GRAPE PLANT DISEASE DETECTION USING

MACHINE LEARNING
Synopsis Report submitted in partial fulfillment
of the requirement for the degree of
B. E.(Information Technology)

Submitted By

SAUMITRA APTE
MANOR DESHMUKH
YOGITA SANGALE

Under the Guidance of

Prof. ROHIT BARVE
Department of Information Technology

Vidyalankar Institute of Technology

Wadala(E), Mumbai 400 037

University of Mumbai

2018-19
 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
For
Project Synopsis

This is to Certify that

SAUMITRA APTE
MANOR DESHMUKH
YOGITA SANGALE

Have successfully carried out Project Synopsis work entitled

GRAPE PLANT DISEASE DETECTION USING MACHINE LEARNING

in partial fulfillment of degree course in

Information Technology
As laid down by University of Mumbai during the academic year
2018-19

Under the Guidance of

Prof. ROHIT BARVE

Signature of Guide Head of Department

Examiner 1 Examiner 2 Principal

Dr. P. S. Patekar
 Declaration

We declare that this written submission represents our ideas in our own words and
where others' ideas or words have been included, we have adequately cited and referenced the
original sources. We also declare that we have adhered to all principles of academic honesty
and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source
in our submission. We understand that any violation of the above will be cause for
disciplinary action by the Institute and can also evoke penal action from the sources which
have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper permission has not been taken when
needed.

Name of student Roll No. Signature

1. Saumitra Apte 15101A0017

2. Manor Deshmukh 15101A0021

3. Yogita Sangale 15101A0031

Date:

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It is our privilege to present this project synopsis to University of Mumbai through

Vidyalankar Institute of Technology. This synopsis is based on project entitled “Grape disease
detection using machine learning”.
We take this opportunity to express our sincere gratitude and thanks to our project guide prof.
Rohit Barve for his supervision and guidance during course of our project to make it a great
success. His steadfast support and help in the start of this project have been an essential
contribution for which we will always be grateful.
Our deepest and heartfelt gratefulness also reaches to Information Technology Department
Project coordinator Prof. Vidya Chitre for sparing time in helping and supporting us during
the course work.
We would like to express our gratitude towards our professors and members of VIT for their
kind cooperation and encouragement which helped us in the completion of this project.
Finally we are most grateful to our families for their unconditional love and support. This
work would not have been possible without their support.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sr.No. Contents Page No.

1 Introduction 1
2 Aim and Objectives 2
3 Literature Surveyed 3
4 Problem Statement 4
5 Scope 5
6 Proposed System 6
7 Methodology 7
8 Analysis 8
9 Design 11
10 Hardware and Software Requirement 14
11 References 15

ABSTRACT

Crop diseases are a major threat to food security, but their rapid identification remains
difficult in many parts of the world due to the lack of the necessary infrastructure. The
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combination of increasing global smartphone penetration and recent advances in computer
vision have paved the way for smartphone-assisted disease diagnosis. We make use of
different machine learning algorithms like Random Forests, SVM, KNN, CNN in identifying
between healthy and diseased grape leaves from the data sets created. Our proposed project
includes various phases of implementation namely dataset creation, feature extraction,
training the classifier and classification. For extracting features of an image we use Histogram
of an Oriented Gradient (HOG). Overall, using machine learning to train the large data sets
available publicly gives us a clear way to detect the disease present in plants in a colossal
scale.

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 1. INTRODUCTION

Machine learning is a field of artificial intelligence that uses statistical techniques to give
computer systems the ability to "learn" (e.g., progressively improve performance on a specific
task) from data, without being explicitly programmed. Machine learning algorithms are often
categorized as supervised or unsupervised.

Supervised algorithms require a data scientist or data analyst with machine learning skills to
provide both input and desired output, in addition to furnishing feedback about the accuracy
of predictions during algorithm training.

Unsupervised algorithms do not need to be trained with desired outcome data. Instead, they
use an iterative approach called deep learning to review data and arrive at conclusions.

Classification is the process of predicting the class of given data points. Classes are
sometimes called as targets/ labels or categories. Classification predictive modeling is the task
of approximating a mapping function (f) from input variables (X) to discrete output variables
(y).
Our system will classify healthy and diseased leaves by using different classification
algorithms i.e. supervised learning. After getting the required results we will also try
unsupervised algorithms like convolutional neural networks.

Accuracy can be defined as the ratio of Number of correct predictions and Total number of
predictions. Accuracy will be the factor which will assist us in comparing the above
mentioned algorithms and the algorithm with the highest accuracy will be selected by us for
further growth of the project.

Our system will replace the manual process of taking a sample leaf to the nearest village
knowledge center or agricultural facility. This will enhance the lives of Indian farmers and
increase production.

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 2. AIM AND OBJECTIVES

Our aim is to create a machine learning model which can accurately classify healthy and
diseased grape leaves. We then plan to use this model to create an application which will be
accessible to farmers.
Our objectives for each phase are as follows-
1. Using the dataset PlantVillage available on github, processing each image to extract
HOG(Histogram of oriented gradients) features which can be used for our algorithms.
2. To find the best performing algorithm which can give us an accuracy of 93+%, as
models with accuracy more than 93% are more trustworthy.
3. Using this machine learning model to create an application which can be user friendly
for farmers.

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3. LITERATURE SURVEYED

1. Shima Ramesh, Mr.Ramachandra Hebbar, Niveditha M, Mr. P V Vinod proposed

“Plant Disease Detection using Machine Learning” which mainly focuses on the use
of supervised learning algorithms and HOG features. The best accuracy was noted by
using Random Forest Algorithm which was 70.14% accurate.
2. Sharada Prasanna Mohanty, David Hughes and Marcel Salathe proposed “Using Deep
learning for image-based plant disease detection” which focuses on the use of deep
learning algorithms on a public dataset of 54,306 images. The trained model achieves
an accuracy of 99.35% on a held-out test set. They used AlexNet and GoogLeNet
architectures for deep learning.
3. Kaixi Ruan and Lin Shao proposed “Calorie Estimation from fast food images” which
focuses on capturing features from images of fast food items and using those features
for classification. They used HOG and LBP feature extraction algorithms. The
machine learning algorithms used by them were CNN and SVM. They achieved an
accuracy of 96.84% using the CNN(fine-tuned model).

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 4. PROBLEM STATEMENT

Crop diseases are a major threat to food security, but their rapid identification remains
difficult in many parts of the world due to the lack of the necessary infrastructure. The
combination of increasing global smartphone penetration and recent advances in computer
vision have paved the way for smartphone-assisted disease diagnosis
We aim to create an application which can process images of various infected and healthy
grape leaves and make them suitable to extract features out of them. These features will be
used as the dataset for machine learning algorithms like Random Forests, KNN, SVM, CNN.

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 5. SCOPE

Modern technologies have given human society the ability to produce enough food to meet
the demand of more than 7 billion people. However, food security remains threatened by a
number of factors including climate change, the decline in pollinators, plant diseases, and
others. Plant diseases are not only a threat to food security at the global scale, but can also
have disastrous consequences for smallholder farmers whose livelihoods depend on healthy
crops. Thus a good idea to help making these applications more user-friendly is to ask users to
take a photo of their crops, and from that photo to give a detailed result.
Our project narrows down this ideology to detection of diseases of grape crops. Our system
will be able to-
1. Successfully identify grape plant diseases.
2. Provide the farmer with details about the disease.
3. Provide the farmer with treatment options and related information about pesticides and
their usage.

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 6. PROPOSED SYSTEM

To overcome the drawbacks of an existing system, we proposed new system which is an

“Machine learning model for grape leaf disease detection”. Automated diagnosis of diseases
reduces a lot of work and makes it reliable too. The main aim of this system is to design,
implement and evaluate a machine learning solution for detection and classification of grape
plant leaf disease. The system will be an application which can be run on a smart phone. The
application will require an internet connection to detect the disease and suggest remedy for
the detected disease. The system will also have an admin who will be responsible for handling
the dataset of infected plant leaves and maintain the proper remedy for the same. The farmer
can take live picture of infected leaf from his smart phone and submit it for analysis.

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 7. METHODOLOGY

To find out whether the leaf is diseased or healthy, certain steps must be followed. i.e.,
Preprocessing, Feature extraction, Training of classifier and Classification. Preprocessing of
image, is bringing all the images size to a reduced uniform size. Then comes extracting
features of a preprocessed image which is done with the help of HOG. HOG is a feature
descriptor used for object detection. In this feature descriptor the appearance of the object and
the outline of the image is described by its intensity gradients. One of the advantage of HOG
feature extraction is that it operates on the cells created. Any transformations doesn’t affect
this.
The algorithm we are planning to implement is random forests classifier. They are flexible in
nature and can be used for both classification and regression techniques. Compared to other
machine learning techniques like SVM, Gaussian Naïve Bayes, logistic regression, linear
discriminant analysis, Random forests may gave more accuracy with less number of image
data set. The following figure shows the architecture of our proposed algorithm.

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 8. ANALYSIS

8.1 Process Model Used for the Project

The process model to be used for our project is the incremental model.
Reasons to use incremental model-
 Our project guide will review the project on a weekly basis and provide us with
suggestions and improvements. We will have to change our approach accordingly.
 It is more flexible and requires less time.
 Easier to manage risks because risky pieces are identified and handles during its
iteration.
 It is easier to test and debug during a smaller iteration.
 Generates working software quickly and early during the software life cycle.

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8.2 Feasibility Study

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Crop diseases are a major threat to food security, but their rapid identification remains
difficult in many parts of the world due to the lack of the necessary infrastructure. The
combination of increasing global smartphone penetration and recent advances in computer
vision have paved the way for smartphone-assisted disease diagnosis.
2. DESCRIPTION OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
This application will be very user friendly even for people who are old and not so tech savvy.
Also we will implement high level of abstraction and the user won’t even be aware that the
results are presented with the use of some complex machine learning algorithms. The users
will have to click a picture of the crop and they will get the results after some processing time.
3. TECHNOLOGY CONSIDERATIONS
We will require a good quality camera with at least 4 megapixels, which can capture RGB
images. The images will be converted to features using image processing; this will require a
decent processor such as Intel Pentium.
4. PRODUCT/SERVICE MARKETPLACE
The target users for this project are the young farmers who are tech savvy. The application
will be launched on platforms like the Google Play Store..
5. MARKETING STRATEGY
We have planned an advertising campaign on social media applications like Facebook,
Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat, etc.
6. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Small chunks of this project idea have already been executed and hence their success will
probably mean that our project will also be successful. The constraints do not slow down or
stop the project and hence we have selected this approach.

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8.3 Timeline Chart

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8.4 Cost Analysis

Considering semi-detached values the basic COCOMO can be calculated as follows:

a) Effort

E= ab(KLOC)

3(6)1.12

E = 22.32 person per month

b) Project duration

D=cb(E)db

=2.5(22.32)0.35

=7.412

D=7.4 months ~7 months

c) Number of person

N=E/D

=22.32/7.4

=3.011 ~3 persons

Let’s assume cost per person monthly is Rs.100

Estimated cost= E*100*number of person

Estimated cost=22.32*100*3= Rs.6696

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9. DESIGN
9.1 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

In level 0 DFD input is a leaf Image then analysis process is done on that infected leaf
the output result is as disease result.

In level 1 DFD input is a leaf Image taken by mobile camera or digital camera, then
analysis process is done by using some machine learning and image processing

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techniques on that infected leaf then the output result is as disease result such as
disease name, remedy uses and disease details.

9.2 FLOWCHART OF MACHINE LEARNING MODEL

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9.3 USE CASE DIAGRAM

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 10. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

Software - Python(scikit-learn), Octave, Android (front end), Weka.

Hardware- Intel Pentium 4 onwards, 500MB free HDD space, 512MB RAM, Smartphone.

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REFERENCES

[1] Shima Ramesh, Mr.Ramachandra Hebbar, Niveditha M, Mr. P V Vinod , Plant

Disease Detection using Machine Learning, 2018 IEEE DOI
10.1109/ICDI3C.2018.00017.
[2] Sharada Prasanna Mohanty, David Hughes and Marcel Salathe, Using Deep learning
for image-based plant disease detection, this manuscript was compiled on April 15,
2016.
[3] Kaixi Ruan and Lin Shao, Calorie Estimation from fast food images, Stanford
University, CS229, 2015.
[4] Prof. H.M. Deshmukh, Jadhav Sanjivani, Lohar Utkarsha, Bhagat Madhuri, Salunke
Shubhangi, Plant Leaf Disease Identification System for Android, International
Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, Vol. 5,
Issue 3, March 2016.

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