The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Department of Applied Mathematics

AMA 1110 Mid-term test #2 (Sunday, November 4, 2018; 5:00pm-6:30pm)

Answer all 8 questions. The formula sheet is at the back of this page.
r
1
1. (a) Let g(x) = and f (u) = ln(2u). [7 marks]
2x + 3
(i) Find explicit expressions for (f ◦ g)(x) and (g ◦ f )(x) and both their domains;
(ii) Find the inverse function (f ◦ g)−1 (x).
(b) Prove that sin A + cos B = 2 cos π4 + B2 − A2 cos π4 − B2 − A2 .



[3 marks]
Solution to question 1:

(a) (i)
1
h(x) = f ◦ g(x) = ln[2(2x + 3)− 2 ]

3
2x + 3 > 0 ⇒ x > − & u = g(x) > 0
2
3
Dom(h(x)) = (− , ∞)
2
1
l(x) = g ◦ f (x) = p
2 ln(2x) + 3
3 1 3
2x > 0 ⇒ x > 0 & ln(2x) > − ⇒ x > e− 2
2 2
1 3
Dom(l(x)) = ( e− 2 , ∞)
2
(ii)
1 1 2 3
y = ln[2(2x + 3)− 2 ] ⇒ 2(2x + 3)− 2 = ey ⇒ x = 2y
−
e 2
2 3
h−1 (x) = 2x
−
e 2
(b) π π
−A+B −A−B
π   
2 2
sin A + cos B = cos − A + cos B = 2 cos cos
2 2 2
2. Find f 0 (0) by first principles (from the definition) for the following function
  
2 1
 x sin
 + 2x, if x 6= 0,
f (x) = x3

0, if x = 0.


[10 marks]
Solution to question 2:
f (h) − f (0)
f 0 (0) = lim
h→0 h
h sin( h13 ) + 2h
2
= lim
h→0 h (1)
1
= lim (h sin( 3 ) + 2)
h→0 h
=2
 since
1
lim h sin( )=0
h→0 h3
by the Sandwich principle.

3. Let 
 e3x + a cos(x),
 if x < 0,
f (x) =
if x ≥ 0,

 b + sin(bx),

where a and b are unknown constants.

(a) Find an equation relating a and b so that the function f (x) is continuous for all x.
[4 marks]
f (h) − f (0) f (h) − f (0)
(b) Assuming f is continuous at x = 0, calculate lim and lim . [6
h→0− h h→0+ h
marks]
(c) Using parts (a) and (b) above, determine the values of a and b so that f is differentiable at
x = 0.
[4 marks]

Solution to question 3:

(a) If f (x) is continuous for all x, then we must have

lim f (x) = f (0).

x→0−

Since f (0) = b while lim f (x)= lim e3x + a cos(x)=1 + a, then we have
x→0− x→0−

b = 1 + a.

(b) We can calculate that

f (h) − f (0) e3h + a cos(h) − b

lim = lim
h→0− h h→0− h
3h
e + a cos(h) − 1 − a
= lim (2)
h→0 − h
3h
= lim (3e − a sin(h))
h→0−
= 3.

f (h) − f (0) b + sin(bh) − b

lim = lim
h→0+ h h→0 + h
(3)
sin(bh)
= lim =b
h→0+ h

(c) If f is differentiable at x = 0, we have

b = 3 and b = 1 + a.

Therefore, a = 2 and b = 3.

4. Let a be a constant. Show that eax + x = π cos(2x) has at least one solution in (0, π).
[10 marks]
Solution to question 4: Let f (x) = eax +x−π cos(2x), then f (x) is continuous on [0, π]. Moreover,
aπ aπ
f (0) = 1 − π < 0 and f (π) = e + π − π cos(2π) = e > 0. By the intermediate value theorem,
there is c ∈ (0, π) such that f (c) = 0. c is a solution of eax + x = π cos(2x) in (0, π)
5. Evaluate the following limits
x+2
(a) lim [5 marks]
x→−2|x2 − 4|
cos(x2 )
(b) lim [5 marks]
x→∞ ln(x2 + 3)
arctan x
(c) lim x [5 marks]
x→0 e − e−x
 1
sin x x
(d) lim [5 marks]
x→0+ x

Solution to question 5:
(a) Since lim x+2
2 = lim x+2
2 = lim x−2 1
=− 41 and
x→−2− |x −4| x→−2− x −4 x→−2−
lim x+22 = lim x+22 = lim 2−x
1
= 14 , lim |xx+2
2 −4| does not exist.
x→−2+ |x −4| x→−2+ 4−x x→−2+ x→−2
cos(x2 )
(b) Since − ln(x12 +3) ≤ ln(x2 +3)
≤ ln(x12 +3) and lim − ln(x12 +3) = lim 1
2 = 0, by the Sandwich
x→∞ x→∞ ln(x +3)
2)
principle, lim cos(x
2 = 0.
x→∞ ln(x +3)
1 1
arctan x 1+x2 1+02 1
(c) lim x −x = lim ex +e−x = e0 +e0 = 2 .
x→0 e −e x→0
1
(d) let y = ( sinx x ) x ,
ln( sinx x ) cos x
−1
lim ln y = lim x = lim sin x1 x = lim x cos x−sin x
x sin x
x→0+ x→0+ x→0+ x→0+
= lim −x sin x+cos x−cos x
x cos x+sin x = lim cos−x+sin x 0
sin x = 1+1 =0.
x→0+ x→0+ x

So lim y=e0 =1.

x→0+

6. Find f 0 (x) for functions in (a), (b) and (c):

(a) f (x) = 3x · tan(x). [4 marks]
ln(x)
(b) f (x) = . [4 marks]
x+1
2
(c) f (x) = sin(x)tan(x ) . [6 marks]
(d) Determine the second (order) derivative of the function f (x) = tan(2x2 + 5x). [6 marks]
Solution to question 6:
(a) we have

d x d  ln(3)x 
(3 · tan(x)) = e tan(x)
dx dx
= ln(3)eln(3)x tan(x) + eln(3)x sec2 (x)
= 3x (ln(3) tan(x) + sec2 (x)).

(b) we have

x−1 (x + 1) − ln x
 
d ln x x + 1 − x ln x
= 2
=
dx x+1 (x + 1) x(x + 1)2

(c) we have

d  tan(x2 )
 d  ln(sin(x)) tan(x2 )  tan(x2 ) d

2

sin(x) = e = sin(x) ln(sin(x)) tan(x )
dx dx  dx
tan(x2 ) 2 2 2


= sin(x) cot(x) tan(x ) + ln(sin(x)) 2x sec (x )
 (d) we have

d
tan(2x2 + 5x) = (4x + 5) sec2 (2x2 + 5x).
dx
and
d2 d
tan(2x2 + 5x) = (4x + 5) sec2 (2x2 + 5x)


dx 2 dx
= 4 sec2 (2x2 + 5x) + 2(4x + 5)2 sec2 (2x2 + 5x) tan(2x2 + 5x)

7. Suppose the equation ln(x + y) = ex−2 − cos(2y + 2) defines a differentiable function y = f (x), find
dy
and evaluate it at (x, y) = (2, −1). [6 marks]
dx
Solution to question 7:

Differentiate the equation ln(x + y) = ex−1 − cos(2y + 2) with respect to x, we have

1 + y0
= ex−2 + 2y 0 sin(2y + 2).
x+y
Hence
dy (x + y)ex−2 − 1
= .
dx 1 − 2(x + y) sin(2y + 2)
and
dy 
= 0.
dx (x,y)=(2,−1)


tan−1 x
8. Let f (x) = x2 +1
+ 1.

(a) Find the linear approximation of f (x) at x = 0. [6 marks]

(b) Use your answer in part (a) to estimate f (−0.01). [4 marks]

Solution to question 8:
(a)

(tan−1 x)0 (x2 + 1) − (x2 + 1)0 tan−1 x 1 − 2x tan−1 x

f 0 (x) = = .
(x2 + 1)2 (x2 + 1)2

Hence, f 0 (0) = 1 and the linear approximation is

L(x) = f (0) + f 0 (0)(x − 0),

L(x) = x + 1.

(b)
f (−0.01) ∼
= L(−0.01) = −0.01 + 1 = 0.99.

End of mid-term test paper