Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Educational psychology:
Behaviorism: Is an approach to psychology that has its roots within positivism and had arisen out
of the ideas of the early learning theorists who attempted to explain all learning in terms of some
form of conditioning. The most well-known example is that of Pavlov.
It was postulated that all human behavior could be explained in terms of the way in which simple
S-R connections were built up. The problem of the behaviorist theories was that they
concentrated almost exclusively upon the nature of the incoming stimuli and the way that these
could be altered to provoke different kinds of enormous range of human action.
Skinner: He was the founder of modern behaviorism, who constructed a system of principles to
account for human behavior in strictly observable terms. He also began with the premise that
learning was the result of environmental rather than genetic factors. He introduced the notion of
operant : the range of behaviors that organism performed or were capable of performing. He also
emphasized the importance of reinforcement.
substitution. This is followed by reinforcement by the teacher, based on 100 per cent
success.
Learning a language is seen as acquiring a set of appropriate mechanical habits, and
errors are frowned upon as reinforcing “bad habits”.
The role of the teacher is to develop in learners good language habits which is done
mainly by patterns drills, memorization of dialogues or choral repetition of structural
patterns. Explanation of rules is generally given when the language item has been well
practiced and the appropriate habit acquire
Advantages:
It can be quicker and easier to teach teachers to use the steps involved in an audiolingual
approach: presentation, practice, repetition and drills. Teachers can also follow the steps
provided in their coursebook in a fairly mechanical way.
It can also be used by teachers whose own knowledge of the target language is limited.
It can be played by parents and teachers in setting appropriate learning conditions and
ensuring particular kinds of behavioral consequences should not be ignored.
In learning a language, it is clear that learners make use of a wide repertoire of mental
strategies to sort out the system that operates in the langue with which they are presented.
Cognitive Psychology:
Is concerned with the way in which the human mind thinks and learn. Cognitive are
therefore interested in the mental processes that are involved in learning. This includes such
aspects as how people build up and draw upon their memories and the ways in which they
become involved in the process of learning. They construct models or scripts to try to account for
the way in which the human mind works.
They construct models or scripts to try to account for the way in which the human mind works.
Attention
(Best 1986) conceptualises attention as a cognitive resource which can be drawn upon as a means
of concentrating our mental efforts.
Psycolinguistics – Eje I Eliana Alfonso
Memory
This model describes the memory process in terms of a sensory register where the stimuli are
initially recorded for a brief amount of time before being passed into short-term or working
memory if attention is given to them.
- Working memory” is used to refer to whatever one has in mind at any particular time.
Memory is particularly important in learning a language.
- Link word method involves linking words in both the first and second language to
construct a picture in the mind,
- Advance organisers