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    139 views13 pages

    5 6285041689681724121

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    Arshad Malik

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    of 13
    SN Chapter § Fizik Nuklear Paper 1/Kertas 1 Radioactive Decay Reputan Radioaktif: 1 How many nucleons are there in a nucleus of ppb? 8 ye Berapakah bilangan nukleon dalam mukleus 28 Epo Aw © 208 B 126 D 230 2 ‘The following are the types of radioactive radiation except Berikut ialah jenis.jenis sinaran radioaktifkecuali A alphaparticles. C — gammarays. zarah alfa, sinar gama. B betaparticles. =D X-ray. zarah beta, sinar%. 3 Which radiation can be stopped by a sheet of Paper? Sinaran manakah yang boleh dihentikan oleh sehelat kertas? A Alpha particles @ Gamma rays Zarah alfa Sinar gama B Betaparticles. =D X-ray Zarah beta SinarX 4 Which characteristics correctly describe B-particles? Cirt-ciri manakah yang menghuratkan zarah dengan betul? Charge/Cas Mass/isim A Positive ‘Small i Kecil B Positive Large Positif Besar c ‘Negative ‘Small Negatif. Kecil D ‘Negative Large Negatif Besar 5 Radioactive decay is described as spontaneous and random. What is meant by spontaneous in this context? Reputan radioaktif dihuratkan sebagai spontan dan rawak. Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan spontan dalam konteks ini? cmp Nuclear Physics A he radioactive decay is not influenced by any situation or substance Repuian radioaktif tidak dipengaruhi oleh sebarang situasi atau bahan B_ Icis impossible to predict the next atom to decay ‘Mustahl untuk meramalkan atom seterusnya ‘yang akan mereput C The radioactive decays only affected by the chemical properties ofa substance Reputan radioaktif hanya dipengaruhi oleh sifat kimia bakan D The radioactive decay is exponential Reputan radioaktif adalah eksponen Diagram 1 shows a graph representing the decay of a radioactive material. Rajah I menunjukkan grafmewakilireputan suatu bahan radioakif. Activity (counts per minute) ‘KeaktfanChlangan per mini?) 2000 + 009 oe “Time (minutes) Masa (min) Diagram 1/Rajah 1 Ifthe initial activity of the radioactive material is 2 000 counts per minute, what is its activity after an hour? Sekiranya keaktifan awal bahan radioaktif ite ialah 2 000 kiran per minit, berapakah keaktifannya selepas sejam? A 250 C1000 B 500 D 2000 ‘The following equation represents the decay of uranium nucleus. Persamaan yang berikut menunjukkan pereputan amulleus uranium, U—> “fgRa+—_a+__p —_—_—_—_—_—_—_——X—X—_l_._.__—_———_ Determine the number of a-particles and B-partices produced. Tentukan bilangan zarah c.dan f yang terhasil. « B Ei 1 come sail 3 8 The total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus is represented by the Jumilah bilangan proton dan neutron dalam suatu nukleus diwakili oleh A- mass number. nombor jisim, B_ nucleus number, nombor nukieus. € proton number, nombor proton D_ electron number. nombor elektron, 9 An artefact that has been discovered is found to have +5 ofits initial number of radioactive carbon. Determine the age of the artefact if the half-life of the radioactive carbon is 1 200 years. Sebuah —artfak yang divert didapati mengandungi 7 daripada bilangan asal karbon radioaktif, Hitung usia artifak itu jika separuh hhayat bagi karbon radioaktifialah 1 200 tahun, A’ 6000 years 6.000 tahun B_ 4800years 4.800 tahun © 3600 years D 3600 tahun 1200 years 1200 tahun 10 Cobalt-60 can destroy cancer cells because it Kobalt-60 boleh membunuh sel-sel kanser kerana A. docays randomly and spontaneously. ‘mereput secara rawak dan spontan, B_ hasnoside effects, tiada kesan sampingan © hasalonghalt-ite, ‘memspunyai separul hayat yang panjang. D_ emits gamma rays, ‘memancarkan sinar gama, ee 11 Asample ofradioactive element, Xdecays intoa stable element, Y. Which of the following shows the curved graph for the decay of X? Satu sampel unsur radioaktif, X mereput menjadi satu unsur stabil, ¥. Antara yang berikut, yang manakah menunjukkan graf lengkung bagi reputen X2 » ae, . Ay c 12 A radioactive sample contains 51 200 unstable huclel. The halflife of the sample is 2 hours, How many unstable nuclei that would remain after 12 hours? Suatu sampel radioaktif mengandungi 51 200 nukleus yang tidak stabil. Separuh hayat bagi sampel itu ialak 2 jam. Rerapakah bilangan nnukleus tidak stabil yang akan kekal selepas 12 Jam? A 200 c B 800 — = 1200 D 51200 18 The half-life of a radioactive substance is Shours. A sampleis tested and found containing 0.52 g of the substance. How much of the substance was present in the sample, 21 hours before the sample was tested? Separuh hayat bagi suatu bahan radioaktifialah 3 Jam. Satu sampel diujtdan didapati mengandungi 52 g bahan radioaktif tersebut. Berapa banyakkah bahan radioakif telah hadir dalam sampel, 21 jan sebelum sane itu dui? A 052g B 364g C4063 ¢ D 66.568 14 Which radioisotope can be used to determine the age of a rock? Radioisotop_manakah yang boleh digunakan untuk menentukan usia bat? A Uranium-235 — @ Phosphorus-32 Urantum.235 Fosforus-32 B Carbon-14 D Cobalt-60 Karbon-14 Kobalt-60 (7 15 The initial mass of a radioactive element is 40 g and its half-life is 10 days. Which statement is not true about the mass of the radioactive element? Jisim awal suate unsur radioaktif ialah 40 g dan separuh hayatnya ialah 10 hari. Pernyataan ‘manakah yang tidak benar tentang jisim unsur radioaktifitu? A 10days earlier, the mass was 80 g 10 hart sebetumnya, jsimnya ialah 80 g B_ 20days earlier, the mass was 120g 20 hari sebeluranya,jsimnya ialah 120 g © 10days ater, the mass will be 20 g 10hari kemudian,jisimnya ialah 20 g D_ 20days ater, the mass will be 10 g 20 hari kemudian, jisimnya ialah 10g €2) Nuctear Energy Tenaga Nuklear 16 ‘Theenergyon thesurface ofthe Sunis produced by ‘Tenaga di permukaan Matahar! dihasilkan oleh A. nuclear fusion, pelakuran nukleus. B_ nuclear fissior pembelahan nukleus. C radioactive decay. reputan radioakti D_ binding energy. tenaga pengikat. 17 Which statement is not true about nuclear fission? Pernyaiaan manakah yang tidak benar tentang embelahan nukleus? A- Nuclear fission is @ process of involving the splitting of a heavy nucleus into two or more lighter nuclei Pembelahan nukleus ialah proses yang ‘melibatkan pembelahan sat nukleus berat kepada dua atau lebih nukleus yang lebih ringan B About 200 MeV of energy is released per atom during fission Sekitar 200 MeV tenaga dibebaskan oleh setiap atom semasa pembelahan C The Sun gets its energy from the fission of hydrogen nuclei Matahari memperoleh tenaganya daripada pembelahan nukleus hidrogen D Nuclear fission does not occur spontaneously Pembelahan nukleus tidak berlaku secara spontan (76 18 19 Which statement is not true about nuclear fusion? Pernyataan manakah yang tidak benar tentang pelakuran nukieus? A Nuclear fusion is a process where two or ‘more small and light nuclet combine to form a heavier nucleus Pelakuran nukleus ialak proses di mana dua Ata lebih nukleuskecl dan ringan bergabung untuk membentuk sata nukleus yang lebih erat B_ About 200 MeV of energy is released per atom during fusion Sekitar 200 MeV tenaga dibebaskan oleh setiap atom semasa pelakuran © Fusion is more difficult to achieve than fission Pelakuran lebih sukar beriaku daripada pembelahan D_ Hydrogen bombs use the principle of nuclear fusion Bom hidrogen pelakuran nukleus ‘menggunakan — prinsip A nuclear reaction is represented by the following equation. Suatu tindak balas muklear diwakiti persamaan yang berikut oleh 2Q2U + pn aXe + 33Sr+2 gn energy/tenaga ‘What is the nuclear reaction? Apakah tindak balas nuklear itu? A Nuclear fusion Pelakzoran nukleus B Nuclear fission Pembelahan nukleus © Radioactive decay Reputan radioaktip D_ Uranium chain reaction Tindak balas berantaé uranium In a nuclear fission reaction of uranium-235, the energy produced is 3.15 x 10" J. Calculate the total loss of mass in the reaction. {Speed of light, ¢= 3.0 10°m s"] Dalam suatu tindak: balas pembelahan nukleus ranium-235, tenaga yang dihasilkan ialah 3.15 x 10° J. Hitung jumlah kehilangan jisim dalam tindak: balas its, [Kelajuan cahaya, e=3.0 x 10° ms] 1.05 x 10°" kg, 1.05 x 10*"kg. 3.50 x 10 kg 3.50 x 10" kg vowe 21 Which of the following quantities is not conserved in a nuclear reaction? Antara yang berikut, kuantiti manakah yang tidak diabadikan dalam tindak balas nuklear? A’ Momentum Momentum B Mass Jisima © Atomic number Nombor atom D_ Nucleon number Nombor nukleon 22 A 20 x 10” kg of hydrogen is converted t0 energy in a nuclear reaction. Calculate the amount of energy produced. [Speed of ight, c= 3.0 10°m s"] Sebanyak 2.0 x 10 kg hidrogen ditukarkan ‘menjadi tenaga dalam satu tindak balas nuklear Hitung jumlah tenaga yang dihasilkan. (Kelajuan cahaya, c= 3.0% 10° ms] A 18x10") B 60x10") © 18x10") D 60x10") 28. Which particle will be captured by uranium-235 and undergoes nuclear fission? Zarah manakah yang akan ditarik oleh uranium-235 dan” mengalami pembelahan ukleus? A. Proton © Electron Proton Elektron B Neutron D_ Hydrogen Neutron Hidrogen 24 ‘The following isa nuclear fission reaction. Berikut ialah tindal-balas pembelahan nukleus. 22U+ on zr S043 In Calculate the energy released in the reaction. [Mass of "33u = 235.043924 amu, mass of Ser = 97912795 amu, mass of 'Ste = 134.916450 amu, mass of Jn = 1.008665 amu, Tamu = 931.5 MeV] Hitung tenaga yang dibebaskan dalam tindak alas itu Visim *33U = 235.043924 uja, jisim %8zr = 97912755 ua, jsim "Te = 134:916150 ua, Jisim $n = 1.008665 uja, 1 wja=931.5 MeV, A 100Mev © 1780 Mev B 1s4Mev D 3.426 Mev 25 Duringanuclearfission reactionofurantu-235 nucleus, three secondary neutrons are released. A controlled chain reaction is used in a nuclear reactor. Which ofthe followingisnotanecessary condition for the controlled chain reaction? Semasa suatu tindak: balas pembelahan nulleus uranium-235, tiga neutron sekunder dibebaskan. Tindak balas berantai terkawal digunakan di dalam reaktor nuklear. Antara yang berikut, yang ‘manakah bukan syarat yang diperlukan ‘bagi tindak alas berantaiterkawal? A. The temperature in the reactor must be above the critical temperature ‘hu di dalam reaktor mestilah melebihi suhu ritikal B ‘he piece of uranium-235 must be greater than the critical size Serpihan uranium-235 mestilah lebih besar daripada saiz kritikal G The secondary neutrons must be absorbed by the control rods Neutron sekunder mesti diserap oleh rod pengatwal D_ Theneutrons must be slowed down ‘Neutron mestidiperlahankan 26 A nuclear reactor produces tremendous amount of energy through nuclear fission, Which production uses a nuclear reactor? Sebuah veaktor nuklear menghasilkan jumlah tenaga yang besar melalui pembelalan nukieus. Penghasilan manakah yang menggunakan reaktor nuklear? A. Production of artificial radioisotopes for medical research Penghasilan radioisotop —buatan penyelidikan perubatan B Production of electrons for cathode ray tube Penghasilan elektron untuk tiub sinar katod © Productions of hydrogen bomb Penghasilan bom hidrogen D_ Production of X-ray films Penghastlan filem X-ray untuk 27 What is the function of the moderator in a nuclear reactor? Apakah fiungsi moderator dalam reakior nuklear? A. To slow down the fast moving neutrons produced by the fission Memperlahankan neutron yang bergerak antas yang terhasil daripada pembelahan B Torelease heat from the nuclear reactor Membebaskan haba daripada reaktor nuklear Cw € Tocontrol the rate of fission reaction 29. Which of the following is not a harmful effect of Mengawal kadar tindak balas pembelahan radioactive radiation on humans? D_ Toabsorb any excessive neutrons Antara yang berikut, yang manakah bukan kesan “Menyerap neutron yang berlebihan bahaya sinaran radioaktif kepada manusia? A Damage at the reproductive cells 28 Which component is matched with the correct Kerosakan pada sel pembiakan function? B Severe skin burn Komponen manakah yang dipadankan dengan Pembakaran kulit yang teruk fungsi yang betul? € Division of cells Pembahagian se Component Function D_ Genetic mutations Komponen Fangs | ‘Mutast genetik A | Concrete | To slow down the fast wall moving neutrons 30 Nuclear energy is being explored as an Dinding | Memperiahankan neutron alternative source of energy for the following Konkrit_| yang bergerak pantas reasons except B_ | Control rod | Fission reaction occurs in ‘Tenaga nuklear diteroka sebagai sumber tenaga a fig road pita heat alternatif bagi sebaisebab yang berikut kecuali ermal || cn A. fossil els are dwindling in supply. TAGE: Bae perabetahan bahan apifosil semakin berkurangan. am eee B _ burningoffossi fuels causes environmental menghasilkan tenaga haba_| | pollution. — | pembakaran Dahan api fosil menyebabkan © [Uranium | To prevent the escape of ele epee Eo arma zeceatlons, | © uctear energy does not emit greenhouse Rod Mengelakkan petepasan | | ae uranium _| sinaran berbahaya fenaga nulear tidak mengeluarkan gas D [Turbine — | Toturn the dynamo to rumah hijau. [Turbin | produce electricity D radioactive residues from nuclear plants ‘Memutarkan dinamo untuk have long hall-lives, sisa radioaktf dart tojt muklear mempunyat Jangka hayat yang panjang. Paper 2/Kertas 2 RSC Waser ee Radioactive Decay / Reputan Radioakti 1 (@) An atom of thorium is represented by the symbol below. Atom torium diwakili oleh simabol di bawah 20y ( Whatis the number of protons in the atom? Berapakal: bilangan proton dalam atom itut za Z a [Lmark/markah) (i) Whats the number of neutrons in the atom? Berapakah bilangan neutron dalam atom itu? [1 mark/markah] ( 78 (b) When a thorium-230 nucleus decays, it emits radiation and changes into radium-226 as shown in the equation below. Apabila satu nukleus torium-230 merepul, ia memancarkan sinaran dan berubah menjadl radium-226 seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam persamaan di bawah, 7p Th» “26 Ra + radiation/sinaran (0) What type of radiation is emitted by thorium-230? Apakah jenis sinaran yang dipancarkan oleh toriurm-230? [1 mark/markah] (Gi) State a reason for your answer in 1(b)(). ‘Nyatakan satu sebab bagi jawapan anda di 1(b)(i). [1 mark/markan] inane 2 Diagram 1 shows a nuclear reaction when uranium-235 is bombarded by a neutron. Rajah 1 menunjukkan suatu tindak balas nuklear apabila uraniun-235 dibedil oleh satu neutron, ‘ha on Diagram 1/Rajah 1 (@) What are isotopes? Apakah isotop? ‘[mark/markah] (b) State one difference between uranium-235 and uranium-236. ‘Nyatakan satu perbezaan antara uranium-235 dengan uranium: 236, (1 mark/markah (©) State the type of nuclear reaction shown in Diagram 1. ‘Nyatakan jenis tindak balas nuklear yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 1. " [1 mark/markah] (@) Write the equation of the reaction shown in Diagram 1, Talis persamaan tindak balas yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 1 [1 mark/markah] 8 (@) The nuclide notation for uranium is “8. State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons found in the atom. Simbol nuktid bagt uranium ialah 730, Nyatakan bilangan proton, neutron dan elektron yang terdapat dalam atom itu. [3 matks/markah) (b) Im the early part of the 20” century, some scientists investigated the paths taken by positively charged alpha particles through a very thin piece of gold foil. Diagram 2 shows the paths of three alpha particles, , Kand L. Pada awal abad ke-20, beberapa saintis telah menyelidik laluan yang diambit oleh zarah alfa. bercas positif apabila bergerak melalui sekeping kerajang emas yang sangat nipis. Rajah 2 menunjukkan laluan tiga zarah alfa, J, K dan 1. Gata = Pg Sette Diagram 2/Rajah 2 Describe the different paths of f, Kand L. Huraikan laluan yang berbeza bagi , K dan L. [8marks/markah} 4 (@) During a radioactive decay, an unstable nucleus will disintegrate into a more stable nucleus and emits radioactive radiation, State the three types of radioactive radiation emitted. Dalam reputan radioaksi satu nukleus yang tidak stabil akan mereput menjadi nukleus yang lebih stabil ddan memancarkan sinaran radioaktif. Nyatakan tiga jenis sinaran radioakaif yang dipancarkan. [3 marks/markah] (0p (b) Complete Table 1, Lengkapkan Jadual Lemah A Electrons Elektron ‘Afewbundred metre ts Beberapa ratus meter Fadual 1/Table 1 [8 marks/marka] 5 (a) Define the term of halite. Definisikan istita separuh haya [imark/markal) (b) Sketch a curved graph for a radioactive decay in the space provided. Use the graph to explain how the half-life ofa radioactive sample is determined. Lakarkan sat graf lengkung bagi reputan radioakiif dalam ruang yang disediakan. Gunakan graf itu untuk menerangkan bagatmana separuh hayat suatu sampel radioaktifditentukan, Explanation/Penerangan: [8 marks/markah] (©) The hall-life of thorium-234 is 24 days, Calculate the time taken for the activity of thorium-234 to decay to 12.5 % of ts initial activity. Separuh hayat torium-234 ialah 24 hari, Hitung masa yang diambil untuk keaktifan torium-234 mereput sehingga 12.5% daripada keaktifan asa. [2 marks/markah] Ce a 6) Nuclear Energy//TenagaNukiear ) 6 (a) (i) State the Binstein’s principle of mass-energy conservation. ‘Nyatakan prinsip keabadian tenaga.jisim Einstein, [1 mark/markah) (i) Define the term of mass defect. Definisikan istlal cacat jisim. [1 mark/markal] (b) Radium.226 decays to become radon-222 by releasing one alpha particle, as shown below. Radiium-226 mereput menjadi radon-222 dengan melepaskan satu zarah alfa, sepertt yang ditunjukkan dibawah ?agRa— “geRn + 4He + energy/tenaga Given that mass of Ra = 226.02536 amu, mass of “Rn = 22201753 amu, mass of He = 4.00260 amu, 1 amu = 1,66 10*" kg and the speed of ight in a vacuum, ¢= 3.0% 10 m s*. Diberi bahawa jsim {5 Ra = 226.02536 ui, jisim 723 = 222.01753 wj.a dan jisim $He= 4.00260 uja, 1 uja= 1.66 x 10* kg dan laju calnaya di dalam vakum, ¢= 3.0 10° ms (® Calculate the mass defect in kg. Hitung cacat jisim dalam kg. [2marks/markah] (ji) Calculate the amount of energy released in J. Hitung jumlah tenaga yang dibebaskan dalam I [2 marks/markah] ERS weed B) Radioave Decay eputcn foot) 7 (a) ‘he activity of a radioactive substance is the number of decays per second of the unstable nucle. Keaktifan suatu bahan radioaktifialah bilangan reputan per saat bagi nukleus yang tidak stabil. (State the Stunt forthe activity. Nyatakan unit ST untuk keaktifan iu [a mark/markan} (2p (i) State the observations which suggest that the radioactive decay is spontaneous and random. Nyatakan pemerhatian yang menunjukkan bahawa pereputan radioaktf adalah secara spontan dan rawak. (2 matks/markah) (b) Sodium-24 undergoes beta decay and has a half-life of 15 hours. The nuclide notation of sodium-24 is written as {]Na. Natrium-24 mengalami reputan beta dan mempunyai separuh hayat 15 jam. Simbol nuklid bagt natrium-24 ditulis sebagai 7}Na. (State what is represented by numbers 24 and 11, Nyatakan apa yang diwakili oleh nombor 24 dan 11. amie (li) Write the decay equation of sodium-24, Tuliskan persamaan reputan bagi natrium-24. imark/martan| (8) Calculate the duration of time taken for sodium-24to decay to fof its initial activity, Hinung terpoh masa yang dipertukan oleh natrm-24 untuk mereput sehingga 1 daripada Reason acc. [2marks/marka] (iv) State two uses of sodium-24, Nyatakan dua kegunaan natrium:24, ee (©) Sham suspected the pipe that supplied water to her house was leaking. This is due to the slow water flow as shown in Diagram 3. She hired a plumber to detect the leakage. ‘Sham mengesyaki paip yang membekatkan air ke rumalinya mengalami kebocoran. Hal ini disebabkan oleh pengaliran air yang perlahan seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 3, Dia mengupah seorang tukang aip untuk mengesan kebocoran itu. ke Diagram 3/Rajah 3 ‘Table 2 shows four types of radioisotopes that can be used in tracking the leakage. Study the different properties for each radioisotope in Table 2. Jadual 2 menunjukkan empat jents radicisotop yang boleh digunakan untuk mengesan kebocoran itu. Kajisifat ang berbeza bagi setiap radioisotop dalam Jadual 2. c Radiation emited | Hallie ing power | Solubility in water Neadiaaomets | Sinaran yang | Separun | Penetrating Keterlarutan di otsotoy | dipancarkan faayat | Kuasepenembusan | aclamatr Ms Alpha, 20 minutes Weak Does not dissolve Alias 20mintt Lemah Tidaktarut_| i Beta, § Bhours Medium Dissolves Beta, B Bjam Sederhana Larut a Gamma, 7 Bhours Strong Dissolves Gamay 8jam Kuat Larut 5 Beta, B T2days Medium Does not dissolve E Beta, B hari Sederhana Tidak tart Table 2/fadual2 Explain the suitability of each property and then select the most suitable radioisotope that can be used to detect the leakage in the underground pipe. Give reasons for your choice. Q@EFmiamr Terangkan kesesuaian bagi setiap sifat itu dan kemudian pili radioisotop yang paling sesual yang boleh digunakan untuk mengesan kebocoran pada paip bawah tanah. Ber alasai bagi plihan anda. [10 marks/markah] 8 (@) (i) Whatis the meaning of radioisotope? Apakah maksud radioisotop? [2mark/markah] (i) Explain how radioisotopes are artificially produced in a nuclear reactor ‘Terangkan bagaimana radiotsotop dihasilkan secara buatan di dalam reaktor nuklear {4 marks/markah] (ii) state three properties of radioisotopes, ‘Nyatakan tiga cit radiisotop. [8 marks/marka] (Gv) ‘tate ewo applications of radioisotopes inthe field of medicine, ‘Nyatakan dua aplikas radioisotop dalam bidang perubatan. [2 marks/markah] (b) Table3 shows four types of radioisotopes that can be used to treat thyroid cancer. Study the different types of properties for each radioisotope in Table 3. Jadual 3 menunjukkan empat jenis radioisotop yang boleh digunakan untuk merawat barah tiroid. Kaji slfat yang berbeza bagi setiap radioisotop dalam Jadual 3. Radioisotope | Patiaton crag | _ Halflife | Stateofmatter | Dosage administered Radioisotop s "8 | Separuh hayat | KeadaanJirim | Dosyang diperlukan - Alpha, a 20 minutes Liquid Low H Alfa, 20minit Cecair Rendah _ Gamma, 7 12 hours Liquid Low Gamay jam Cecair Rendah é Beta, a days Solid High Beta | Bhari Pepejal Tings ee Beta, years Solid High Beta, B Hiahun | _Pepeial Tinggt “Table 3/tadual 9 Explain the suitability of each property and then select the most suitable radioisotope that can be used to treat thyroid cancer. Give reasons for your choice. (EEES==r Terangkan kesesuaian setap cirldan kemudian pith radiotsotop yang paling sesual yang boleh digunakan untuk merawat barah tiroid. Beri alasan bagi pilthan anda [10 marks/markah] ERTS @h idioeaes becay apn acioca 9 (a) Describe the meaning of radioactive decay. Fura aka en aol [2 marks/markah] ( 84 (b) Some radioactive substances emit alpha or beta particles. Compare the characteristics of alpha particles and beta particles in terms of Sebilangan bahan radioaktif memancarkan zarah alfa atau beta. Bandingkan cir-ciri zarah alfa dan zarah beta dari segi (@ structure, struktur, [2marks/markah] (i) penetration through air and other materials, penembusan melalui udara dan bahan lain, [2matks/markan] (ii) deflection in an electric field, pesongan dalam medan elektrik, [2marks/markah} (iv) deflection in a magnetic field. pesongan dalam medan magnet. [2marks/markah] (©) Diagram 4 shows an engineer checking for any leaking in the underground pipes. Rajah 4 menunjukkan seorang jurutera sedang memeriksa kebocoran pada paip bawah tanah, Diagram 4/Rajah 4 Using your knowledge on radioactive substances, explain the method used to detect the leakage, the half-life of the radioactive substance used and the type of radiation emitted by the radioactive substance. State the suitable detector to detect the radiation involved. (EES =e Mengguunakan pengetahuan anda tentang bahan radioakaif terangkan kaedah yang digunakan untuk mengesan kebocoran itu, separuh hayat bahan radioaktif yang dligunakan dan jenis sinaran yang dipancarkan oleh bahan radioakuf itu. Nyatakan alat pengesan yang seswai untuk mengesan sinaran ‘yang terlibat (10 marks/markah] © Nuctear Energy / Tenaga Nukiear 10 (a) In a nuclear power station, heat energy is produced by nuclear fission. Nuclear fission of heavy elements such as uranium or thorium takes place in a nuclear reactor, where a large amount of heat energy is produced. Diagram 5.1 shows the structure of a nuclear reactor. Di stesen jana kuasa nuklear, tenaga haba dikasilkan oleh pembelahan nukleus. Pembelahan nukleus uunsur-unsur berat sepertt uranium atau tortum berlaku di dalam reaktor nuklear, di mana sejumlah besar tenaga haba dihasilkan, Rajah 5.1 menunjukkan struktur reaktor nuklear. ( 85 (b) (86 Contol roa od pengawal Moderator Mederator Uranium rod Rodan Concrete all — Dining konkrt Diagram 5.1/Rajah 5.1 (Explain the meaning of chain reaction. ‘Terangkan maksud tindak balas herantai. [2marks/markah] (i) Explain howa nuclear reactor produces electrical energy. ‘Terangkan bagaimana reaktor nuklear menghasilkan tenaga elektrik. [4marks/markah) (ii) State two reasons that support the use of nuclear energy as an alternative energy. Nyatakan dua sebab yang menyokong penggunaan tenaga nuklear sebagai tenaga alternatif, [2marks/markah] (iv) State two reasons against the use of nuclear energy as an alternative energy. ‘Nyatakan dua sebab yang menentang penggunaan tenaga nulear sebagai tenaga alterna. [2 marks/markah] Like all energy sources, nucleat energy has its advantages and disadvantages. Nuclear power stations produce large amounts of energy through nuclear fission rather than through chemical burning. Hence, the carbon emission that causes the greenhouse effects can be reduced. On the other hand, many environmentalists oppose the use of nuclear energy, arguing that it s dangerous and difficult to dispose of its radioactive waste. Radioactive substances give out radiation that is extremely harmful to living things. Diagram 5.2 shows the radioactive waste barrels. Sepertl semua sumber tenaga, tenaga nuklear mempunyai kelebihan dan kekurangannya. Stesen jana kuasa nuklear menghasilkan jumlah tenaga yang besar melalui pembelahan nukleus dan bukannya ‘melalui pembakaran kimia. Dengan int, pembebasan karbon yang menyebabkan kesan rumah hijau dapat dikurangkan. Namun, ramai pakar alam sekitar menentang penggunaan tenaga nukleay, dengan

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