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Higher motivation often leads to higher morale of employees, but high morale does not
essentially result in greatly motivated employees
Incentive is a means to increase motivation
Types of Motivation
Motivation
based on
based on based on
type of
source approach
incentive
Non-
Monetary/
Extrinsic Intrinsic Positive Negative monetary/
Financial
non-financial
Importance of Motivation
Theories of Motivation
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Classical/Content Theories Contemporary/Process Theories
“Emphasis on what motivates "Emphasis on actual process of
individuals” Motivation"
• Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • Cognitive Evaluation Theory
• Herzberg’s Two-factor Theory • Goal-setting Theory
• Gregor’s Theory X & Theory Y • Self-efficacy Theory
• Alderfer’s ERG Theory • Reinforcement Theory
• McClelland’s Theory of Needs • Adam's Equity Theory
• Vroom's Expectancy Theory
• Porter Lawler Model
2. Two-Factor Theory
Given By – Frederick Herzberg Also called – Motivator-hygiene theory
Basic Theory
certain factors in workplace cause job satisfaction while certain cause dissatisfaction
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Hygiene factors/maintenance factors/dissatisfiers - presence of these factors causes job
satisfaction but not necessarily motivate; absence of these factors causes job dissatisfaction
Motivators - Absence does not necessarily dissatisfy but presence leads to higher motivation
As such the management style is chosen differently for theory X and Theory Y employees:
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4. Alderfer’s ERG Theory
Given By – Clayton Alderfer
Basic Theory
Re-categorization of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs into three needs:
E – Existence needs
R – Relatedness needs
G- Growth needs
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Need for Power Need for Achievement Need for Affiliation
(nPow) (nAch) (nAff)
•want to control and •sets and accomplishes •wants to belong to a
influence others challenging goals group
•want to lead •takes calculated risks •effective in a team
•likes to win arguments •likes regular feedback on •wants to be liked and
•enjoys competition and their progress demand blind loyalty and
winning •likes to work alone harmony
•motivated by status and •wants to be on top and •prefers collaboration over
recognition, self-esteem receive credit competition
•fears failure •do not like high
•called Gamblers risk/uncertainty
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Basic Theory
Providing an extrinsic reward for behavior that had been previously only intrinsically rewarding
tends to decrease the overall level of motivation.
Refer self-efficacy
theory below
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8. Self Efficacy Theory
Given By – Albert Bandura
Basic Theory
Self-Efficacy = one’s belief in one’s ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task
One’s sense of self-efficacy plays a role in how one approaches goals, tasks and challenges
Complements goal-setting theory
9. Reinforcement Theory
Given By – BK Skinner
Basic Theory Based on law of effect i.e. individual’s behavior is a function of its consequences
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•Positive behaviour •Positive behaviour
followed by positive followed by remoal of
consequences negative consequences
•stimulates occurence of •E.g. - manager stops
behaviour nagging
•E.g. - praising performance
Positive Negative
Reinforcement Reinforcement
Punishment Extinction
•Negative behaviour followed •Negative bahaviour
by negative consequences followed by removal of
positive consequences
•E.g. - suspending employee
for breaking rule •Absence of reinforcements
•E.g. - manager ignores
behaviour
10.Equity Theory
Given By – Stacy Adams
Basic Theory
Individuals are motivated by perception of fairness/equity/justice at workplace
Inequalities would be corrected by adjusting input/output
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11.Expectancy Theory
Given By – Victor Vroom
Also Called – VIE Theory
Basic Theory
Motivation = how much we want something and the likelihood of getting it
= Expectancy x Instrumentality x Valence
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Identify what motivates Identify and Develop an employee Add motivation to
employees address barriers to Motivation Program employee training
employee Explain expectations
Good leadership motivation from employee Get trainees
Clear goals & Monitor employee’s involved
expectations Negative progress with care Keep their
Accurate & timely outlook communicate attention
feedback Lack of frequently to review focused
Interesting work knowledge plan and employee Give real life
Challenges Fear of being conduct examples
Responsibility judged provide
Recognition encouragement,
Respect praise, recognition
Fair treatment disciplinary action
Concept of Morale
Morale is an attitude of an employee towards job, colleagues, his superior, his organization, and the
environment.
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Efficiency Fear
Zone Zone
Dread
Party
Zone
Zone
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