in Montserrat “he impact of wean erpions uch a Monserat se well carmen. The ors sh gen Era ot fet 1,000 essay tna deep Pnmges nome yy “or cuplon asada eaonen os codhenanesrueag hires nthe no at the ew apa Dien Nn pean nett irs an th cenony tse on aloe eg orn es dese “The ne southers Lal ofthe and, nlite aed sen pos. ‘ro coed nan va an ba we dont, “The poet for vlc bazar exis inl the volcanic island of the Tt Cutan Torezampie Domini ht inate eleanoes “which have not erupted in the last 500 years. THE submarine ‘Kick'em Ten of Grends cd carina ecng nope lade Iie Babes. ia Key Points © Floods earthquakes and vleanoes are sigican natural hazards to ‘human Ile and propery. © Allhzadscan have effets beyond the event isl pimary eet 1 Secondary and teriary fet can be as devastating athe event ite A single hazard event can generate many hazardous conditions. ‘Mose aes ofthe world have atest one hazard hes, bt Hing in ‘hese hasardousareaa can hav its advantages. Fr example, the fertile bois found i yoeanic and fod plain gras and fshing pound ‘coastal areas that may be hazardous bélause of tectonic accvieyRL : - flute 13 Foods, Earhaypes an Volcanoes as Haga i Conclusion | ‘Asan beings cove the word wit tents pd economic | Sey epinewtabl that ee wold be hasan ks. vey yer many ‘ sf thousands peopled ne par the eavenment come nde te | Ipectof loot, eathquales and volanoes End Test 1 ily describe to ways in wich human ates can increas the eet of fing 2 Stay Table 122 whieh shows the number of det nd ries esting om ‘earthquakes ond vleanoes dr the prod T7210 1996. i Table 13.2 Destand inns fom extend vacances | [a tee Volemoer [ae [Dennis fete [oa * | Sumgest two reasons forthe dferencesin the number of deaths and nutes resulting from earths and volcanoes. Enea Feedback : Sirmattyenitatatisllonig 2 Twmensicibanarcenavtsndine | ‘efortation and ubenzaten. Dforertation nthe ‘ver bsinrecesinfitration nd increases unt {athat more water flows on the surac. In adon the lof vegetation als ners the ate at which the water moves downstream Urtanaaton coves ‘the sol wth impermeable concrete sraces which ‘ll maimum runt ieraang the surface wate. dation the bul of storm dans can ineease the ‘lume an velocity af runoff water This increases the Uhetheod of foodie & shown inthe tbl above rei) Exthquakes are much les predictable than volcanoes Thy have avery rapid ‘onset andcanoccurin vr densely populated ares. itive volcanoes oe betgmontared and havea tose) earthauakes an affect ger areas ‘than vlcanoasandso affect more people. Seismic ‘waves spread out rom the epcnterandsffec people further away, Voleanoes tend to have 9 mere (ocaaedefece (Suvocerednaha pean iene | me