Flow Enhancement Tools

Centralizers

Saeed Zaki
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 LoTAD™ ROLLER TOOL

DIVERTER TOOL

NODECO® LINER HANGER

RIGID CENTRALIZER

NON-WELD CENTRALIZER

LoDRAG™ CENTRALIZER

SPIRAGLIDER™ (HD) CENTRALIZER

TANDEM RISE™ CENTRALIZER

STAGE TOOL

CENTRALIZER SUB

DIAMONDBACK® REAMERSHOE™TOOL
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 OUR COMPANY
• Weatherford is one of the Leading oilfield service companies
in the world

• Weatherford Capabilities span the Drilling, Completion, and

Production cycles of oil and gas.

• Weatherford Manpower in total more than 17,000 person in

more than 500 locations across more than 100 countries.

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 Weatherford
is
The World’s Largest Manufacturer of
Centralizers and Related Products

• Founded in 1941 by Jess Hall Sr and Jess Hall Jr.

• Concept of the centralizer was born.
• Centralizers are the core product line

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 Weatherford Centralizers
• More than 40 years has gone into the design, manufacture and
continual improvement of the weatherford centralizers.

• Weatherford Centralizers have been providing excellent services to the

oil industry for the last 40 years.

• Our Newest generation of products reflects this experience.

• They are the result of high quality materials, coupled with the most
advanced manufacturing processes including robotics technology and
automatic welding.

• Special high strength steel springs are made to our specifications.

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 Mechanical Cementing Products Portfolio

Roller Blade Centralizers Other Tools

Centralizers

Welded Lo TORQ
Non-Weld Lo DRAG Scratchers

Straight Spiral
Wellbore Wiper

Spring Bow Positive Bow Tandem Rise Semi Rigid Turbolizers Centralizer Sub Cement Basket

Stop collars
Solid& Rigid Centralizers

Cement Seal Unit

Spira Glider Single Collar Spira Glider Heavy Duty Spira Glider Contour

As you can see, the term

Mechanical Cementing Products
covers a wide range of products to
S.Zaki assist the Primary Cementation 7
process
 Casing Running Procedure
• Hardware such as centralizers, stop collars,
stage tools and cement baskets are added
as the casing is run until finally TD (Total
Depth) is reached.
• Then the cementing process is ready to
begin! Pipe movement begins at this point.

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 Purpose of a Centralizer

Centralizers assist in
centering the Casing
string in the well
bore

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 Purpose of a Centralizer

facilitate casing running

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© allow Pipe Movement
Rotation
Circular movement of pipe
Must be done from the start of
circulation to end displacement
10 to 40 rpm
Scratchers help efficiency
Needs special rotary cement heads
and power swivels
Torque must be very closely monitored
Cannot be the only method of mud
removal
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Reciprocation
Movement of casing up and down
during the job
Must be done from the start of
circulation to end displacement
20 to 40 feet stroke
1 to 5 minutes per cycle
Needs scratchers to be effective
Casing may become stuck during
movement
Reciprocation
Excessive swab and surge pressures
may be created
Excessive pull and buckling
Cannot be the only method of mud
removal
Rotation
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 Purpose of a Centralizer

provide a good fluid path

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In order to meet the primary cementing requirements of zonal isolation it is necessary for the drilling mud to be
completely replaced by cement. To ensure a successful outcome of the primary cement operations.
One of the most important contributors to the mud removal is the degree to which the casing is centered in the hole ,this
degree of eccentricity or (stand off) is defined by the formula below
the result of this formula is given as percentage where 0% is represents pipe in contact with the well bore wall and
100% represents perfectly centered pipe.

When casing is in contact with the well bore wall ,the moving fluids will tend to move easily through the wider portion of
annulus and leave mud in pockets can not be replaced by cement and will create zonal communication ie failure in
primary cement operation

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RH
16
14
RC
FLOW RATE RATIO

12
10
W
8
6 % Stand-off =
w X 100
RH - RC
4
2
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
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API % STAND-OFF 13
Relative Variation of flow rate ratio as a function of
eccentricity

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 Channeling affects Cement column
height in the Annulus

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 IDEAL CEMENTATION
• The perfect cementation of a
casing string would have the
pipe in the center of the
borehole
• Cement would be evenly
distributed around it
• The cement would be bonded
to the casing as well as the
borehole

Cementation Reality
• Without proper planning and
field implementation the
result is this
• Pipe is against the borehole
trapping mud behind it
• Cement took the path of
least resistance and
channeled up the side of the
borehole

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 What Channeling Looks Like!

MICROANNULAR FLOW

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NON-WELDED BOW CENTRALIZERS
• Bows have a uniform hardness
• Can be field-assembled
• End collars have special extensions

ST A4
ST A0

ST A1

ST A3
ST A2 HIGHT

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 Straight Bow-Type
Centralizer
The non-weld Straight Bow-Centralizer are the result of more
than 40 year of field experience and laboratory testing.

• Allows passing restrictions.

• Covers wide range of annulus clearance.

•Size available from 2 3/8“ to 30“.

•A choice of standard bow heights assures optimum

starting/restoring force critiria.

•High quality spring steel (steel collar,heat treated and hardened

steel material for bows, very high wear resistance), provid reliable
down hole performance.

•Available in stainless steel.

• Cost effective .

• Easy to transport and store in parts,assembly is done before

usage.
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• First market itroduction on 1965
 New Generation

Centralizers using the newer end collars

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 Non-weld Centralizer

• No welds, therefore not easy

broken up
• Bows held in place with locking
tabs
• Bows come in basic 5 shapes
• Ship in components and assemble
locally
• Not compatible with pipe rotation
• First market itroduction on 1965

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 Close-up View of Non weld Locking
Tabs and Hinge Nails
• The non-weld centralizer is
assembled using an extruded
tab running behind the bow
and back thru the collar

• This traps the bow between

the pipe and the collar.

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 Non weld Tandem Rise Centralizer
• Basic NW design with bows being held in
place with locking tabs
• Bow shape is similar to two short bows
• Gives higher restoring force, less drag
• Less tolerant to out of gauge holes
• Not available in close tolerance versions,
<1.5”
• Better Std-off for increased mud removal .
• Reduced drag while running casing.
• Reduced wall sticking for easier pipe
movement.
• Increased contact area for less bow
penetration into formation.
• Complete mud removal while cementing.

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 NW Positive Centralizers
• Non-weld Positive Centralizers are available
for both casing and tubing applications.

• Used only for cased hole applications.

• Bows are available in many sizes, and should

be picked to be 1/8” under the smallest
restriction they have to pass through.

• Bows are held in place using the “locking tab”

type assembly.

• The U-profile bow design permits maximum

fluid passage.

• Ship in components and assemble locally

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 WELDED BOW CENTRALIZERS

• Integral hinges
• Roll formed ridge
• High tensile loading capacity

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 Welded Centralizers - P & S Series
Is high quality( superior performance) welded product
that meets or exceeds API specification10D Requirements.

There are many type of welded centralizers,

but the top of the line is the Model P& S Series.

• The 8-5/8”- 20” sizes have two extruded ridges on the ends of the collar.

• The 4-1/2”-7-5/8” size has one hump. The purpose of the hump is to
reinforce the collar.

• Modified Bow material, are of high quality heat treated spring steel for
both types of centralizers.

• The bows are 3/16”x 1-1/2”

• Excellent tensile loading capabilities.

• Installed over stop collars or casing collars.

Welded “S” Series
• Rigid design: end bands are equipped with ribs to provide rigidity to the Centralizer
bands.

• Integral hinge: folded to the , inside of the end bands once installed it
won’t unfold .

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 Liner Centralizers
• Liner centralizers are available
with hinges or slip-on.

• Bows are attached by either

“lap weld” or “notched”.

• Lap weld/Latch on requires

>1.5” clearances .

• Notched weld/Slip-on is for

0.875” to 1.5” clearances .

• Most common sizes are 4-1/2”,

5”& 7”

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 Welded Centralizers - B Series

• The Budget centralizer is known as the

Model B Series.
• The sizes available are 4-1/2” thru 13-
3/8”. The purpose of the ridge is to
reinforce the collar.
• Collar is mild steel .
• Bow material is a modified, heat
treated.
• The bows are 3/16”x 1-1/2”
• Model “B” centralizers are always hinged
and lap weld.

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 Integral Stop Collar Centralizers
• Often on close tolerance centralizers it is difficult to get enough gripping
force on the stop collars due to the narrow annular spaces.
• One option to help with this on welded centralizers is the “integral stop
collar”, where the set screws are placed into the centralizer end collar
itself.
• The amount of gripping force is proportional to the number of set screws
being applied, and this is why we have made the “double row of set
screws” centralizer.

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 Riser Stabilizers or Positive
Centralizers
• In the North Sea or any deep
water operation, many
operators run casing tie back
strings to the mud line for
various reasons. The rigid
centralizer or stabilizer
maintains the stability of the
string to reduce the possibility
of “buckling”!

• Rigid Centralizers or Stabilizers

like the one shown can be
installed in halves and reused
many times with a slight
reconditioning and inspection
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 Bow-Type Centralizer for Highly Inclined Wells (STT-I-SL)
Minimized starting and running force
High restoring capability
Allow free pipe rotability Welded Design

Over stop collar design minimizes moving

Collar act as bearing
forces while reciprocating
First market itroduction on 1985

Flat Bows

Stop-Collar inside

(STT-I-SL)
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 Turbolizer Centralizers
• “Turbolizer” Centralizers are made from
basic P or S types with the addition of a
fin/bow.

• The purpose of the fins is to induce a

mechanical turbulence based on generating a
vortex motion of the fluid.

• Equipped with right or left handed fins.

• Fins are heat treated spring steel.

• Have integral set screws.

• Hinge nails on all centralizers are made with

a spiral lock.

• All P& S centralizers are pre-stressed before

painting.

• Single straight turbolizer should never

be installed over stop collars , or over
casing collars

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 Spiral Welded Centralizers
• Double Reverse Bow Centralizers are
available with or without turbolator fins.
• This is the primary type of spiral bow
centralizer currently being used.
• Spiral bows are designed to cross over key
seats and maintain 360 degree contact.
• The fins induce a spiral movement of fluids
passing past them such as fins do.
• Starting Forces ( very low) are measured one
centralizer at a time, while moving force is
cumulative.
• Available with integral stop collar.
• Turbolizer fins on only one end so they can
be installed over stop collars

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 API Specification
10 D
for bow-type centralizers only!

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 F≤W

Starting Force and

Running Force
Test according to API
SPEC 10D

F = Measured Starting and

Running Force

W = Weight of 40 feet
medium weight casing

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 Restoring Force
Restoring Force Test

Measured Standoff [%]

Test Positions

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 Stop Collars

JSH or #60900 Stop Collar

Set Screw Type
High Gripping Force Stop Collars

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Friction Clamp Stop Collars 40
 Wildcat Scratchers
• Reciprocation tool for
aggressive hole
cleaning
• Requires pipe
reciprocation to work
best
• Must be run with
centralizers installed
two per joint
• Real problem is
loading annulus with
solids, loss
circulation

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 HYDROBONDER
• One of the most unique tools in our
equipment list to give maximum
displacement efficiency is the
Hydrobonder.
• A ring of metal is covered with nitrile in
the form of tangential ribs with a thin web
of nitrile between the ribs.
• The OD of the skirt is 6” over pipe size.
• When circulating, the folded up ribs form
angled jets that generate an annular
restriction, which in turn causes the fluid
to flow at higher flow rates and in a
swirling motion, thus “mechanical
turbulence”.
• Rule of thumb - 3 to 4 psi. pressure drop
per tool when circulating

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 Cement Basket

• Purpose is not centralization

• Must be supported by centralizers
nearby
• Helps minimize falling of heavier
viscous cement slurry below
stage tools or wellheads
• Not a true hydrostatic seal
• Welded and Non weld types
• Open top versions are available

SOLID CEMENT BASKET HINGED CEMENT BASKET

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 Rigid-Solid Type Centralizers

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 HORIZONTAL SPECIAL APPLICATIONS TOOLS

Lo TORQ

Lo DRAG

SpiraGlider HD SpiraGlider Contour

Centralizer
Subs

STT-1SL
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SpiraGlider Single Collar 45
Solid Aluminum
MECHANICAL FRICTION AND WEAR REDUCTION TOOLS
Reduce axial drag by up to 60%

LoDRAG™ LoTAD™
Centralizer
System Running
String

LoTORQ™
Centralizing
System

Drilling Sub

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 Centralizer Subs
• Purpose of the centralizer sub is to allow the operator to
run centering devices into well-bores where special drilling
requirements demand that casing be run in previous
casing or open hole with close tolerances.

• This tool allows passing very tight restrictions then

expanding into an under reamed hole.

• Standard close tolerance centralizers cannot go due to no

stop collars that are capable of withstanding the drag and
fit the restriction

• Centralizer Subs are actually short lengths of collar stock,

with a turned OD to create slots for the centralizers end
collars to fit in.

• Available in Rotating and Non- Rotating versions.

• Available sizes from 3 ½” to 18”

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 Centralizer Subs led to the
Float Shoe
• Another option is incorporate the centralizer
sub with float shoe.

• This results in a better shoe track during

cementing operation .

• Give maximum centralization at shoe area.

• Eliminates the need for threaded sub by

incorporating both tools into one.

MODEL 549WM1
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 Eccentric Nose Float Shoes
• The newest float shoe added to the
Weatherford line is the Model 543R
– Eccentric Nose with offset jets for maximum
hole cleaning
– Nose is available in aluminum or composite
material
– Completely PDC drillable in both versions
– Centralizer can be made to fit flush with
coupling O.D. and free to rotate
• Without the centralizer this float shoe
becomes the Model 303AM (aluminum
nose) or Model 303WM (composite nose)

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 Composite Nose Materials
• Composite Noses are either cast form or
machined from blanks made of the following
– Material Name is GP3500
– “Glass Reinforced Epoxy Laminate”
– Operates in temperatures up to 350oF
– Tensile strength range is 58-67,000 psi depending
upon cloth weave
– Flexural strength range is 85-105,000 psi at
ambient temperatures .

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 Tests for
BP\Amoco on the Composite Nose
• Test on a 9-5/8” nose and shell
checking for compressive & impact
loading
– Compressive loadings of 40klbs and
60.2klbs in sand were applied first, see
the top photo, no damage
– Compressive load of 51.2klbs on a steel
deck was next, no damage
– Then dropped from a height of 11.75 ft.
onto a cement slab
– And you can see the result in the
bottom picture, no significant damages

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 SpiraGlider System Design Criteria

• minimize drag and torque

• optimized hydrodynamics
• provide yield capability

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 SpiraGlider -- “Heavy Duty”
Centralizer
• Rigid centralizer, one strong collar,
blades are welded to the collar with
special welding procedure,radial yield
feature allows passing of restrictions.

•Very high axial load capacity (100 ton).

• Radial load capacity more than 10 ton

• Spiral version creates turbulence vortex

motion of mud and cement slurry for
improved mud replacement.

• Availble in size from 2 7/8“ to 16“

• Collar and blades cold rolled steel, high

wear resistance.

• First market itroduction on 1999

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 SpiraGlider -- “Single Collar”
Centralizer
• Rigid centralizer, one collar, blades are
welded to the collar with special welding
procedure,radial yield feature allows
passing of restrictions.

•Axial load capacity (50 ton).

•Radial load capacity more than 10 ton

Spiral version creates turbulence vortex

motion of mud and cement slurry for
improved mud replacement.
• Availble in size from 2 7/8“ to 16“

•Collar and blades cold rolled steel, high

wear resistance
This product replaced the
Spiraglider standard
• First market itroduction on 2002

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 SpiraGlider -- “Contour” Centralizer
• Rigid centralizer,blades pressed out of single
piece of rounded sheet metal.

• Yield feature allows passing of restricitions

•Very cost effective rigid centralizer.

•Axial load capacity (50 ton).

•Radial load capacity more than 10 ton

•Spiral version creates turbulence vortex

motion of mud and cement slurry for
improved mud replacement.

•Availble in size from 4 1/2“ to 9 5/8“

First market itroduction on 2004
Collar and blades cold rolled steel, high wear
resistance
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 Bevelled
Stop Collars

Shaped to minimize running resistance

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 Fully mechanized
welding robot for
SpiraGlider manufacturing
in Hannover/Germany

(ISO 9001 certified since 1987)

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 Centralizer
Selection

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 CENTRALIZERS SELECTION
SELECT CENTRALIZER CHECK!
1
8

Select Spacing bet.Centralizers

Calculate Torque 2

Calculate Lateral Radial Loads

3
Calculate Drag

Calculate Casing Deflection & Sag point

4
5
Calculate max Std off %
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 SELECT THE CENTRALIZERS

STAND OFF RATIO DRAG

COMPROMISE

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