COURSE

REVIEW
 Short vowel Long vowel
• Close. (High) • Close. (High)

VOWEL /ɪ/ • Front.

• Unrounded.
/iː/ • Front.
• Unrounded.
• Mid.
/e/ • Front.
• Unrounded.
• Open. (Low) • Open. (Low)
/æ/ • Front. /ɑː/ • Back.
• Unrounded. • Unrounded.
• Open mid. • Open mid.
/ʌ/ • Central. Brief Introduction
/ɛː/ • Central.
• Unrounded. • Unrounded.
• Open. (Low) • Mid.
/ɒ/ • Back. /ɔː/ • Back.
• Rounded. • Rounded.
• Close. (High) • Close. (High)
• Back. • Back.
/ʊ/ /uː/
• Rounded. • Rounded.

Schwa /ə/ Mid.

(short Central.
vowel) Unrounded. 05
C
O
N
S
O
N
A
N
T
S

06
EXERCISE 2

A. Voiceless Fricative
/f/, /θ/, /s/, /h/, /∫/

• Hang /hæŋ/

• Ship /∫ɪp/

• Foot /fʊt/

• Sit /sɪt/

07
EXERCISE 2

B. Voiced sound:
/n/, /dʒ/, /l/, /m/, /b/...

• Nap /næp/
• Jug /dʒʌg/
• Knock /nɒk/
• Lot /lɒt/
• Jump /dʒʌmp/

08
EXERCISE 2

C. Stop sound:
/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/...

• Nap /næp/

• Jug /dʒʌg/

• Bet /bet/

• Hang /hæŋ/

09
EXERCISE 2

D. Alveolar sound:
/s/, /z/, /d/, /t/, /n/, /l/

• Pot /pɒt/
• Sad /sæd/
• Boss /bɒs/
• Size /sɑiz/
• Hen /hen/
• Call /kɔːl/

10
EXERCISE 2

E. Approximant Consonant:
/w/, /r/, /j/, /l/

• Wash /wɔ∫/

• Red /red/

• Hall /hɔːl/

• Yellow /jeləʊ/

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EXERCISE 3
A. Initial consonants:
Approximants
/l/, /r/, /j/, /w/

B. Final consonants
Voiceless
/p/, /t/, /s/, /∫/, /f/, /k/, /t∫/

C. Initial consonants:
Fricatives
/f/, /∫/, /z/, /s/, /h/, /v/

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Sound Description
[m] voiced bilabial
[n] voiced alveolar Nasal
[ŋ] voiced velar
[p] voiceless bilabial
[b] voiced bilabial
[t] voiceless alveolar
Plosive
[d] voiced alveolar
[k] voiceless velar
[g] voiced velar
[f] voiceless labiodental
[v] voiced labiodental
[θ] voiceless dental
[ð] voiced dental
[s] voiceless alveolar Fricative
[z] voiced alveolar
[∫] voiceless palatoalveolar
[ʒ] voiced palatoalveolar
[h] voiceless glottal
[t∫] voiceless palatoalveolar
Affricate
[dʒ] voiced palatoalveolar
[l] voiced alveolar Lateral
[r] voiced palatoalveolar
[j] voiced palatal Approximant
[w] voiced bilabial
[ɺ] voiced alveolar lateral flap
[ʍ] voiceless velar approximant
13
EXERCISE 4
Natural Class

A natural class is a set of sounds that have certain phonetic

features in common.

For a group of sounds to constitute a natural class,

o they must all share one or more features.
o there should be no other sounds in the language that have
this feature or combination of features.

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EXERCISE 4
Natural Class
Chart of Features for the English Segments

15
EXERCISE 4

(a) [l ɹ j w] [b]
approximants

(b) [p ɡ k d b t] [ð]
plosives

(c) [n s t l d ɹ z] [k]
alveolars

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EXERCISE 5

A. Rounded vowel:
/ ɒ /, /ɔː/, /ʊ/, /uː/

• Put /pʊt/
• Hook /hʊk/
• Grew /gruː/
• Hoe /həʊ/
• Hold /həʊld/

17
EXERCISE 5

B. Front vowel
/ɪ/, /iː/, /e/, /æ/

• See /siː/
• Seat /siːt/
• Met /met/
• Tap /tæp/
• Tape /teɪp/

18
EXERCISE 5

C. High vowel (Close vowel)

/ɪ/, /iː/, /ʊ/, /uː/

• See /siː/
• Seat /siːt/
• List /lɪst/
• Through /θruː/

19
EXERCISE 5

D. Central vowel
/ʌ/, /ɛː/, /ə/

• About /əˈbaʊt/
• Luck /lʌk/
• Purse /pɜːs/
• Father /ˈfɑːðər/

20
EXERCISE 5

E. High back vowel (Close back vowel)

/ʊ/, /uː/

• Put /pʊt/
• Look /lʊk/
• Food /fuːd/

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 Short vowel Long vowel
/ɪ/ • Close (high) /iː/ • Close. (High)
• Front • Front.
• Unrounded • Unrounded.
/e/ • Mid.
• Front.
• Unrounded.
/æ/ • Open. (Low) /ɑː/ • Open. (Low)
• Front. • Back.
• Unrounded. • Unrounded.
/ʌ/ • Open mid. /ɛː/ • Open mid.
• Central. (“er”) • Central.
• Unrounded. • Unrounded.
/ɒ/ • Open. (Low) /ɔː/ • Mid.
• Back. • Back.
• Rounded. • Rounded.
/ʊ/ • Close. (High) /uː/ • Close. (High)
• Back. • Back.
• Rounded. • Rounded.
Schwa (short vowel) /ə/ Mid.
Central.
Unrounded.

22
EXERCISE 6
A.
/ʌ/, /ɜː/
• Bet /bet/
/e/, /əʊ/
• Hair /heə/
/eə/, /eɪ/
• Rose /rəʊz/
• Post /pəʊst/
Mid vowels
• Love /lʌv/
• Purse /pɜːs/
• Mate /meɪt/

23
EXERCISE 6
B.
/ɪ/, /iː/
• See /siː/
/ɪə/
• Leap /liːp/
• Weird /wɪəd/
High front vowels
• Pit /pɪt/
• Fiend /fiːnd/
• Miss /mɪs/
• Crypt /krɪpt/

24
EXERCISE 6
C.
/aɪ/, /ɔɪ/
• Height /haɪt/
/aʊ/
• Boy /bɔɪ/
• Try /traɪ/
• Noise /nɔɪz/ diphthongs
• Loud /laʊd/
• Crowd /kraʊd/
• Fine /faɪn/

25
EXERCISE 6
D. /iː/, /uː/
• Flea /fliː/
• Rude /ruːd/
• Piece /piːs/ Long, high vowels
• Flu /fluː/
• Stew /stjuː/
• Leave /liːv/
• Sees /siːz/

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Onset Maximalism
Where two syllables are to be divided , any consonants
between them should be attached to the right-hand
syllable, not the left, as far as possible.

27
Sonority Sequencing Generalization
Sonority: A perceptual property referring to the
loudness of a sound related to that of other sounds with
the same length.

Sonority Hierarchy: ranking of speech sounds (or

phonemes) by amplitude.

28
Sonority Sequencing Generalization

Vowels
Approximants
Sonorant
Lateral Approximants
Nasals
Affricates
Fricatives Obstruent
Plosives
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 Syllable weight
The weight of a syllable depends on the make-up of its
rhyme constituent.
o If the rhyme consists of a long vowel (or diphthong)
followed by zero or more consonants (a so-called strong
cluster), the syllable is heavy.
o If the rhyme consists of a short vowel followed by a
maximum of one consonant (a weak cluster), then the
syllable is light.

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EXERCISE 7
danger /deɪn.dʒər/
unstable /ʌn.steɪ.bəl/

anxious /æŋk.ʃəs/

discipline /dɪs.sə.plɪn/

narrow /nær.rəʊ/
beyond /bi.jɒnd/

bottle /bɒt.təl/

bottling /bɒt.lɪŋ/

31
EXERCISE 9
a. bee /b/ : voiced, oral, bilabial, plosive
b. reason /z/ : voiced, oral, alveolar, fricative
c. hang /ŋ/ : voiced, nasal, velar, nasal
d. jungle /dʒ/ : voiced, oral, post-alveolar, affricate
e. vine /v/ : voiced, oral, labiodental, fricative
f. leech /tʃ/ : voiceless, oral, post-alveolar, affricate
g. listen /s/ : voiceless, oral, alveolar, fricative
h. lark /l/ : voiced, oral, alveolar, lateral approximant
EXERCISE 10

those → ð : Tongue
keep → k : Tongue
mess → m : Lower lip
rich → tʃ : Tongue
revile → v : Lower lip
final → n : Tongue
pet → p : Lower lip
yacht → j : Tongue

40
Place of articulation Active articulator Passive articulator
Bilabial Lower lip Upper lip
(b, p, m, w)
Labiodental Lower lip Upper teeth
(f, v)
Dental Tongue Upper teeth
(θ, ð)
Alveolar Tongue Alveolar ridge
(t, d, s, z, n, l)
Postalveolar Tongue Alveolar ridge
(r, ∫, ʒ, t∫, dʒ)
Palatal Tongue body Hard palate
(j)
Velar Tongue body Soft palate
(k, g, ŋ)
Glottal This isn't strictly a place of articulation.
(h) 41
EXERCISE 11

A. toe/doe Differ in voicing

( voiceless [t] vs. voiced [d] )

B. sick/tick Differ in manner of articulation

( fricative [s] vs. plosive [t] )

C. luck/lug Differ in voicing

( voiceless [k] vs. voiced [g] )

D. lip/lick Differ in place of articulation

( bilabial [p] vs. velar [k] )

42
EXERCISE 11

E. rift/wrist Differ in place of articulation

(labiodental [f] vs. alveolar [s])

F. cad/can Differ in manner of articulation

(plosive [d] vs. nasal[n])

G. measure/mesher Differ in voicing

(voiced [ʒ] vs. voiceless [ʃ] )

H. bag/gag Differ in place of articulation

( bilabial [b] vs. velar [g] )

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EXERCISE 12

A. Recipient /rɪˈsɪp.i.ənt/ 4 syllables - II

B. Envelope /ˈen.və.ləʊp/ 3 syllables - I

C. Natural /ˈnætʃ.ər.əl/ 3 syllables - I

D. Survey (n) /ˈsɜː.veɪ/ 2 syllables - I

44
EXERCISE 12

E. Diametrical /ˌdaɪ.əˈmet.rɪ.kəl/ 5 syllables – III

F. Intellectual /ˌɪn.təlˈek.tʃu.əl/ 5 syllables - III

G. Survey (v) /səˈveɪ/ 2 syllables - II

H. Diameter /daɪˈæm.ɪ.tər/ 4 syllables - II

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EXERCISE 13

A. [b] : voiced bilabial plosive

B. [m] : voiced bilabial nasal
C. [v] : voiced labiodental fricative
D. [dʒ] : voiced palatal-alveolar (post-alveolar) affricate
E. [ɺ] : voiced post-alveolar approximant

46
EXERCISE 14

A. Voiceless alveolar stop

a. [d] b. [p]

c. [t] d. [k]

47
EXERCISE 14

A. Voiceless alveolar stop

a. [d] b. [p]

c. [t] d. [k]

47
EXERCISE 14

B. Voiced dental fricative

a. [v] b. [ð]

c. [θ] d. [z]

48
EXERCISE 14

B. Voiced dental fricative

a. [v] b. [ð]

c. [θ] d. [z]

48
 C. Voiced labial-velar glide

a. [j] b. [ʃ]

c. [r] d. [w]

49
EXERCISE 14

C. Voiced labial-velar glide

a. [j] b. [ʃ]

c. [r] d. [w]

49
EXERCISE 14

D. Voiceless velar stop

a. [k] b. [d]

c. [p] d. [g]

50
EXERCISE 14

D. Voiceless velar stop

a. [k] b. [d]

c. [p] d. [g]

50
EXERCISE 14

E. Voiced alveolar nasal (stop)

a. [m] b. [d]

c. [n] d. [ŋ]

51
EXERCISE 14

E. Voiced alveolar nasal (stop)

a. [m] b. [d]

c. [n] d. [ŋ]

51
EXERCISE 15

a. high front short vowel /ɪ/

b. mid central unstressed vowel /ə/

c. high back long vowel /uː/
d. low back unrounded vowel /ɑː/
e. mid back to front diphthong /ɔɪ/

52
Sound Description
[m] voiced bilabial
[n] voiced alveolar Nasal
[ŋ] voiced velar
[p] voiceless bilabial
[b] voiced bilabial
[t] voiceless alveolar
Plosive
[d] voiced alveolar
[k] voiceless velar
[g] voiced velar
[f] voiceless labiodental
[v] voiced labiodental
[θ] voiceless dental
[ð] voiced dental
[s] voiceless alveolar Fricative
[z] voiced alveolar
[∫] voiceless palatoalveolar
[ʒ] voiced palatoalveolar
[h] voiceless glottal
[t∫] voiceless palatoalveolar
Affricate
[dʒ] voiced palatoalveolar
[l] voiced alveolar Lateral
[r] voiced palatoaveolar
[j] voiced palatal Approximant
[w] voiced bilabial
[ɺ] voiced alveolar lateral flap
[ʍ] voiceless velar approximant
53
 Short vowel Long vowel
/ɪ/ • Close (high) /iː/ • Close. (High)
• Front • Front.
• Unrounded • Unrounded.
/e/ • Mid.
• Front.
• Unrounded.
/æ/ • Open. (Low) /ɑː/ • Open. (Low)
• Front. • Back.
• Unrounded. • Unrounded.
/ʌ/ • Open mid. /ɛː/ • Open mid.
• Central. (“er”) • Central.
• Unrounded. • Unrounded.
/ɒ/ • Open. (Low) /ɔː/ • Mid.
• Back. • Back.
• Rounded. • Rounded.
/ʊ/ • Close. (High) /uː/ • Close. (High)
• Back. • Back.
• Rounded. • Rounded.
Schwa (short vowel) /ə/ Mid.
Central.
Unrounded.

54
EXERCISE 16

Give the orthographic forms

a. [tʃiːp] cheap e.[ælfəbɛt] alphabet

h
b.[p aɪnɪŋ] pining f.[θʌɹə] thorough
c.[ɹeɪnboʊ] rainbow g.[ɹʌʃt] rushed
d.[ɪndʒəɹiz] injuries h.[kɹuːzd] cruised
i.[jənaɪtɪd] united

55
EXERCISE 17
a. think /θɪŋk/ g. salamander /ˈsæləmændə(r)/

b. shape /ʃeɪp/ h. leisure /ˈleʒə(r)/

c. queue /kjuː/ i. gerbil /ˈdʒɜːbl/

d. elephant /ˈel.ɪ.fənt/ j. though /ðəʊ/

e. chipmunk /ˈtʃɪp.mʌŋk/ k. yellow /ˈjeləʊ/

f. thrush /θrʌʃ/ l. circus /ˈsɜːkəs/

56